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NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part E (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L50 New Year resolutions ⭐️

## words

formidable /ˈfɔːrmɪdəbl/ adj.令人望而生畏的
- = awesome
- a/an formidable/awesome task/challenge
- 形近字
  - forbidding adj.不友好的，冷冰冰的
    - a forbidding appearance / place
      - appearance 外表
inveterate /ɪnˈvetərət/ adj.根深蒂固的，积习难改的 (贬义词)
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler /liar 老烟鬼/老酒鬼/老赌棍/一个撒谎成性的人
- inveterate hatred / prejudice / distrust 根深蒂固的仇恨 / 根深蒂固的偏见 / 深深的不信任
- 同义词
  - deep-seated adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
  - deep-rooted adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
    - a deep-seated/deep-rooted bad habit / faith in god
      - faith n. 信心, 信仰
  - die hard adj. 积习难改的
    - Old habits die hard .
assiduously /ə’sidʒuəsli/ adv. 刻苦地
- assiduous adj. 刻苦的
  - an assiduous student / researcher
  - “sid” / “sed” = sit
    - sedulous adj. 勤奋的
    - insidious adj. 暗中危害的
      - → (NCE3-47 P216-L15) However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
    - preside v. 主持;掌管
      - → (NCE3-49 P224-L11) Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished.
    - president n. 总统; 主席
    - presidency n. 总统的职位
    - reside v. 居住, 定居
    - resident n. 居民
    - residence n. 住宅
    - consider v. 考虑
    - considerate adj. 体贴的
    - consideration n. 体贴
    - sedate adj. 沉着的
    - sedative n. 镇静
    - sediment n. 沉淀物
    - subside v. 平息, 强度减弱
      - → I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me subsides.
    - subsidy n. 补助, 津贴
    - subsidiary adj. 附带的, 附属的,
betray /bɪˈtreɪ/ v. 背叛；无意中暴露
- betray v. 1. 背叛
  - Judas betraved Jesus.
  - betray one’s beliefs / principles
- betray v. 2. 无意中暴露
  - → Her voice betrayed her nervousness.
- betraval n. 背叛
  - → Forgetting history means betrayal.
- cheat on sb. 背叛, 劈腿(背叛了自己的伴侣)
  - → He cheated on his wife.
- desert v. 当逃避(背叛了自己的部队)
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L16) As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment.
- be loyal / disloyal to .. 对某人忠诚的/ 对某人不忠诚的
- betrayer / traitor / Judas n. 叛徒
  - → You Judas!
good-humoredly adv. 心情好地
- good-humored adj. 好心情的
- ill-humored adj. 坏心情的
- humor = mood n. 心情, 情绪
  - → He is in a good / a bad / an ill humor.
- blood / choler / phlegm / melancholy 多血质(开朗, 积极)/ 黄胆汁质(脸色偏黄, 暴躁易怒)/ 粘液质(性格冷漠, 冷淡) / 黑胆汁质 (忧郁的, 悲伤的)

## text 1

New Year(’s) resolutions 新年的决心
- resolution n. 决心; 决意
- → “Have you made any New Year’s resolutions?” my es, I’m going to eat more healthily and give up smoking.”
- UN resolution
It’s time for sth. 该做某事的时候
- → It’s time for school / dinner / bed.
- It’s time to do sth.
  - → It’s time to get up.
- It’s (high / about) time (that)…. （虚拟） 早该做某事了 (一般过去式)
  - It’s time (that) 是时候该做某事了
  - → It’s (high / about) time (that) we went home.
  - 真题
    - → It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ____ ?
      - (A) we are going home (B) we go home (C) we went home (D) we can go home
    - → If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ___ my head in my hands for a cry.
      - (A) bury (B) am burying (C) buried (D) would bury
        
        bury vt. 埋葬, 沉溺于
        
        bury my head in my hand for a cry 掩面痛哭
memtally: at heart 在心里
compile a list: make a list
- compile v. 编辑 = edit
dos and don’ts 该做的和不该做的事
- 两个非名词的反义词, 当作名词用复数放到一块, 这是一种特殊的构词法
- likes and dislikes 喜欢的和不喜欢的
- ups and downs 沉浮, 起起落落
- highs and lows 兴衰
- ins and outs 来龙去脉
same old … 熟悉的, 司空见惯的 (贬义)
- → It’s the same old story. 还是老问题
- → It’s the same old excuse. 还是老借口
- → It’s the same old faces at the meeting. 还是老面孔
- → “How are you doing?” “Same old.”
occur 发生
- recur 重复发生
year in year out 年复一年
- = year after year
- day in day out = day after day 日复一日的
- week in week out = week after week 周复一周的
- month in month out = month after month 月复一月的
with monotonous regularity 老是发生
- monotonous adj. 单调的
- regularity n. 规律
- → The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity. 小男孩总尿床
- → History repeats itself with monotonous regularity. 历史总是在不停的重复
造句：这个老问题总是日复一日地重复出现。
- → The same old story recurs day in day out with monotonous regularity.
→ We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don’t like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day.
- resolve /rɪˈzɑːlv/ v. 决定, 决心
  - resolve to do 决心做某事
    - 同义搭配
      - decide to do 决定做某事
      - make up one’s mind to do ..
      - make a decision to do ..
      - determine / resolve to do … (书面)
        
        → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
      - be resolved / determined to do ..
  - solve vt. 解决
- a hundred / thousand / million and one = very many
- 家务活
  - housework
  - household chores
    - chore n. 家庭杂务
    - → I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
  - 洗衣服
    - do the laundry / washing
  - 洗碗
    - do / wash the dishes = do the washing-up
- 遛狗
  - take the dog for a walk
  - walk the dog
    - walk 散步
experience n. 经验[U] 经历[C] v. 经历
be beyond sth. 无法……；不容….. (后接事物)
- → The car is beyond repair. 这车没法修
- → The rumor is beyond belief. 这谣言无法相信
- → The situation is bevond my control. 情况意见无法控制
- → The results are beyond dispute / controversy. 这些结果无可争辩
  - dispute v. 争论争辩
  - controversy v. 争论争辩
- → Her beauty is beyond words / description. 她的美丽无法形容
- → His conduct is beyond reproach / criticism. 他的行为无可指摘
  - reproach v. 批评
  - criticism v. 批评
- → The pain is beyond human endurance. 这个疼痛人类无法忍受
- → Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams. 和你一起工作是我最狂野的梦也无法梦到的
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L1) We might say that justice has been done when a man’s innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt.
- be beyond sb. = be a mystery to sb. 是某人无法理解的
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-114) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L29) It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

## text 2

→ If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure.
- result from … 由… 产生的, 由…导致….
  - result from … = be caused by …
  - result in … = cause … 导致了….
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler 一个积习难改的抽烟者/喝酒者/赌博者
- old friend 老朋友
- regular(口) / patron(书面) 老顾客
- hardened smuggler 老牌走私犯
- maidservant 女仆
- 原因是 …
  - it is because … (T)
  - the reason is that … (T)
  - The reason is because … (X)
  - …, the only reason is that …
→ Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- fail to do 未能做成某事
  - fail in one’s efforts / attempts at … / to do 努力尝试做某事但是未能成功
    - effort 倾向于表示努力, attempt 倾向于表示尝试
  - 造句：Lathama 试图驾机飞跃英吉利海峡，但没有成功。
    - → Latham failed in his efforts / attempts to fly across the English Channel.
  - 造句：考古学家试图要确认被修复的女神像的身份，但没有成功。
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts to discover the identity of the reconstructed statue.
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts at the identification of the reconstructed statue.
- scheme n. 1. 计划，方案;2.阴谋诡计
  - schemes and intrigues 阴谋诡计
- 没时间做某事
  - never / not get round(英) / around(美) to sth. / doing
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L18) It had broken down the previous summer, and though I promised to repair it, l had never got round to it.
- **carry sth.= out ** 执行，实施
  - → We carried out her instructions precisely.
    - instruction n. 命令, 指示
    - precisely adv. 精确地
→ We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways.
- fundamental adj. 根本性的
  - fundamental error / mistake 根本性的错误
  - fundamental change / difference 根本性的改变, 根本性的区别
  - make the fundamental error of doing sth. 犯了做某事时的根本性的错误
  - 造句：他犯了轻政这个根本性的错误。
    - → He made the fundamental error of despising his enemy.
- so(that)作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以” 从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引号目的状语从句，译为 “以便”= in order that …，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should, would 等。
    - → (NCE3-43 P200-L10) It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair.
    - → (NCE3-57 P256-L7) In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve.
- slip v. 滑
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L10) He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
  - slip into … to gradually start to be in a bad state or situation 渐渐陷入某种不良状态
    - slip into debt / unconsciousness .. 慢慢陷入了债务之中/慢慢陷入了昏迷的状态
      - → He had begun to slip into debt.
      - → She slipped into unconsciousness aand died the next day. 她陷入了昏迷, 并在次日过世
aware of sth. 知道, 了解, 意识到
pitfall n. a likely mistake or problem in a situation 易犯的错误，易出现的问题, 陷阱
- the potential pitfalls of buying a house
  - potential adj. 潜在的, n. 潜力
keep sth. to oneself 保密
- = keep sth. secret
- → I keep my love for Helen to myself. 我把我对海伦的爱保密在我自己这里 (我没有跟任何人说我对海伦的爱)
limit oneself to sth. 给某人限定.…
- → I limit myself to 2 glasses of beer a day.
- → She limits herself to 1,000 calories a day to lose weight.
modest adj. 适度的(指物) 谦虚的(指人)
ambition n. 野心,雄心 v. 追求
do (physical) exercises 锻炼身体
- physical adj. 身体的; 物质的
- exercises n. 练习, v. 练习, 运动
of an evening / of a weekend(英式用法) = in the evenings / at weekends 在晚上,在周末
→ An all-night party on New Year’s Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.
- Eve 重要日期的前一天; 重要日期的前一夜
  - on … Eve
- provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物
- excuse n. 借口
  - an excuse for (doing) sth. 一个做某事的借口
- sth. provide sb. with a good excuse for (doing) sth. 某物提供给某人一个好借口
  - 造句：突然得病使他有借口没有参加会议。
    - → A sudden illness provided him with a good excuse for not attending the meeting.
    - 突然得病 a sudden illness
  - 造句：漫长辛苦的旅程使我有借口很早去睡觉。
    - → A long and arduous journey provided me with a good excuse for going to bed early.
  - 以某事为借口
    - plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity
- either of … 两个中任何一个…
  - each of…. 三个以上中任何一个…
  - neither of … 两个都不….
  - none of … 三个以上都不…
  - both of … 两个都….
  - all of … 三个以上都….
- apply oneself to sth. = work hard at sth. 认真勤奋的做某事
  - 造句：近来我一直在努力地学习英语。
    - → Recently I have been applying myself assiduously to studying English.

## text 3

→ The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up.
- propose v. (fml.) 求婚; 建议; 打算
  - propose v. (fml.) to intend to do something 打算
    - propose to do sth.
      - → How do you propose to deal with the situation?
    - propose doing sth.
      - → How do you propose getting home?
→ The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable.
- self-discipline n. 自制力
- drag v. 拽
- considerable adj. 可观的
- 造句：连续数年 (for years on end)每天早晨锻炼身体需要很强的自制力。
  - → The self-discipline required to do physical exercises every moring for years on end is considerable.
nevertheless conj. 尽管如此, 然而
- 同义搭配
  - nevertheless / nonetheless / still / all the same / just the same 尽管如此，还是….
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L13)“You certainly did give me a surprise! said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.'
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走; 趴着走
- → (NCE3-56 P252-L18) One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
→ After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition.
- about / around adv. 各处，到处
  - → (NCE3-8 P42-112) As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
- twist v. 转动，扭曲，缠绕
  - twist…into…. 把…扭曲, 缠绕成…
    - → We twisted the bed sheets into a rope and escaped by climbing down it.
      - bed sheet 床单
        
        sheet n. 被单
- carpet n. 地毯
- human frame 人的躯干
  - frame n. 框架
  - frame n. human or animal body （人或动物的）身体 (a.k.a. 人框)
    - Sobs shook her slender frame. 她抽泣着，苗条的身体都在颤动.
      - sob v. 抽泣
      - slender 苗条的
      - shook shake 的过去式
- position n. 姿势, 位置,
- exhausted condition 精疲力尽的状态
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-19) Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
    - exhausted adj. 精疲力尽的
→ It was this that betrayed me.
- betray v. 暴露, 显露
troop v. to walk somewhere together as a group 成群结队而行
unsettling adj. = disturbing 令人不安的
- unsettle v. = disturb 令人不安
fend sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ off 挡开,躲避开, 抵御住
嘲笑
- taunt n. 嘲笑
- jibe /gibe n. 嘲笑
- 两个同义词连用来加强语气
  - taunts and jibes
  - aches and pains
  - schemes and intrigues
  - hustle and bustle
wane v. 逐渐变小, 变弱
- wax and wane 月亮的圆缺(月满和月亏)
  - → Dynasties waxed and waned throughout the history.
    - dynasties n. 朝代
- ebb(away) 退潮
  - flow 涨潮
  - ebb and flow 潮水的涨落 (ebb 短一些所以放前面)
  - ebb away 退去
- subside v. 退去, 逐渐变小
- → However, my enthusiasm ebbed (away) / subsided.
  - enthusiasm n. 热情, 热心

## text 4

gradually adv. 逐渐地
- 同义词替换
  - gradually / slowly / Iittle by little / bit by bit / by degrees adv. 逐渐地
diminish: reduce / decrease v. 下降
fall/drop to … 下降到
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L13) The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.
- plunge / dive to … 暴跌
be back to where … start from 前功尽弃
- bring … back to where … start from 使……前功尽弃
- 造句：一个根本性的错误使我们前功尽弃。
  - → A fundamental error brought us back to where we had started from.
- pick up where we left off 从中断的地方继续(习语搭配)
  - → After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
  - Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that , I’m so happy you’re going to be here.
  - Janice: Oh, me too
  - Chandler: Because … that way .. we can pick up where we left off.
  - Janice: Huh?
  - Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
→ l argued that if l spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when l got home from work.
- argu v. 争辩说
- fresh adj. 精神饱满
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L28) However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
- keep one’s mind fresh 让某人保持精神饱满
  - → A cup of coffee will keep your mind fresh in class.
→ Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book.
- resist v. 抵御, 抵制
- hypnotize v. 催眠
- glue vt. 粘住 & n. 胶水
  - be glued to sth. 全神贯注于….
    - → We were glued to the television watching the election results.
- 造句：抵制着去睡觉的诱惑，我坐在书房全神贯注地看《新概念英语》。
  - → Resisting the temptation to go to bed, I sat in my study with my eyes glued to ‘New Concept English’.
→ One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read.
- pretend v. 假装
→ That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
- be one’s undoing 是某人失败的原因
  - → Slack defense was the team’s undoing. 松懈的防守是这个团队失败的原因
  - prove to be one’s undoing 被证明是某人失败的原因
  - 造句：缺乏经验被证明是他失败的原因。
    - → Lack of experience proved to be his undoing.
  - downfall n. 1. 垮台
    - → Greed led to his downfall.
      - greed 贪婪
    - → (NCE3-36 P166-L5) A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero’s downfall.
    - downfall n. 2. 失败，垮台的原因
      - be one’s downfall
      - → His vanity was his downfall. 他的虚荣是他垮台的原因
        
        vanity n. 虚荣
    - prove to be one’s downfall 证明是某人失败的原因
      - → An addiction to gambling proved to be her downfall 赌博上瘾被证明是他失败的原因
- doze off / nod off 打瞌睡 (顶不住, 所以白天睡一会儿)
  - take / have a nap 小憩一会儿 (主动的的白天睡一会儿)
    - → I usually take a nap after lunch.
entitle 名字叫做
get round / around to sth. / doing 有时间做某事
- → …, but I have never got round / gotten around to reading it.

L51 Predicting the future

## words

notoriously /noʊˈtɔːriəsli/ adv 臭名昭著地， (坏事）众所周知地
- notorious = infamous adj. famous or well-known for something bad 臭名昭著的,(坏事) 众所周知的
- a notorious criminal / area / bend in the road 一个臭名昭著的罪犯, 一个声名狼藉的区域, 一个臭名昭著的弯道
- be notorious for … 因为…而臭名昭著
  - → The city is notorious for its bumper-to-bumper traffic. 这个城市因为交通拥堵而臭名昭著
- → (NCE3-51 P232-L1) Predicting the future is notoriously difficult.
- → The local bus service is notoriously unreliable.
  - unreliable adj. 不可靠的, 不可信任的, 不稳定的
- notariety n. 臭名, 恶名
  - gain / achieve notoriety for / as … 因为某事而获得了恶名
    - gain n./v. 收获, 增加, 赚到, 赢得
    - → She achieved notoriety for her affair with the senator.
      - senator n. 参议员
      - affair n. 事情, 事务, 私事, (尤其指关系不长久的风流韵事)
    - → He gained a certain notoriety as a gambler.
- ‘著名的’ 同义词 adj.
  - well-known
  - famous
  - noted
  - notable
  - eminent
  - celebrated
  - renowned
- 不知名的 adj.
  - unknown
  - little-known
  - obscure 不起眼的, 默默无闻的
technician /tekˈnɪʃn/ n. 技术员，技师
- technician n. someone whose job is to check equipment or machines and make sure that they are working properly 技术员，技师
- a laboratory technician 一个图书馆技术员
- a hospital technician 一个医院的技术员
- “-ian” = specialist 这个字根表示专门人员, 专家
  - librarian 图书馆管理员
  - historian 历史学专家
  - musician 音乐方面的专家
  - electrician 电工
  - mathematician 数学方面的专家
  - physician 内科医生
  - pediatrician 儿科医生
    - pedia 儿童
user-friendly adj.易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- user-friendly adj. easy to use, understand, or operate 易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- a user-friendly interface / printer
- → Computer programs have become more user-friendly.
- -friendly 1. suitable for particular people to use 易用的
  - a user-friendly computer program
  - a family-friendly restaurant
  - a customer-friendly shopping mall
- -friendly 2.not harmful 无害的
  - environment-friendly products 环保产品
  - ozone-friendly fridges 臭氧层无害的冰箱
    - fridges 冰箱
alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/ adj. 另外的，其他的，别的
- alternative adj（只作定语(放在名词前修饰)）different from something else and able to be used instead of it 另外的，其他的，别的
- an alternative plan / route / way
  - route n. 路, 路线
- → Have you any alternative suggestions?
- alternative n. 其他的选择
  - → Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
    - viable 可行的, 行得通的
  - → I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
    - had no alternative but to … 别无选择
- alternate adj. 1. （常作定语）(f two things) happening or following one after the other 交替的，轮流的
  - alternate blue and red stripes 蓝色和红色交替的条纹
  - → Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days.
- alternate adj. 2. = alternative（只作定语）其他的，另外的，别的
  - → We can’t get home tonight, because there are no alternate flights.
relieve /rɪˈliːv/ v. 减轻，缓解或解除（痛苦，问题等）
- → Drugs helped to relieve the pain.
- → Reading helped to relieve the boredom while he was ill.
  - boredom n. 厌倦
- relieve sb. of.sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于….
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-L22) …, when they (computers) would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
  - find a temporary relief
  - permanent relief
  - to my great relief
  - give immediate relief from pain 立即缓解了疼痛
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L13) What a relief it was wheni the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.

## text 1

→ Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. 预测未来是众所周知的困难
- predict v. 预测
- 造句：众所周知，缓解(relieve)人口过剩问题非常困难。
  - → Relieving the problem of overpopulation is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，改掉 (give up)一个根深蒂固的 (deep-seated)坏习惯非常困难。
  - → Giving up a deep-seated bad habit is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，北京的交通拥堵问题非常严重。
  - → The traffic congestion in Beijing is notoriously serious.
→ Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century, computers would be as common in people’s homes as TV sets?
- could have done: used to say that something was a possibility in the past, but did not actually happen (虚拟语气, 可以省略 if) 表示与过去事实相反, 表示本可以, 差点就..
  - → I could have been killed.
  - → He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
- mid 在某段时间的中间
  - from mid July to mid August
  - mid-morning coffee
  - Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋
  - a young woman in her mid-twenties
  - midsummer / midwinter 仲夏/仲冬 (孟表示开始, 仲表示中间, 季表示结束)
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L12) on Midsummer Eve 仲夏夜
  - 早期, 中期, 晚期
    - in the early 1970s
    - in the mid 1970s
    - in the late 1970s
- 造句：比方说, 有谁能在20世纪90年代中期想象到, 仅仅十年 (a mere decade) 之后, 手机在中国和手表一样常见？
  - → Who could have imagined, in the mid 1990s, for example, that after a mere decade, mobile phones would be as common in China as watches?
business 可以表示公司, 可数
- → They don’t know how to run a business.
- big business n. [U] large and powerful companies in general 大公司(不可数)
  - → The party receives most of its financial support from big business.
so-called adj. 1. commonly called 所谓的 (通常被称为的)
- → They ve found the flight recorder, the so-called black box.
- so-called adj. 2. incorrectly called 所谓的 (错误地被称为的)
  - → His so-called friends betrayed him.
mainframe n. a large powerful computer that can work very fast and that a lot of people can use at the same time 主机, 大型机
→ Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms, employing fulltime technicians and run on specially-written software.
- indeed adv. 确实, 的确 (加强语气)
  - indeed adv. used with ‘very and an adjective or adverb to emphasize a statement or description 的确，确实
    - → Most of the essays were rery good indeed.
    - → Thank you very much indeed.
- occupy vt. 占据, 占领
- air-conditioned adj. 装有空调的
  - air conditioner n. 空调
- run v. if a machine or engine runs or you run it, it is working (使)(机器等)工作，运转
  - → I often run the washing machine more than once a day.
  - → Most cars run on unleaded fuel.
    - fuel n. 燃料
    - unleaded 无铅的汽油或燃料
→ Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerfu personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
- take over sth. 接管. …… , 代替…..
- → Military leaders took over the government. 军队首领们已经接管了政府
- be known as .. 被称为是…..
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name’for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
  - **be commonly known as …**通常被称为…
    - commonly = usually 的升级版本
    - → The disease is commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.
      - disease n. 病

## text 2

primitive adj. 1. of or at an early stage of social development 原始的，上古的
- primitive culture / tribes 原始文化/原始部落
- primitive 2. adj. simple and not modern 简单的，简陋的
  - → The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
    - unreliable adj. 不可靠的
launch v. to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time 推出新产品，新书等
- → The new model will be launched in July. 新的型号将在 July 推出
- → He is going to launch his latest novel.
launch v. 船下水, 火箭发射
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L12) Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
properly adv. 适当地, 正确地, 恰当地
describe … as … 把前者描述称为后者
- → (NCE3-17 P154-L16) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
point the way (to …) v. to show how something could change or develop successfully 指明了(.…的)方向
- → Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
giant n. a very large and powerful organization 特大机构, 大公司, 巨头
- the multinational oil giants
- Japanese electronics giant Sony
DOS (Disk Operating System): the basic software in a computer that makes it work and allows you to use a program. lt is usually used only in older computers. 磁盘操作系统
then adv. 当时, 那时
windely adv. 广泛地
copy = imitate v. to behave or do sth. in the same way as sb. else 模仿
- → She copies everything her sister does.
- → Their tactics have been copied by other terrorists.
→ From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
- humble adj. 1. 谦卑的, 谦逊的
  - → He was a genuinely humble man. 他是一个真的谦虚的人
    - genuinely adj. 真的, 货真价实的 = truely
  - humble adj.2. 地位卑微的
    - men of humble birth
    - a humble occupation 一个卑微的职业
  - humble adj. 3. simple and with only basic equipment or features 简单的，简陋的
    - → They lived in a humble two-roomed apartment.
- be in common use today 今天司空见惯的
- be in use: a machine, place etc. that iis in use is being used（机器，场所等）在使用，得到使用
  - → Electric vehicles built in 1920 were still in use in the 1950s.
    - vehicle n. 车辆
  - → I’ll be glad to see the building in use again.
  - in common use
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L7) So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
    - in general use 广泛的使用

## text 3

→ Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s,an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
- considering prep. 考虑到, adv. 从各方面考虑
  - considering prep. & conj. in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration 考虑到 …. , 鉴于…..
    - → (NCE3-19 P86-L17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
    - → Considering (that ) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
- as long ago as 早在……时候
  - as long ago as … = as early as … 早在…. 就 ….
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L5) As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
  - as long as… 1. 长达.
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) lt can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.
  - **as long as … **2. 只要 =so long as = provided = on condition (that)
    - → (NCE4-44 P257-L32) Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people’s minds.
    - → (NCE3-7P38-L15) So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back.
→ Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to ’think’ for themselves and would “rule the world”, which people liked to believe in those days.
- dismiss v. 不屑一顾, 嗤之以鼻
  - dismiss v. 1. to remove someone from their job 解雇，辞退(比 fire 显得文言和委婉)
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L29) The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
      - instantly = immediately =promptly = now = directly
  - dismiss v. 2. to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important 对. …不予理会，对..…不屑一顾
    - → The government has dismissed criticisms that the country’s health policy is a mess.
- do sth. for oneself 亲自做某事
  - do sth. for oneself 亲自..…，独立….
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L12) The following example of’sick humour’ will enable you to judge for yourself.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-11) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
- rule the world 统治世界
- in those days 在当年，在当初
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L2) In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
  - these days 当今，现如今
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L1) These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices.
→ Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic iams and suqgesting alternative routes, when thev would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when thev would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- foresaw (foresee 的过去式, foreseen) vt. 预见
  - → Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply.
    - steeply adv. 险峻地,
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
    - unforeseen adj. 未曾预见到的
  - foresight n. 远见，先见之明
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L8) Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
  - forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
    - → With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
  - forecast n. 预测，预报
    - weather forecast
  - foretell / predict v. 预言….
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
    - → (NCE3-51 P232-L16) Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
    - foretell 还能表示预兆某事 , 也就是可以事物做主语
      - → Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 及时的雪预示着特大丰收
        
        bumper = great = awesome
        
        harvest n. 收获
  - **mark the prelude to sth. ** 预示…..
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
- 交通堵塞
  - traffic jams
  - traffic congestion
    - congestion n. 拥堵, 堵塞
- diagnose v. 诊断
  - → The test is used to diagnose a variety of diseases.
  - diagnosis n.诊断[U or C] [diagnoses]
    - → Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious problems.
- dull adj. 无聊的, 无趣的 = boring
- repetitive adj. 重复性的
  - repetitive adj. done many times in the same way, and boring 重复性的
    - repetitive work / tasks / jobs
- clerk n. 1. person employed in an office, a shop, etc to keep records, accounts, etc. 文书；办事员;事务员
  - clerk n. 2. (AmE) assistant in a shop 店员，售货员
  - clerical adj. of, for or made by a clerk or clerks 文书或办事员的
    - routine clerical work 例行的文书工作
    - administrative and clerical staff 管理人员和文书工作的人员
- relieve sb. of sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于
  - → Let me relieve you of some of your bags.
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
commonplace adj. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual 寻常的，司空见惯的，不足为奇的 (书面语)
- → Computers are now commonplace in primary classrooms.
  - primary classroom 小学课堂
    - primary adj. 主要的; 初级的, 基本的
→ Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world by using computers linked to telephone networks.
- can’t / couldn’t possibly … used to emphasize that you cannot do sth., or that sth. cannot or could not happen or be done （强调）不能或不可能.
  - → I can’t possibly allow you to go home in this weather.
  - → She couldn’t possibly have heard what was said.
  - possibly 经常与 can / cauld 连用以表示“尽全力〞的意思，后跟动词时常用 can / could possibly＋动词，后省略动词时常用 possibly can / could.
    - → (NCE3-39 P178-L7)No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
    - → She’s done everything she could possibly think of to help.
    - → We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign. (这里省略了 contributing)
    - → Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
- instant communication 即时交流沟通
  - IM (instant messaging): a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to quickly exchange written messages with people that you know 即时通讯
→ Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the lnternet to obtain information on every known subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to.
- → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
smaller and smaller
- cheaper and cheaper
- 如果是前面加 more 或者 most 的情况, 有以下三种方法
  - more and more powerful (多音节的形容词一般前面加 more)
  - increasingly powerful
    - increasingly adv. 日益, 越来越多地
  - ever more powerful
    - ever more 越来越….
→ This is what makes Leon Bagrit’ s predictions particularly remarkable.
- prediction n. 预言
- particularly adv. 尤其, 特别 = especially
- remarkable adj. 异常的, 引人注目的
→ If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
- “疑问词＋ to do〞可以视为名词性从句的缩路形式
  - 1、相当于宾语从句
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L2) They will hardly know which facts to select from …
      - = → They will hardly know which facts they should select from ..
    - → … ,he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
      - = → …, he might be able to tell us what we should expect in the next 50 years.
  - 2、相当于主语从句
    - → Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
      - = → Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
  - 3、相当于表语从句
    - → The problem she faces is which way to take.
      - = → The problem she faces is which way she should take.
  - 4、相当于同位语从句
    - → The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
      - = → The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.

L52 Mud is mud

## words

tint /tɪnt/ v. 染色, 微染
- tint v. to slightly change the colour of something 染色，微染
- → She’s had her evelashes tinted.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, …
- dye v. colour sth., esp by dipping in a liquid 染色，浸染
  - dye one’s hair
  - dye a white dress blue
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L15) lts wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
- stain v. colour (wood, fabric, etc) with a substance that penetrates the material 染色, 渍染, 着色
  - → He stained the wood dark brown.
  - → We’ve decided to stain the shelves blue.
- color v. put color on (sth.), e.g. by painting, dyeing or staining 着色
  - color a picture
  - color a wall green
dispel v. 驱散, 打消
- dispel v. to make sth. go away, esp. a bellet, idea,or feeling 驱散，打消
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations / preiudice … 打消了怀疑/ 恐惧/忧虑/流言蜚语/犹豫和踌躇/ 偏见
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L7) Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears.
- “per” = push
  - dispel v. 驱散, 打消
  - propel vt. 推进, 驱使
    - pro 字头表示向前
  - repel v. 排斥, 令某人讨厌
    - re 字头有多个含义, 其中一个表示 back
  - expel v. 开除
    - ex 表示外面
  - compel 迫使 (强调外力的压力或者动力)
  - impel 迫使 (强调内在的压力或者动力)
    - be / feel compelled to do 迫使去做某事 (外压)
    - be / feel impelled to do 迫使去做某事 (内压)
outlandish /aʊtˈlændɪʃ/ adj.稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
- outlandish = bizarre adj. extremely strange and unusual 稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
  - extremely adv. 极其, 非常
- an outlandish hairstyle
- dancers in rather bizarre costumes 舞者穿着相当怪异的道具服
- 表示奇怪的近义词
  - strange
  - unusual
  - odd
    - → (NCE3-37 P170-L11) At the time, this did not strike me as odd.
  - peculiar
    - → (NCE3-18 P82-L17) These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
  - weird 表示让人有些害怕的奇怪, 有些发怵的奇怪
    - → A really weird thing happened last night.
  - eccentric 强调人的行为举止古怪的
    - → His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L1) True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
outrageous /aʊt’redʒəs/ adj. 令人震惊的，极其不合理的; 非常奇怪的
- outrageous adj. 1. very shocking or unreasonable 令人震惊的，极其不合理的
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L17) Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £10.
- outrageous adj. 2. extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking 非常奇怪的
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L12) Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
freckle /‘frɛkl/ n. 雀斑
- freckle n. [C] one of the small light-brown spots on the human skin 雀斑
- → Ann’s face and back are covered with freckles.
- mole n. small permanent dark spot on the human skin 痣
- beauty spot / beauty mark n. a small dark mark on a woman’s face - used when you think it is attractive 美人痣
  - attractive adj. 吸引的
- acne n. 痤疮，粉刺 [U]
  - → Many adolescents suffer from acne.
    - adolescents n. 青春期的孩子 adj. 青春期的
- dimple n. 酒窝
- chin dimple n.下巴窝
  - chin n. 下巴
intoxicate /ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt/ v. 使醉酒；使陶醉
- intoxicated adj. 1. (fml.) drunk 醉酒的
  - → The driver was clearly intoxicated.
- intoxicated adj. 2. feeling so excited or happy about something that you cannot think clearly 陶醉的
  - be intoxicated by / with .. 陶醉于…之中
    - → He was intoxicated by / with success.
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L25) Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud.
- toxic adj. 有毒的
- noxious adj. 有毒的
- poisonous adj. 有毒的
  - toxic chemicals / substances / gases 有毒的化学品/物质/气体
  - → Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas. 一氧化碳是无色无味的有毒气体
    - odor n. 气味

## text 1

mud is mud (习语搭配) 实事求是
- call a spade a spade (习语搭配) 实事求是 (把黑桃叫做黑桃)
  - spade 铁锹, 黑桃
  - heart 红桃
  - club 梅花
  - diamond 方片
- tell it like it is (习语搭配) 实事求是
- tell somebody straight (习语搭配) 实事求是
  - → I told her straight that she was wrong.
- to be honest / frank 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
- frankly 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
  - → To be honest / frank, George isn’t very good at the job.
  - → Frankly, George isn’t very good at the job.
keep v. have sth. in a particular place 在某处存放或放置某物
- particular adj. 特别的
- → Always keep your driving licence in a safe place.
- → George kept a bottle of whiskey under his bed.
curiously-shaped 奇怪形状的
- → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) oddly shaped forms
- → (NCE3-46 P212-L28) curiausly shaped bits of metal
- → She has a perfectly shaped figure.
- heart-shaped 心形的
- pear-shaped 梨形的
- V-shaped V 形的
on display =on show 展示，陈列
- → (NCE3-18 P82-12) Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places.
- on permanent display 长期的陈列
- → Her work is on temporary display at the gallery.
  - gallery n. 艺术馆, 画廊
- → The locomotive is kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
  - locomotive 火车头
造句：乔治在书房里一直陈列着一枚金牌。
- → George keeps a gold medal on permanent display in his study.
→ Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick greyish substance.
- despite the fact that … (fml.) 尽管如此
  - in spite of the fact that ….(fml.) 尽管如此
  - =though / although / even though / while …
  - 介词＋名词＋同位语从句 =普通从属连词 (一般在书面语里面用)
    - for the reason that … (fml.)
    - because of the fact that … (fml.)
    - due to the fact that .. . (fml.)
    - on account of the fact that … (fml.)
    - = because …
- delicate/light adj. 颜色淡的, 浅色的
  - dark / deep adj. 颜色浓的，深色的
  - bright adj. 颜色亮的，鲜艳的
- shade n. a particular type of red, green, blue etc. 色度
  - shade n. 阴影, 影子
  - shade of …
    - a delicate shade of green 一个浅色度的绿
    - a bright shade of pink 一个亮色度的粉
    - a deep shade of blue 一个深色度的蓝
- observant adj. perceptive; eagle-eyed 善于观察的，敏锐的
  - powers of observation 观察力
    - power 能力
- thick adj. 粘稠的
- greyish (BrE)/ grayish (AmE) adj. slightly grey 浅灰色的，灰了吧唧的, (灰色的, 但色不太正)
  - yellowish (黄色的, 但色不太正)
  - reddish (红色的, 但色不太正)
  - bluish (蓝色的, 但色不太正)
  - greenish (绿色的, 但色不太正)
  - blackish (黑色的, 但色不太正)
  - whitish… (白色的, 但色不太正)
→ If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- 与未来趋势相反的虚拟语气
  - If+ S. + should do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
  - If + S. + did / were to do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
    - → If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
  - 如果出现助动词还可以倒装, 把 if 省略并且把助动词提前
    - → Were you to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- perfumed adj. pleasant to smell because perfume has been added or used 加香水的，有香味的
  - perfumed soap / candles 香皂/香芬蜡烛
→ If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
- rub v. 涂抹
  - rub sth. with sth. 把后者抹到前者上
    - → (NCE3-15 P70-L13) A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck.
  - rub sth. into sth. 把后者抹到前者上, 并且希望可以渗透进去
    - rub salt into the wound 往伤口上撒盐
      - wound n. 伤口 v. 使受伤
    - Rub the cream into your skin . 把膏状物涂抹到你的皮肤上
brief adj. 短暂的
dispel 打消某种念头
- dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors /preiudice
→ The bottle really does contain perfumed mud.
- does 表示的确
→ How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating.
- fond adj. 喜欢的
  - be fond of …: having a great liking for…. 非常喜欢⋯
    - → I’ve always been very fond of you.
    - → John**’s** extremely fond of pointing out other people’s mistakes.
- relate v. 使联系; 讲述
  - relate sth. (to sb.)（向某人）讲述某事
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
    - → (NCE4-28 P166-L20) History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.
- come into (the) possession of sth. = get sth. 得到某物 (人做主语或者物做主语都行)
  - → On her father’s death, she came into possession of a vast fortune.
    - vast adj. 巨大的
    - fortune n. 财富, 财产
  - → How did the painting come into your possession (= how did you get the painting)?
- stuff n. [U] (infiml.)(不太正式的书面语) things 东西，玩意儿
  - → I’ve got some sticky stuff on my shoe.
  - → Do you call this stuff beer?
→ Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.
- furthermore adv. 此外, 而且, 还
  - 同义词
    - further
    - what is more / what’s more (书面语中尽量不要用 ’s 这种缩写)
    - moreover
    - besides
    - in addition
    - additionally
- acquisition n. 获得
  - the acquisition of language 语言的习得 (获得了语言这种能力)
- cure v. 治愈
  - cure sb.
  - cure a disease 治愈了疾病
  - cure sb. of a disease 治好了某人的某个病
  - cure n. 疗法, 药物, 根治疗法
    - no cure for sth. 无药可救 (所有无法根治的病都可以用这个)
      - → There is no cure for AlDS.
- heal v. 治愈(to become sound and healthy again, 所以只能人做宾语)
  - heal sb.
  - heal sb. of a disease
  - heal a disease (X)
- 养成习惯的表达
  - develop / catch / acquire / form / cultivate / foster a habit
  - change / alter a habit 改变一个习惯
  - correct a habit 纠正一个习惯
  - abandon / give up / drop / discard / kick a habit 改掉一个坏习惯

## text 2

→ Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
- consider v. 把..看作 ; 考虑
- expensive adj. 高档的
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L1) The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
- cosmetics n. [pl (习惯用复数)] 化妆品
  - → Lipstick and hair conditioner are cosmetics. 唇膏和护发素都属于化妆品
  - make-up / makeup n. [U] 化妆品(已经涂在脸上的化妆品)
    - girls in heavy make-up 画着浓妆的女孩
    - → She doesn’t wear makeup. 她没化妆
- make a … request for … 请求, 要求获得某个东西
  - → make repeated requests for help 一再的请求得到帮助
  - → They have made an urgent request for international aid. 他们紧急的得到国际的援助
    - urgent adj. 紧急的
    - aid n. 帮助
  - make a … appeal for … 恳请得到某物
    - appeal v. 恳请, 请求
    - → The girl’s family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.
- would 和 used to do 类似，都可以表示过去习惯性的动作，如：One day in a week he would spend a whole day in silence.但注意：would 不能用在故事开头，往往在故事开头用 used to do，而后面换为 would do，如：We used to work in the same office and we would often have coffee together.
  - → Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for “insoluble bath cubes’. If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-41) We are less credulous than we used to be. In the 19th century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.
- do sth. on the spot = do sth. immediately 当场就做某事, 立刻做了某事
  - → He had to make a decision on the spot.
→ On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for ‘insoluble bath cubes’
- on 可以表示刚一…., 但不能跟句子
  - on entering a shop 刚一进商店
  - on prep. as soon as 刚一
  - → What was your reaction on seeing him?
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L11) The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
  - in prep. during the act or process of 在…. .过程中
    - → (NCE3-22 P110-L7) In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.
    - → (NCE3-27P130-L13) ln seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
- bath cube 浴皂
  - cube n. 正方体
- insoluble adj. cannot be dissolved; not soluble 不能溶解的
  - dissovlve v. 融化
  - soluble v. adj. 可溶解的
→ If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out.
- considerably adv. 相当地
- put out adj. Br.E. [never before noun] annoyed 气愤的，不悦的
  - → He seemed a bit put out at not having been invited. 他看上去有点不悦, 在没有被邀请
→ He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
- imaginary adj. 虚构的
  - imaginative adj. 富于想象力的
- temporarily adv. 暂时, 临时
  - permanently adv. 长期，永久
- in/ out of stock (商店中)有/无现货的
  - → Have you any grey pullovers in stock?
    - pullover 套头衫
  - → I’m sorry, that swimsuit is temporarily out of stock in your size.
- faithully adv. 忠诚地，诚恳地
  - → He had served the family faithfully for 40 years.
  - → Ann faithfully promised never to tell my secret.
- call v. to stop at a house or other place for a short time to see sb. or do sth. 在某处短暂停留以拜访某人或做某事
  - → She called for a chat. 她到这里拜访聊了一会儿
  - call in at sth. 短暂的在某处停留
    - → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead.
- at a … date : a time in the past or future 在过去或末来的某时
  - → The exact details of the plan will be worked out at a later date.
  - → The election is scheduled to take place at an unspecified date in the autumn.
    - unspecified adj. 未被说明的
    - specified adj. 确定的, 制定的
→ How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me.
- keep a straight face: stop oneself from smiling and laughing 板着脸，忍住不笑
  - straight adj. 直的,
  - → Brian looked ridiculous in leather trousers, and I was desperately trying to keep a straight face.
    - leather n. 皮革
- be beyond sb. to be too difficult for someone to understand 无法理解
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - be quite / completely beyond sb.
    - → It**’s quite beyond me** why anyone would want to marry him.
    - → The system was complicated and completely beyond the learners.
      - learner n. 初学者

## text 3

prompt v. to encourage sb. to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say 提问或提示以鼓励某人说
- → ’And then what happened?’ he prompted. 然后又发生什么事了? 他问道
- → The speaker was hesitant and had to be prompted occasionally by the chairman.
  - chairman n. 主席
exclusive adj. very expensive, and therefore available only to wealthy people 高级的，高档的 (暗示穷人都去不了的)
- an exclusive store / restaurant / neighborhood
  - neighborhood n. 社区, 街区
- exclusive adj. 独家的
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L19) Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs.
→ The shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable.
- puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的, 困惑的 (unable to understand; perlexed)
- syllable n. 单词的音节
- stress v. to pronounce a word or part of a word so that it sounds louder or more forceful 重读; 强调
  - → The word ‘machine’ is stressed on the second syllable.
→ When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that Myrolite’ was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles.
- in bewilderment = in confusion = in puzzlement = in perplexity adv. 迷惑地
  - → She looked at him in bewilderment.
  - → Matt stared at her in confusion.
    - stare v. 盯
  - → She frowned in puzzlement.
    - frown v. 皱眉
  - → Jane looked about in perplexity. jane 迷惑的四下张望
- amber-like 像琥珀一样的
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达或表达….
- → Please convey my good wishes to your parents.
- → The poem perfectly conveys to the reader the poet’s feelings.
  - poem n. 诗
  - poet n. 诗人
→ This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf.
- 这里的 who 在用途上类似于并列句, 属于形式上的定语从句
- = → This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman and she searched shelf after shelf.
- shelf after shelf 一个又一个地 (都用0冠词)
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L14) But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder.
  - sth. after sth.
    - Day after day
    - week after week
    - vear after year
    - time after time
  - → He fired shot after shot. 他开了一枪又一枪
  - → Shelley sent him letter after letter to explain the delay. Shelley 给他寄了一封又一封信来解释为什么迟到
  - → They sent regiment after regiment to attack us. 他们派了一个又一个团来进攻我们
  - → In factory after factory we were shown machines built by the workers themselves.
produce v. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示, 拿出
- Produce your ticket! 出示你的票
- → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever l produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
- 各种各样的, 各式各样的
  - all sorts / kinds / types of sth.
  - sth. of all sorts / kinds / types
    - → (NCE3-40 P182-411) all sorts of silly jokes
    - all sorts of weird concoctions
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L11) all sorts of indignities
    - → (NCE3-47 P216-L21) vehicles of all kinds
concoction n. sth. that has been made out of several things mixed together 调制品，混合物
- → a concoction of honey, yogurt, oats, and apples
满足某人的需要, 满足某人的要求
- comply with / fulfill / meet (with) / satisfy / suit one’s requirements
  - → The new computer system will meet (with) all our requirements.
put on an act 装模作样
- → He wasn’t really angry; he just put on an act.
- put on sth. 假装
  - put on a smile
  - put on airs 摆架子
    - airs 派头, 样子, 神态
  - put on an injured expression 装出一副受伤的表情
→ Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud
- intoxicate v. 陶醉于
blank adj. showing no feeling, understanding or interest 茫然的
- → Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about.
astonishment n. 惊讶,
blank astonishment (惊讶得）目瞪口呆
- a look of blank astonishment
→ However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman’s eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
- inspect v. 仔细的查看
- it is one’s turn (to do sth.) 轮到某人做某事
  - → It’s your turn.
  - → It’s our turn to drive the kids to school this week. 这个礼拜轮到我们开车送孩子上学了
- light up if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc.（因喜悦、兴奋等脸上或眼中）露出光彩
  - light lighted lit
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L14) Suddenly, I saw the Officer’s face light up.
- 这里的 which 类似于并列句的作用, 可以写成如下但稍显罗嗦
  - → … she fetched several bottles and she placed them on the counter for Harry to inspect.
(just) for once used to say that sth. unusual happens, especially when you wish it would happen more often 这一回，这一次
- → Be honest for once.
- → Just for once, let me make my own decision. 这次让我自己做决定吧
accept / admit / concede defeat 认输
- → She is very determined, and will never admit defeat.
- → The prime minister conceded defeat and resigned. 这个首相认输并且辞职了
discreet adj. careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret 言行小心谨慎的
- → The family made discreet enquiries about his background. 这个家族小心的打探他的背景
→ He was glad to get away with a mere 20 pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm.
- clutch v. 紧紧的攥着
  - clutch v. to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it紧紧抓住
    - → She was clutching a bottle of champagne.
- a mere …..仅仅…..
  - a mere 后跟单数名词时=only a / an
  - 在其他情况下 a mere = only
- beat a (hasty) retreat leave a place quickly in order to avoid an embarrassing or dangerous situation 赶紧走了
  - → The cat beat a hasty retreat when it saw the dog was coming.
→ From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
- from then on 从那以后
  - from now on 从今往后
- decide 不一定译为 “决定”，而常常译为〞（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为〞，尤其是其后加that 引导的宾语从句时。(L43)
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L22) I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L12) Her first impulse was to go rouind all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
→ The curious bottle which now adorns the bookcase in his study was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.
- adorn v. (fml.) to decorate sth. 装饰
  - → The walls were adorned with paintings.

L53 In the public interest

## words

evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v.演变，逐渐形成; 进化
- evolve v. 1.to.develop and change gradually over a long period of time 演变，逐渐形成
  - gradually adv. 逐渐地
  - period n. 时期
  - → The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L2) Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers.
  - evolve from .. 从…演变来的
    - → Popular music evolved from folk songs.
      - folk adj. 民间的, 民众的, 通俗的
  - evolve into … 演变成…
    - → The group gradually evolved into a political party.
- evolve v. 2. an animal or plant changes gradually over a long period of time 进化
  - → Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
    - camouflage n./v. 伪装
    - predator n. 掠夺者, 肉食动物
  - evolve from … 由…进化来的
    - → Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
  - evolve into .. 前者演变成了后者
    - → Slowly, these tiny organisms evolved into multicelled creatures.
- evolution n. 进化：演变，逐渐发展
  - → Darwin’s theory of evolution
  - → the evolution of farming methods
- “volve” / “volu” =roll转
  - evolve
  - involve v. 卷入, 涉及
  - revolve v. 自转, 旋转
    - → The earth revolves around the sun.
  - volume n. 数量; 音量; 书籍的第几卷
    - an encyclopedia in 20 volumes 二十卷的百科全书
  - evolution n. 进化
  - revolution n. 革命
    - → in politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution. 在政治方面, 英国更倾向于偏右而不是偏左
over-zealously /‘zeləsli/ adv.过分热情地
- overzealous adj. excessively enthusiastic 过分热情的
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
  - overzealous movie fans
- zeal n. 热心, 热忱
  - zeal for .. 对…的热情 (表示感情的名词后面都加 for)
  - zealous adj. 热情的
- passion for … 对…的热情
  - passionate adj. 热情的
- enthusiasm for … 对…的热情
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
- zest for .. 对…的热情
  - zestful adj. 热情的
- ardor / ardour for .. 对…的热情
  - ardent adj. 热情的
qualified /ˈkwɑːlɪfaɪd/ adj. 有资格的，有资质的
- qualified adj. having finished a training course, or having particular skills, etc. 有资格的，有资质的
- → Tim is now a qualified architect.
- be qualified for … 对某个职位有资质的,
  - → What makes you think that you are qualified for this job?
- be qualified to do
  - → I**’m** not qualified to give advice on such matters.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L16) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
- qualify v.(使) 有资格或能力
  - qualify as
    - → He qualified as a doctor last year.
  - qualify sb. to do sth.
    - → The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
  - quality sb. for sth.
    - → This training course will qualify you for a better job.
    - → Membership qualifies you for a discount on purchases.
- qualification n. (某工作需要的) 资格，能力；文凭，资质证书
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L20) In addition to all her other qualificatioris, Bessie was an expert cook.
secretive /ˈsiːkrətɪv/ adj. 爱保密的, 守口如瓶的, 讳莫如深的
- secretive adj. liking to keep things secret or to hide one’s thoughts, feelinigs, etc.爱保密的，守口如瓶的
- be secretive about … 对于某个事总是遮遮掩掩, 顾左右而言他
  - → He’s being very secretive about his new girlfriend.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L15) There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman’s work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.
- secrecy n. keeping secrets, or state of being secret 保密
  - in secrecy / in secret / secretly 机密的, 秘密的
    - → Many civilians were slaughtered and buried in secrecy / in secret / secretly.
  - in the secrecy of one’s heart 在某人的内心深处
    - → The personable young man is Mary’s true love in the secrecy of her heart. 这位风度翩翩的小伙子是玛丽心中的真爱
  - be veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy 处于机密状态(蒙在秘密之中)
    - veiled 面纱
    - shrouded n. 寿衣, 裹尸布
    - clock 斗篷
    - → The president’s exact itinerary was veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy for security reasons.
      - itinerary n. 行程
ascertain /ˌæsərˈteɪn/ v.查明，弄清，确定
- ascertain v. (fml.) discover sth. so that one is certain 查明，弄清，确定
- → The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
- ascertain whether / what / how etc.
  - → We need to ascertain whether the project is feasible.
    - feasible 可行的
- ascertain that …
  - → The police have ascertained that he knew the victim.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L25) The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.
prejudiced /‘prɛdʒədɪst/ adj.有偏见的
- prejudiced adj. showing an unreasonable dislike for sth. or sb.有偏见的
- → The media has been accused of presenting a prejudiced view of people with disabilities.
- prejudiced against … 对某人有偏见
  - → The early Christian church was prejudiced against the Jews.
    - church n. 教会
    - Jews n. 犹太人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L26) The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- be biased against … 对某人有偏见
  - → He seemed a bit biased against women in my opinion.
- be biased in favor of / toward(s) 偏向某人
  - → The judge is biased in favor of the plaintiff.
- be partial to / toward(s) .. 偏心眼的
  - → The referee was clearly partial to the other side.
- prejudice (against …) n. 偏见,
- bias (against…) n. 偏见
- bias (in favor of / toward(s) ..) n. 偏向某人
- partiality (to / toward(s)..) n. 偏向某人
  - (词性的变化通常不影响介词搭配)

## text 1

Scandinavian n. & adj. (native) of Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland) 斯堪的纳维亚半岛 (北欧)
much常与过去分词构成的形容词连用，表示“广为…” “广受”….
- → The money will buy much needed boaks for the school.
- → Education is a much discussed government service.
- much-used 广为使用的
- much-travelled 广受到访的
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L1) In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists.
- much-respected 广受尊敬的
- much-discussed 广为讨论的
- much-acclaimed 倍受赞誉的
  - acclaimed adj. 称赞的
- much-needed 广受需要的
- much-loved 广受喜爱的
- much-admired 广为倾佩的
- much-criticized 倍受批评的
世界各地的表达
- all over the world
- throughout the world
- around the world
- in various parts of the world
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
- the world over
enlightened adj. 开明的
- → (NCE3-49 P224-114) Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.
Sweden n. 瑞典
- Swede n. 瑞典人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that,
- Swedish adj.瑞典的，瑞典人的，瑞典语的；n.瑞典语
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) the Swedish Parliament
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L20) a Swedish village
- Switzerland n. 瑞士
  - Swiss n. 瑞士人（单复同型） ad.瑞土的，瑞士人的，瑞士方言的
protect … from ..
- → The cover protects the machine from dust.
high-handed adj. using authority in an unreasonable way, without considering the opinions of other people 专横的, 颐指气使的, 高压的
adopted v. 领养, 采用
work v. to have a particular effect or result 有某种效果
- → The strategy seems to be working.
- → Criticizing your former employers works against you in the interview.
- → (NCE4-28 P166-L16) Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor’s house.

## text 2

→ The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants. police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
- public official n. 公职人员（以官方的身份行事的人）
  - civil servant n. 政府文职人员
- health inspector n. someone who works for the government whose job is to visit restaurants and make sure that they are clean and obeying laws about preparing food 卫生检查员
- in the belief that … = because sb. believe that ，因为某人相信。
  - → She wrote to him in the belief that he would help her.
  - “in the + 表示感觉的名词” 在句中作原因状语 (书面语)
    - in the thought that … = because sb. think that
    - in the discovery that … = because sb. discover that
    - in the hope of doing / that … = because sb. hope to do / that …
    - → The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that (=because they believe that) they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects’in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reasonto fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on luinch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that) her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
as long ago as … = as early as … 早在..….就….
- parliament n. group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important national affairs 国会，议会 (英)
- Parliament n. the.main law-making institution in the UK, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords 英国国会（包括下议院和上议院）
- parliamentary adj.议会的，国会的
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) a parliamentary committee
- Congress n. the group of people elected to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 美国国会（包括参议院和众议院）
  - Senate n. 参议院
  - House of Representatives n. 众议院
  - congressional adj. 美国国会的
    - a congressional committee 一个美国国会的委员会
introduce v. 开始推行，开始采用
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L7) The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
scheme n. 1.计划，方案; 2.阴谋诡计
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L9) Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- schemes and intrigues
safeguard v. to protect sth. from harm or damage 保护，保卫
- → We hope that world leaders can agree on a plan to safeguard the environment.
→ A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private arievances against the State.
- appoint v. 任命
  - appoint v. to choose someone for a position or a job 任命，委任
  - → They have appointed a new manager.
  - appoint sb. (as) sth.
    - → They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
- grievance n. a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly 委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → People know who to go to if they have a grievance.
  - → There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances.
    - air v. 公开的表达
把 A 称为 B
- refer to A as B
- call A B
- address A as B
- know A as B
- 常与副词 commonly, usually, generally, frequently, often 等连用
  - → The official title of the person is Justiteombudsman’. but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the ‘J.O.’ or ‘Ombudsman’.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-18) Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L2) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
be subject to sth. likely to be affected by sth.,especially sth. bad 可能或易于受到.…的影响
- → Flights are subject to delay because of the fog.
  - fog n. 雾
- → Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers.
→ He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
- 两个含义相反的形容词连用时，常位于被修饰名词之后。
  - → A man with a noble heart never bows before difficulties great or small.
    - bow v. 弯腰, 鞠躬; 屈服
    - noble adj. 高贵的
  - → We should be fair to all people, big and small, young and old. 我们应该对说有的人都公平
- level n. relative position in rank, class orauthority 级别, 阶层
  - → These are subjects for discussion at management level.
make / bring / file / lodge / submit / a complaint about sth. / against sb. 发起投诉
- → I’d like to make a complaint about the noise.
- → He brought a complaint against his former manager.
- → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
- → (NCE3-53 P240-L29) … if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
in writing 以书面形式
- → All bookings must be confirmed in writing.
- in speech 以口头形式
  - → He expressed his opinions both in speech and in writing.
- in 表示以某种形式
  - speak in English
  - pay in cash
  - a short note scribbled in pencil
  - write a message in code 用密码写了一个信息
  - The title was printed in capital letters.
    - captial letter 大写字母
an average of .. 平均…
- → Parents spend an average of $220 ayear on toys for their children.
- → Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year.
every single 每一…. (加强every的语气）
- → We eat rice every single day!
- → Don’t write down every single word I say.
There is nothing secretive about … 没有什么可保密的
- → There is nothing secretive about it.
- → There is nothing secretive about Christianity.
correspondence n. [U] the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business letters 信件, 信函
- → She has a lot of correspondence to deal with.
- mail n. [U] the letters and packages that are delivered to you 邮件
  - → There isn’t much mail today.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L26) He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.
open adj. public, not limited 公开的，开放的，没有限制的
- be open to sb. / sth. 对某人/某事开放
  - → The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen.
  - → I’d like to think l am open to any reasonable suggestion.
justified adj. having an acceptable explanation or reason 合理的
- justify v. to show or prove that sb./sth. is right or reasonable 表明或证明….. 是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 管他黑猫白猫, 抓到老鼠就是好猫
    - means 方法, 手段
- justification n. [U & C] a good and acceptable reason for doing sth. 正当的理由
  - justification for (doing) sth.
    - → There is no justification for holding her in jail.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L1)In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
on behalf of sb./ on sb.’s behalf / in behalf of sb. / in sb.’s behalf
- 1.代表，代替…….
  - → Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so l am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
- 2.为了某人的利益
  - → The legal guardian must act on behalf of the child. 法定的监护人必须为了孩子的利益而行事
→ The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
- take action: do sth. in response to what has happened 采取行动
  - → Immediate action must be taken to stop the fire spreading.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L23) It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, …
- vary according to … 根据后者而有所不同
  - → Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L8) Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
→ He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
- 建议, 命令, 要求后的从句必须使用 should do 型的虚拟语气
- reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth. 上下级之间因为某事而批评某人
  - → I was reprimanded / rebuked by my manager for being late.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.

## text 3

→ A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been illtreated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
- write to sb. = write a letter to sb.
- ill-treat v. to treat sb. in a cruel or unkind way, abuse 虐待
  - abuse v. 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
  - ill-treat one’s dog
  - ill-treated animals
  - ill adv. badly
    - ill-bred 没有收到良好教养的
    - ill-advised 不明智的
      - advise v. 劝告, 建议
    - ill-mannered 没有礼貌的
      - manner n. 方法; 礼貌, 规矩, 态度
  - will adv. 很好地
    - well-bred 有良好教养的
    - well-advised 做事明智的
    - well-informed 消息灵通的
    - well-intentioned 目的善良的
- 只不过是因为
  - simply because … = for the simple reason that …
    - → (NCE3-4 P26-12) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L27) I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to fit anywhere.
  - bacause 的连用短语
    - **simply because ..**只不过因为..
    - partly because…. 部分是因为….
    - **mainly because ….**主要是因为….
      - → Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.
        
        candidate n. 候选人
      - → I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.
      - → Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly intelligent.
→ The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.
- 名前动后: 名词重音在前, 动词重音在后
- Chief of Police n. the most senior ppolice officer in a city who is in charge of all the police there 警察局长
→ There was nothing in the record to show that the foreioner’s complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
- justified adj. 合情合理的
- accusation n. 指责, 指控
  - accuse v. 指责, 指控
- deny an accusation / a charge 否认指控/指责
- accuse sb. of sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
- charge sb. with sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
→ It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
- for 可以引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
deal dealt dealt
- deal well / badly etc. by / with sb. (fml.) treat sb. well, badly etc. 对某人好、坏等
  - → He has always dealt well by me.
  - → You’ve been badly dealt with.
  - → The police dealt roughly with the rioters.
    - rioter n. 暴动者, 暴民
  - → He deals fairly with all people.
  - → I consider he has been dealt with leniently.
    - leniently adv. 仁慈地
→ The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- the fact that … 固定句型
→ It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.
- representative n. 代表, 代理人 adj. 代表的
→ The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
- prosecute v. 起诉, 控告某人
  - prosecute vt.检举，起诉，对…. 提起公诉
    - → Trespassers will be prosecuted.
      - trespasser n. 非法侵入者
        
        trespase v. 擅自闯入, 非法进入
    - → Shoplifters will be prosecuted.
      - 专门在商店里偷东西的贼
- in question: being discussed 正在被讨论的，提到的，谈到的
  - → The woman in question is sitting over there. 我们刚刚谈到的那个女人就坐在那呢
  - → The job in question is available for three months only.
- lodge a complaint against sb. 针对某人提起投诉
→ The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
- put / bring an end to sth.: stop sth. from happening any more; abolish sth.终止，废止.
  - abolish v. 终止 … , 废止…
  - → The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.
  - → It’s hoped the talks may bring an end to the violence.
    - 我们希望这个谈判可以终止暴力行为
- practice n. 习惯性的做法
- go / pass unnoticed 不为人知的过去了
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L13) If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
- 用了与过去事实相反的虚拟, 不过省略了 if, 原文如下
  - → The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed if there had not been the Ombudsman’s prompt action.

L54 Instinct or cleverness? ⭐️

## words

wage /weɪdʒ/ v. 发动（战争/战役/运动等）
- wage n. 工资
- wage war / a campaign / a struggle / a battle on/against . 发动一场战争/发动一场战役,运动/发动一场斗争/ 发动一场战斗与 sb.
  - → The US waged war on Irag without UN authorization.
  - → The government determined to wage a campaign against official corruption. 政府发动了一场反腐倡廉运动
- declare war on … 对某国宣战
- be at war with .. 与某国处于战争状态
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L11) Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
- at the slightest provocation 稍一激惹就做某事
  - → He’d fly into a rage at the slightest provocation.
    - fly into a rage 发脾气
- without provocation 无缘无故(没人招惹)
  - → The soldiers fired without provocation.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L4) They sting and bite without provocation.
- 字根 “voc” =“voke” 喊叫
  - provoke v. 挑衅, 激怒
    - pro 在前面
  - provocative adj. 挑衅性的
  - evoke v. 唤起某种情绪, 激起人的某种情绪
    - e/ex 向外
  - evocation n. 情绪的激起
  - revoke v. 废止, 取消
    - re back; again
  - revocation n. 废止
    - → Her license was revoked.
revulsion /rɪˈvʌlʃn/ n. 厌恶
- revulsion = disgust n. [U] a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike 厌恶
- → She looked at him with revulsion. 她厌恶的看着他
- → He expressed his revulsion at / against / towards the whale hunting. 他表达了对于捕鲸这种行为的厌恶
- revolt v. to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted 令人厌恶
  - be revolted by …
    - → We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.
- revolting adj. extremely unpleasant 令人庆恶的
  - Picking your nose is a revolting habit. 挖鼻孔是一个令人厌恶的习惯
  - v. 令人厌恶 > adj. 令人厌恶的
    - revolt > revolting
    - repel > repellent
    - repulse > repulsive
    - disgust > disgusting
      - → I was repelled by the smell.
      - → The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
      - → He claimed to be disgusted by the amount of violence in the film.
luscious /ˈlʌʃəs/ adj. 美味的，甘美多汁的
- luscious adj. having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice 美味的，甘美多汁的
  - the luscious taste of ripe peaches 成熟的桃子甘美多汁的美味
    - ripe adj. 成熟的
- delicious adj. 美味的
- appetizing adj. 美味的
- heavenly adj. 美味的 ( 仿佛天堂上才有)
  - 名词 + ly 一般是 adj. , 而不是 adv.
- tasteful adj. 美味的
- tasty adj. 美味的; 有吸引力的
- yummy adj. 美味的(儿童会用这个词)
  - yucky adj. 难吃的(儿童用词)
- delicacy n. 好吃的菜
  - delicious 派生
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ n. 机灵，善于发明创造
- ingenuity n. [U] the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways 机灵，心灵手巧，善于发明创造
- ingenious adj. having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things 机灵的，心灵手巧的，善于发明创造的
  - → She’s very ingenious when it comes to finding excuses. 当找借口的时候, 她真是心灵手巧
  - → Johnny is so ingenious — he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
- 字根 “gen”=创造;生育
- gene n. 基因
- gender n. 性别
- general n. 普遍的
- generate v. 产生
- generation n. 产生; 一代人
- genesis n. 创世纪
- genius n. 天才
- genuine adj. 真诚的, 由衷的
- pregnant adj. 怀孕的, 怀胎的

## text 1

bring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 拉扯大
- have been brought up to do 从小就⋯
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L7) The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
  - → I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
  - → And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
do more harm than good 弊大于利
- harm n. 损害
- → Raising speed limits may do more harm than good.
- do … harm / do harm to … 对…有害
  - → The occasional piece of candy doesn’t do you any harm.
    - sweets (英) / candy (美)
  - → Exhaust fumes has done considerable harm to the environment.
    - exhaust fumes 尾气
      - fume n. an amount of gas or vapour that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale: clouds of exhaust
      - exhaust n. 排出的气 v. 用完, 耗尽
- do sb. good 对.. 有好处
  - → I think a trip to the beach would do us all a lot of good.
- in more ways than one 有不只一方面的含义
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
continue 的同根副词
- continually adv. 老是, 总是, 间歇但持续的
  - → (NCE2-38 P174-L4) Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
- continuously adv. 持续的, 不停歇的
  - → (NCE3-18 P82-L14) These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
- be continually / always doing 老是做某事
contaminate v. to make sth. dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection 污染….., 玷污
- → Flies contaminate food 苍蝇会把食物弄脏
  - fly n. 苍蝇
- → Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches. 工业废物继续在玷污/污染美丽的海滩
carry v. if a person, animal, or insect carries a disease, they can pass it to other people or animals even if they are not illthemselves 携带病菌，传播疾病
- → Many serious diseases are carried by insects.
- carrier 带菌者，病媒
- an AIDS carrier
- transmit v. 传播
  - mit 表示 send
  - contagious adj. 传染的
  - infectious adj. 传染的
  - catching adj. 传染的 (通常做状语, 不做定语)
- catch … 染上了, 被传染了
  - → He caught a cold.
devour v. 狼吞虎咽的吃
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
- → (NCE4-2 P11-L2) Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insecteating animals.
→ They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows.
- 分号可以代替连词的功能,
- sting v. 蚊虫钉
- bite v. 咬
- provocation n. 招惹
- uninvited adj. 未被邀请的
  - an uninvited guest / visitor 不速之客, 不请自来的客人
  - → A few people showed up / turned up uninvited at the party.
- 如果 morning/noon/night 前面有修饰语通通用介词 on
- beat v. 打, 撞
- heart beat 心跳
- lighted adj. 1.a lighted window, room etc. is bright because there is a light on inside 亮着灯的
  - a lighted window / room
  - lighted adj. 2. a lighted candle, match etc. is burning at one end 点着的
    - a lighted candle / match
→ We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.
- dread v. 害怕
  - dread sth. / doing 害怕做某事
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L14) He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
  - dreadful adj. 可怕的，糟糕的
    - → (NCE3-11 P154-416) All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
  - live in dread of .. 一直害怕….
    - → I live in dread of losing her love.
    - stand in awe of .. 对…充满敬畏
      - → You can’t help standing in awe of powerful people.
        
        can’t help 不禁, 忍不住 (无法避免)
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-l15) Who has notstood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- not only … but else …. 搭配
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L20) Gifts poured in not only trom unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products.
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L8) Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L23) This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- dispel v. 驱散，打消
  - pel = push
  - dis 表示向一面八方
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations .
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
      - further 进一步

## text 2

→ Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch.
- horde 一伙 (略带贬义)
- crawl v. 爬, 缓慢的移动
- 单数名词前面加 the 可以表示类指
  - the industrious ant 那些勤劳的蚂蚁
- industrious: diligent adj. 勤劳的
  - industry n. 工业
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L19) Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie’s industriousness and efficiency.
  - industrial adj. 工业的，产业的
    - industrial revolution
    - industrial workers
- do nothing to do sth. / not do anything to do sth. (语气更强) 在某方面根本没用
- 造句：这些预防措施在阻止这种疾病蔓延方面没有任何作用。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, …
  - prevent … from … 阻止某物做某事
  - → The precautions did nothing / did not do anything to prevent the disease from spreading.
- do little to do sth. 在某方面没多大作用
- do much / a lot / a great deal to do sth. 在某方面有很大作用
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L8) Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
- be filled with .. 容器里装满了东西; 充满了某种情绪
  - be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion / admiration / remorse … 充满了.. 情绪
    - alarm 惊恐 (又惊又恐)
    - → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) All at once, Inoticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
→ No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung.
- sting v. 叮, 咬
- sense of direction / humor / danger / jiustice / pride / accomplishment / honor / responsibility / superiority / inferiority …. 方向感/ 幽默感 / 危险的感觉 / 正义感/ 自豪感 / 成就感 / 荣誉感 / 责任感/ 优越感/ 自卑感, 劣等感 ….
  - direction n. 方向
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L2) The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L6) He simply had no sense of danger at all.
- have a horror of … = be afraid / frightened / scared of … 害怕某物
  - → She has a horror of cockroaches.
  - → She is afraid / frightened / scared of cackroaches.
Unreasonable adj. 非理智的
erase v. 擦掉, 抹去
- eraser n. 擦除器(橡皮擦)
形容词后面用动词不定式一定用主动
造句：我害怕开车是没有道理的，但这种感觉无法消除。
- → My fear of driving is unreasonable, but it is impossible to erase.
fascinating adj. 迷人的
- fascinate vt. 迷住.…
  - → (NCE3-9 P46-L1) Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
- fascination n. 魅力，吸引力
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L1) Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.
- → At the same time, however, insects never fail to fascinate us.
- → At the same time, however, insects exert a peculiar fascination on us.
→ We enjay reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives.
- mantis n. 螳螂
- perfectly adv. 完美地
  - perfectly adv. completely — used to emiphasize what you are saying （用于加强语气）完全，非常，极其
    - → It’s perfectly normal to feel like this.
    - → To be perfectly honest, I didn’t want to go anyway.
→ We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- entrance vt.令人着迷，陶醉
  - → I’m completely entranced by / with the music.
  - → The children sat silent on the carpet, entranced by the puppet show.
    - puppet n. 木偶, 傀儡
- go about one’s business 做自己的事
  - → The villagers were going about their business as usual.
  - → go about sth. 着手做某事
    - → I want to learn German but I don’t know the best way to go about it.
- be (un )aware of ..
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- presence n. 出席, 在场
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
  - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
  - 造句：我在场时请别抽烟。
    - → Please don’t smoke in my presence.
  - absence n. 不在场，缺席
    - in the absence of sb.
    - in sb.’s absence
      - → in my absence he will be in charge.
    - 造句：在老师不在的时候，学生们都在忙自己的事。
      - → In the absence of their teacher, the students were all going about their business.
→ Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- beetle n. 甲虫
- stand in awe (of …) （对.. ）充满敬畏
- pounce on .. 猛扑向…
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-415) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
- column n. a long moving line of people or things（人或事物的）队伍; 柱子; 专栏
  - a column of soldiers / refugees / tanks
- bear v. 背着
- triumph n. 胜利，成功（的喜悦）；v. 获得成功，取胜
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L20) There was a note of triumph in my voice when | told him that it was there in black and white.
  - Arch of Triumph
- 修辞疑问句, 答在问中, 通常在文章或者段落的末尾
  - rhetorical question 修辞疑问句
  - → (NCE3-27 P130-L19) We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
  - → O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? — P. B. Shelley “西风颂”
  - → Who among us has not dreamed of that?
  - → What is the use of our studying grammar if we can’t put the grammatical rules into practice?

## text 3

spent sometime doing sth.
watch sb. doing sth.
prize: valued; treasured; cherished 珍爱, 喜爱, 心爱的
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L2) One of Mary’s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L13) The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, 1 happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
sheltered adj. 可避风雨的
- → We found a sheltered spot to have a picnic.
  - picnic n. 野餐
  - spot n. 地点
survive vt. 经历 … 而幸存
- → (NCE3-9 P46-L7) A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
severe adj. 严重的，严酷的，严厉的
- a severe injury
- a severe winter
- → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
produce v. 1. make, create 制造
- → (NCE3-47 P216-L2) When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it iinto something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
- produce V. 2. to grow sth. or make it naturally 出产（农场品），产（仔）
  - → The tree produces fruit. 这种树产水果
  - → A cow produces milk. 牛产奶
  - → A hen produces eggs. 母鸡下单
- produce v. 3. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示，拿出
  - Produce your ticket! 请出示你的票
  - → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L23) She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry’s requirements.
wither v. 枯萎, 干枯, 消亡
cluster n. a group of things of the same kind that are very close together （密密匝匝的）一筷，一团
- a cluster of red berries 一簇红色的浆果
be to be found / heard / seen 能够被找到/ 看到/ 听到
- → Such books are to be found in the library.
- → Not a sound was to be heard.
- → Not a soul was to be seen.
- be to do (fml.）的四种用法 (L40)
  - 1.打算
  - 2.命令
  - 3.能够
  - 4.应该
colony n. a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together （住在一起的）一群动物或植物
- a colony of ants
- a seal colony
→ They were visited by a large colony of ants because the ants obtained a sort of honey from them.
- 这里的 because the ants 如果直接换成 which 就更加简洁了
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L1) We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
    - → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (稍显罗嗦)
  - → Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
    - → Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
  - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time.
    - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
- a sort of = a kind of … 有些像…的；……般的
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L2) We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. 天堂般的
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) In spite of this, the Htalians regarded him as a sort of hero. 英雄般的
  - → (NCE4-22 P127-L6 Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
→ l immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twentyfour hours.
- embark on / upon sth. 从事, 着手; 上船
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L3) Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes.
- get rid of … 赶走….……，打发走…..
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L13) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
- at the base of …
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L15) At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A’ had been nearly inscribed.
scurry v. run with short quick steps 小步快跑
- → The mouse scurried across the floor.
bewilder v.令人迷惑，令人晕头转向
- bewidering adj. 令人迷感的，令人昏头转向的
  - → (NCE3-38 P174-L5) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
  - in + 名词做副词含义
    - in bewilderment / confusion 晕头转向地
    - in surprise
    - in horror
    - in despair
    - in a panic …
→ I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satistaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it.
- tape n. 带子, 狭布条
- with satisfaction = satisfiedly adj. 满意地
  - with + n. = adv.
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L9) After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven.
  - with ease = easily 简单地
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease
  - with delight = delightedly 高兴地
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
  - with a smile = smilingly 微笑着
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L18)‘But it isn’t perfume,‘1 said. It’s hair gel Then i added with a smile, ‘it’s a strange mixture I make myself
  - with pride = proudly 自豪地
  - with attention = attentively 专心地
  - with confidence = confidently 自信地
  - with reluctance = reluctantly 勉强地
- swarm v. When insects swarm, they come together in a large group 昆虫聚集
- do something about … to do something in order to deal with a problem or difficult situation 解决，处理（问题或困难）
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L29) When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass qrow.
  - → there is nothing … can do about … 对某问题某人无能为力
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L15)‘That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. “t’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.’
→ I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
Instead of …., however, …. 本该… …，结果却….
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L13) lnstead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.
- **instead(,) …**结果却…..
  - → (NCE3-15 P70-L10) I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
on to … = onto … 到.. 上面去
be quick to do: to react quickly to what someone says or does 很快就
- → He was quick to notice the mistake.
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
an answer to sth: a solution to sth.
- → There is no easy answer to the problem.

L55 From the earth: Greetings

## words

astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/ n.天文学
- “astr” / “aster” = star
  - astronomy n. 天文学
    - -nom- 通常表示规律
  - astronomical adj. 天文学的; 天文数字的
  - astrology n. 占星术
    - -(o)logy 通常表示研究
  - astronautics n. 航空学
    - -nau- 通常表示船舶
  - astronaut n. 宇航员
  - disaster n. 灾星, 灾难
  - asterisk n. 星号
  - asteroid n. 小行星
- “stell” = star
  - stellar adj. 星星的
    - stellar light 星光
    - stellar system 星系
  - interstellar adj. 星际的
    - inter- 可以表示 between
    - interstellar travel
- constellation n. 星座; 一群了不起的人物
  - a constellation of famous scientists and artists
solar /ˈsoʊlər/ adj.太阳的
- solar energy 太阳能
- solar system 太阳系
- solar radiation 太阳辐射
- solar calendar 阳历
- a partial / total solar eclipse
  - eclipse 日食/月食
- lunar adj. 月亮的
  - lunar calendar 阴历 (根据月亮的圆缺制定的律法)
  - a partial / total lunar eclipse
Venus /ˈvinəs/ n. 金星 (来自罗马神话)
- Mercury (水星，商贸之神墨丘利）
- Venus（金星，美神维纳斯, 朱庇特的女儿）
- Mars（火星，战神马尔斯, 朱庇特的儿子）
- Jupiter（木星，众神之王朱庇特）
- Satum（士星，农神萨图恩）
- Uranus (天王星，天空之神乌拉诺斯）
- Neptune (海王星，海神尼普顿）
- Pluto (冥王星，冥王普路托）
bacteria /bækˈtɪriə/ n. 细菌 (习惯用复数)
- bacterium (单数) > bacteria (复数)
- datum (单数) > data (复数)
- medium (单数) > media (复数)
- stratum (单数) > strata (复数) 岩层; 社会阶层
- curriculum (单数) > curricula (复数) 课程
realm /relm/ n. 王国;范围,领域
- the realm of literature / science 文学领域/ 科学领域
- the political / military realm 政治领域, 政治界/ 军事领域, 军界
- the realm of necessity 必然王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
- the realm of freedom 自由王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
  - → The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom.
- domain n. 领域, 范畴; 贵族领土
  - the political domain
  - the domain of natural science
- field / area / world / sphere 领域. 范畴, 范围
  - the field of politics 政治界, 政治领域
  - the world of art 艺术领域, 艺术界
  - the area of education 教育界, 教育领域
  - the diplomatic sphere 外交领域
  - the ideological sphere 思想领域

## text 1

→ Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
- Milky Way n. 银河系
  - the Milky Way = the Galaxy 银河系
- galaxy n. 星系
  - the Galaxy n, 银河
- detect v. to discover or notice sth, especially sth that is not easy to see, hear, etc. 发现，觉察
  - → The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
  - → an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation
    - radiation n, 辐射
in relative terms: compared with other, similar things 相对来说
- → Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on books.
emit v. 散发, 发射, 发出
prove (to be) + adj. /n. 被证明是…..
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L9) The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place 20 miles away in the evening.
infinitely adv. very much — used esp. when comparing things（尤其与比较级连用） ..得多; 无限地
- → Your English is infinitely better than my German.
- → Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
- 其他表示 … 得多的搭配
  - far / much / even / still / yet + 比较级
support v. to provide the right conditions, such as enough food and water, for life （提供合适的条件以）维持生命，使活下去
- → The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops.
  - crop n. 庄稼, 作物
- → Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.
  - acid adj. 酸的
→ Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than 4 billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
- evolve v. 进化
- it takes … (for …) to do sth. sb. 做某事需要有……
  - take 表示需要
  - → It took a few minutes for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.

## text 2

→ Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its’sun’.
- that is 引出同位语 , 表示’也就是说’, ‘确切的说’
  - that is (to say): or more exactly 也就是说，确切地说
    - → The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.
    - → Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the student’s own language.
    - → (NCE4-2 P11-L9) One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6.000.000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
  - 同义表达
    - i.e. 也就是说
      - → The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.
    - to be exact 准确的讲
      - → She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact:
    - in other words 换句话说
      - → He was economical with the truth — in other words, he was lying.
    - to put it another way 换句话说
      - → It’s fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don’t try this at home.
→ Imagine a star up to 20 times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
- Imagine
  - → Imagine life without hot water. 想象一下没有热水的生活
  - → Imagine that you have just won a million pounds.
  - → (NCE3-7 P38-L12) Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
- up to sth.: 1. 多达 …
  - → The Olympic Stadium will hold up to 80,000 spectators.
  - up to sth.:2.=up till 直到…. = until
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L6) Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town.
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L10) Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
→ Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- orbit n. 天体星体的轨道
- form n. 种类, 类型, 形式
- alternatively adv. used to introduce a ssuggestion or to mention sth. different to what has just been stated 或者
  - → The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.
- 复合形容词
  - the life-supporting planet = the planet which supports life
  - animals which eat insects = insect-eating animals 吃昆虫的动物 (主动)
    - insect n. 昆虫
  - silverware which is made by hands = hand-made silverware (被动)
  - state-owned enterprises 国有企业
  - flower-selling girls 卖花女
  - epoch-making masterpieces 开创新时代的大师作品
  - cancer-causing substances 致癌物质
- → Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and (would) also (have to) provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- for 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
  - → He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
  - → Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized.
→ But how would we find such a planet if there were such a planet?
→ At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 这里 telescope 有两个后置定语
- in existence 存在
  - → The organization has been in existence for 25 years.
  - come into existence 开始存在 = come into being
    - → Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence.
  - presence n. the existence of sb. or sth. in a particular place 存在
    - one’s presence 某人某物的存在
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-414) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business; unaware (we hope) of our presence.
    - the presence of … 某人某物的存在
      - → Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.
- detect the presence of … 寻找.
  - → The dogs were trained to detect the presence of explosives. 这些狗狗被训练去寻找爆炸物
develop v. to design or make a new idea, product, system etc. over a period of time 开发，研制
- → Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis.
  - treat v. 处理
  - arthritis n. 关节炎
- development n. the process of creating a new product or method 开发，研制
  - → His work is mainly in software development.
  - → The funds. will be used for product development.
中文中倾向于用动词, 英文中倾向于用名词
- → The resolution of some problems of today is urgent and critical for the survival of a society.
- → Overemphasis upon some existing problems could cause harmful effects.
- → His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
- → My arrival coincided with his departure.

## text 3

→ It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
- -based: 1. combines with nouns referring to places to mean sth. positioned or existing mainly in the place mentioned, or operating or organized from that place 位于….
  - a Washington-based organization
  - land-based missites 陆基导弹
  - -based: 2. used with some names to make adjectives describing the main substance in a product 主要成分为….
    - lead-based paints 主要成分为铅的涂料
      - lead 引导; 铅
    - carbon-based fuels 主要成分为碳的燃料 (碳基)
    - nitrogen-based fertilizer 主要成分为氮的肥料 (氮基)
→ Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets if we looked for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
→ Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system if we looked for life using a telescope in orbit round the earth.
- Hubble Space Telescope (HST) The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth.
particle n. [C] a very small piece of sth. 微粒
- article n. 冠词
- dust particles
- tiny particles of soil 非常细小的土壤的微粒
- elementary particle n. one of the types of pieces of matter including electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms 基本粒子
  - proton 质子
  - neutron 中子
  - atom 原子
  - electron 电子
→ A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for iie in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edoes of our own solar system.
- 省略一个 if 从句
  - → A telescope would have to be as far aaway as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space if we looked for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
- 越…就越….. 的表达
  - → The harder they worked the hungrier they became. (第一种语序, 先翻译前半句, 再翻译后半句)
  - → They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked. (第二种语序, 后半句是从句, 前半句是主句, 先翻译后半句, 再翻译前半句)
  - → (NCE4-37 P218-L13) We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (第二种语句)
→ Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to ‘see’ the planet properly and analyze its atmosphere.
- 从句用一般现在时, 主句用 would, 还是虚拟语气
- way of doing sth. 做某事的方法
  - → a new way of storing information.
  - way to do sth. 做某事的方法
    - → What is the best way to clean this?
- blot n. a mark or dirty spot on sth., esp.made by ink 污点，墨迹
  - ink blots 墨水的污迹
    - → This is a serious blot on your career. 这是你职业生涯中一个严重的污点
  - blot out: to cover sth. so that you can no longer see it 遮住
    - → Dark clouds overhead had blotted out the sun.
- so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引导目的状语从句，译为“以便〞=in order that…，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should,would 等。
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented.
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented.
- properly adv. (BrE) completely, fully, thoroughly 完全地，彻底地
  - → Is the chicken properly defrosted?
    - defrost v. 除霜, 融化, 解冻
  - → He got properly beaten by the world champion.
→ If we looked for life on a planet, in the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than ‘ittle green men’.
- 这句也可以看作前面省略了一个 if 从句
- in the first instance (fml.) as the first part of a series of actions 首先，第一
  - → in the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company.
  - → Anyone wishing to join the society should apply in the first instance to the secretary.
- little green men
  - Little green men is a popular expression used to describe extraterrestrial life. 地外生命
→ The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
- form n. 形式
- 这里一样省略了 if 从句
  - → The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria if the planet could support life.
→ It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth. (强调句)
- 强调句强调句子的主语
- breathe v. 呼吸
  - breath n. 呼吸
→ As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
- dweller n. 居住在某个地方的人 (正式用语)
  - dwell v. 居住于某地
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L22 The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort.
- cherish v. to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure 长期怀有某种感情
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L10) Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.
  - → He cherished the hope of winning an Olympic medal.
  - → He cherished the memory of his late wife.
  - → He cherished the illusion that the girl was in love with him.
realm n. 王国, 范畴, 领域
- an idea that belongs in the realm(s) of science fiction
- → I suppose it’s not beyond the realm(s) of possibility.
- → This is not really within the realm(s) of my experience.
science fiction (also informal sci-fi) n. [U] a type of book, film/movie, etc. that is based on imagined scientific discoveries of the future, and often deals with space travel and life on other planets 科学幻想 (科幻)
→ If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
- lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - → He was a lowly assistant gardener.
  - low adj.& adv.低的（地）
    - bow low to the Queen 深深的向女王鞠躬
    - → That plane’s flying too low!
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L19) We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
→ As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, ‘Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.’
- tenur n. 长期雇用
- NASA n. National Aeronautics and Space Administration a Us government organization that controls space travel and the scientific study of space（美国）国家航空航天局 / 美国太空总署
- observe v. (fml.) to make a written or spoken comment about someone or something （评论）说
  - → “I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he observed.
  - → She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch.
  - observation n. a spoken or written remark about something you have noticed 言论，评论
    - → (NCE4-39 P228-L18) A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
- elsewhere adv. in, at, or to another place 在別处，到别处
  - → The answer to the problem must be sought elsewhere.
  - → Our favourite restaurant was full, so we had to go elsewhere.
  - → Finding life elsewhere would change everything if life were found elsewhere.
  - → If life were found elsewhere, no human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.

L56 Our neighbour, the river

## words

boundary /ˈbaʊndri/ n.分界线，边界
- → The river forms a natural boundary of our farm. 河流形成了我们农场的天然边界
- → The fence marks the boundary between my property and hers.
  - fence n. 篱笆
  - mark 标志
  - property n. 不动产
- 表示虚拟的边界
  - → Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias.
    - blur v. 使模糊
- 国境, 国界的表达
  - border / frontier n. 国界
    - the ltalian border / frontier
    - the border / frontier between China and Russia
overtake /ˌoʊvərˈteɪk/ v. （坏事）突然降临
- overtake overtook overtaken
- → A sudden illness overtook him.
- 完美同义词
  - visit / befall (befell befallen)
    - → A sudden illness visited / befell him.
  - happen to
    - → A sudden illness happened to him.
predecessor /ˈpredəsesər/ n. 前辈，前任
- 完美反义词
  - successor n. 继任者,
- 祖宗, 祖先 n. [C]
  - ancestor
  - forefather
  - forebear
- 后代子孙
  - descendant [C]
    - → He is a direct descendant of Confucius.
      - Confucius n. 孔夫子 (音译), 孔子
  - offspring n. 后代 (单复数同行)
    - → the conflict between parents and their offspring
  - posterity n. [U]
    - → These works of art are preserved for posterity.
meadow /ˈmedoʊ/ n. 草地; 牧场
- lawn n. 草坪
- pasture n. 放牧的牧场
- prairie n. 北美洲的大草原
- savanna(h) n. 热带/亚热带的大草原 (无树无风)
- grassland n. 草原(泛指)
  - → the Inner Mongolina Grassland
occurrence /əˈkɜːrəns/ n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
- occur v. 发生
- happening n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
  - happen v. 发生
- trifle n. 一件小事, 琐事, 微不足道的事
- incident n. 小事; 暴力性冲突性的事件
  - a border incident 一起边境事件
  - a shooting incident 一起枪击事件
- affair n. 公众性的&政治性的事件; 风流韵事, 桃色事件
  - current affairs 时事
  - China’s internal affairs 中国内政
  - love affairs 风流韵事
- event n. 重大的事件
- accident (通俗版本) / contingency (文言版本) n. 意外的事故
- coincidence n. 巧合的事件,
proportion /prəˈpɔːrʃn/ n. 比例
- the proportion of sth. to sth. 某事物对另一个事物的比例
  - → What s the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
- in proportion to sth. 和某物成比例 (正比/反比)
  - → Payment will be in proportion to the work done.
- out of (all) proportion to sth.
  - → They earn salaries out of all proportion to their ability.
- a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例 (多数)
- a small / tiny proportion of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a high / large percentage of … 很高的比例的某人某物 (多数)
  - a small / tiny percentage of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a / the majority of … 多数
  - a /the minority of … 少数
site v. 使位于
- 同义词
  - locate
  - situate
- → The house is sited / located / situated on the hill.
- 名词形式 n. 位置
  - site
  - location
  - situation n. 位置, 情况
juncture /ˈdʒʌŋktʃər/ n. 时刻, 关头, 节骨眼
- → At this juncture it’s too late to say anything.
- → The battle had reached a critical / crucial juncture.
  - critical / crucial adj. 关键的
- 时刻的同义词
  - time
  - moment
  - point n. 时间点
  - instant n. 时刻 adj. 立刻的, 立即的
unduly adv.过分地，过度地
- unduly =excessively adv. 过分地，过度地
  - → The levels of pollution in this area are unduly high.
- undue = excessive ad. 过分的，过度的
  - → The work should be carried out without undue delay.
- due adj. proper, suitable 适当的
  - → After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr. Davis to the job.

## text 1

同位语/ 同位格的前置, 为了突出和强调这个同位语
- man’s best friend, the dog
- God Almighty, Jesus Christ 耶稣基督, 我们全能的主
→ The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
- play a … role/part in … 发挥某种作用
  - 造句：西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。
    - → The city of xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
  - 造句：政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。
    - → The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L1) Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L5) The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L10) John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
→ Without it we could not make a living.
- = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- If +S. +did / were .., S. + would / should / could / might + do ..
- If 从句的虚拟语气, If 从句经常可以藏起来, 用介词短语引导
  - → There would be no living things without air.
    - =→ There would be no living things if there were no air.
  - → In his position, I would commit suicide.
    - =→ If I were in his position, I would commit suicide.
- make/earn a living 谋生, 活下去
spring n. 春天; 泉; 弹簧
英文通常用地点指代住在那里的人
- → Be quiet or you’ll wake the house. 安静点, 不然你会把一家人都吵醒了
- the village 全村人
- the town 全镇人
- the city 全城人
- the country 全国人
- the world 全世界人
  - entertain the world 娱乐全世界人
  - → The whole country was / were shocked at the news. (这里用单复数表示主语都可以)
→ …. we have to pump from the river for irrigation.
- → … we have to pump from the river to irrigate the fields.
→ We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
- instinctively = by instinct adv. 本能地 = 介词 + n.
  - particularly = in particular
  - accidentally =by accident
  - carefully = with care
  - delightedly.=with delight
  - angrily = with anger
- .. misfortune might visit / befall us …
  - …. misfortune might happen to us….
- relate sth. to sb. 对某人讲述
  - relate v. 讲述; 联系, 连接
  - → She related the events of the previous week to the police.
  - relate A to / with B
  - report / recount / relate sth. to sb. 将某事讲述给某人听
  - tell sb. (about) sth. 给某人讲述某事
长短句穿插,

## text 2

→ Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
- go / row / sail upstream
go / row / sail upstream 走/划船/航向前往上游
- → Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back. 学习如逆水行舟, 不进则退
  - drop back 被超过
  - go / row / sail downstream 顺流而下
a predecessor of ours
- = one of our predecessors 我们的一位前辈
hard by … (fml.) very near to …
- → The cafeteria stands hard by our dormitory.
heat wave 酷暑时期, 三伏天
- cold spell 严寒时期, 三九天
  - spell n. 一段时间
- → It’s a boiling / scorching / sizzling hot day. 这是一个很热的天气 (的表达)
  - boil v. 沸腾
  - scorch v. 烤焦了
  - sizzle v. 烤肉的时候肉在铁板上滋滋作响
- → It’s a bitterly / biting / freezing cold day.
  - bitterly adv. 残酷的, 剧烈的
  - bite v. 咬
  - freeze v. 冻牢, 凝固
→ We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holdinga summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
- → We celebrate the arrival of the seasons.
- Thanksgiving Day: the fourth Thursday in November
  - the Puritans 清教徒
  - the Mayflower 五月花号
  - Columbus 哥伦布
  - American Indians / Native Americans
  - the Pilgrims 朝圣者, 香客(最早的 102 个清教徒)
  - the Pilgrim Fathers
  - 特色食物
    - roast turkey 烤火鸡
    - apple pie 苹果派
  - → I give thanks to my mother for supporting me all the time.
  - → I give thanks to my math teacher for not flunking me.
    - flunk (俚) 挂科

## text 3

文言可以考虑尽量用名词来描述, 而不是用很多的动词形式
- a rare / common / regular / evervday occurrence
  - → Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.
  - → Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence.
  - → Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
go to extremes 走极端
- → (NCE3-5 P30-L1) Editors of newspapers anid magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
- → Our climate is usually moderate.
→ We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
- in that 复合连词
- disaster n. 大灾难
- a high / large proportion / percentage of.. 很高的一个比例
  - a small / tiny proportion / percentage of ..
  - a majiority of …
  - a vast / great / overwhelming majority of…
  - a minority of …
  - a small / tiny minority of …
- spell v. 构成, 拼写
  - spell v. to cause sth. bad to happen in the future 招致，导致
  - spell disaster / trouble / danger for …..
  - → The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.
  - → This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners.

## text 4

creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L19) Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found me out.
托物以抒情, 用事物做主语
- Curiosity swallowed him.
  - swallow v. 吞咽, 吞没
- → A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.
cattle n. 牛们 (本身就是复数, 类似于 people)
stall n. an enclosed area in a building for an animal such’as a horse or cow 牲口棚，马厩，牛棚
stand to do sth: to be likely to do or have something 可能…
- stand to gain / lose / win … 有可能会获得, 有可能会失去, 有可能会赢得
  - → Many small companies stand to lose financially if the new law is introduced
→ We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
- low adj./adv. 低
  - → The plane flew low.
  - lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - a lowly servant
  - → (NCE3-55 P248-L28) If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
put … out of order 使 sth. 出故障
- put … in order 把某物修好
- put … right 把某物修好
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L14) When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
- be out of order 某物坏了, 失灵了
  - → The bell had been out of order for many years.
- put .. . out of business 使某人破产
- put … out of work 使某人失业
→ From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
- attic n. 阁楼
- … get a sweeping view 获得一览无遗的视野 (俯视, 登高望远)
  - .. get a bird’s eye view
- …,when the flood was at its height … 在洪水最为猛烈的时候
  - ., at the height of the flood
  - the height of … sth./sb. 的顶峰状态,全盛时期
    - → August is the height of sumimer.
    - → The storm is at its height.
- take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
  - take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
    - → There is only one computer, so we have to take turns (in) using / to use it.
迹象, 征兆
- sign
- indication
- omen 兆头
  - a good omen
  - a bad omen
→ Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
- before 除了翻译成 ‘之前’, 也可以翻译成 ‘直到’
- 全部倒装语句 (L10) 部分倒装 (L5)
  - 全部倒装 - 把全部谓语置于主语之前, 主系表 变成 表系主
    1. 表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。 1-主语不是代词。2-谓语动词不是及物动词
    2. 表语置于句首。
  - 例子
    - → Now comes your turn.
    - → On the hill stands a temple.
    - → Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body .
    - → Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
- → ….. prevent its landing anywhere …. (动名词 + 属格用法)
  - = → … prevent it from landing anywhere ….
  - → He always insisted on its being written out in full. (insisted + its 属格)
→ Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah’s ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
- Noah’s ark 诺亚方舟
  - ark n. 方舟(圣经), 平底船
- hen n. 母鸡
- cage n. 笼子
- the Genesis 创世纪 (圣经)
  - the New Testament (Christians) 新约
  - the Old Testament (Jews) 旧约
  - 新约和旧约圣经的分水岭在于上帝耶稣降临
  - deluge n. 大洪水(圣经); 暴雨, 洪水
→ We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
- unduly adv. 过度地, 不恰当地
- stoutly adv. 结实地, 粗壮地
  - stout = sturdy adj. strong and thick 粗壮的，结实的
    - stout boos for climbing
    - a stout walking-stick
- sound adj. in good condition and not damaged in any way 完好的
  - → The floor was completely sound.
  - → Is the building structurally sound?
→ The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
- wade v. 蹚水, 涉水
- trek v. 艰苦跋涉
- in the hope of / that ….
  - → …. in the hope that they would be able to ….
  - → Police are carrying out a house-tohouse search in the hope of finding the missing girl.
  - in + 名词表示原因状语
    - → The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
    - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or taxcollectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery (=because she suddenly discovered) that her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-42) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought (=because they think) that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
- grapple v. to take a firm hold of sb./sth. and struggle with them 紧紫抓住，扭住，扭打
  - → They managed to grapple him to the ground.
→ We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.

L57 Back in the old coun

## words

alien /ˈeɪliən/ adj.外国的；外星的
- alien cultures 外国文化
- alien beings 外星人
- be alien to …. 对sth./sb. 是格格不入的, 不兼容的
  - → The idea is alien to our religion. 这种挂念和我们的教义是格格不入的
    - religion n. 宗教
  - → Luxury is alien to her nature. 奢侈和她的本性是格格不入的
    - nature n. 本性, 自然, 天然
- foreign adj. 外国的
  - be foreign to … 对 sth./sb. 是格格不入的,
    - → Jealousy is foreign to his nature. 嫉妒和他的本性是格格不入的
- exotic adj. 外国的, 新奇漂亮的 (褒义词)
  - exotic tropical plants 新奇漂亮的外国热带植物
  - → I am charmed with her exotic beauty. 我被她异国情调的美所迷住
    - charm v. 使陶醉
emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt/ v. 移居国外
- 形似词解析
  - migrate v. 迁徙, 移居
    - → People migrate to cities in search of work.
    - → Swallows migrate south in winter. 在冬天时, 燕子会迁徙到南方去
  - emigrate v. 移居国外
    - emigrate from 从某国移民出去
  - immigrate v. 移进某地, 移入
    - immigrate to 移民到某国里来
  - → Europeans emigrating from their homelands after World War I were encouraged to immigrate to Australia.
  - v. n.行为 n.人
    - migrate migration migrant 移民的人
    - immigrate immigration immigrant 移民入某地的人
    - emigrate emigration emigrant 移民出去的人
absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ v. 使全神贯注
- 全神贯注于某事
  - be absorbed in …
  - be engrossed in …
  - be wrapped up in …
  - be immersed in …
    - → He is totallv immersed in the novel.
- 忙于某事
  - be busy (in) doing
  - be up to one’s neck /ears in …
    - 听力题
      - M: Can you come over for dinner tonight?
      - W: I**’m up to my ears in** work, so I’ll have to take a rain check.
      - What does the woman mean?
      - Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
      - take a rain check 择期再约
embedded /ɪm’bɛd/ adj. 嵌入的(深深地扎根在… 里面)
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L10) His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.
    - land n. 土地, 国家
  - → (NCE4-21 P121-16) He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.
- deep-rooted / deep-seated 根深蒂固的, 不可动摇的
  - a deep-seated faith in god 对上帝不可动摇的信仰
  - a deep-rooted bad habit 一个恶习难改的坏习惯
- inveterate hatred / preiudice / distrust (贬义词)
  - an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler / liar
    - liar n. 撒谎成性的人
milestone n.里程碑；划时代事件
- be a milestone in .. 是 … 的里程碑
  - → October 1st, 1949 was a milestone in the history of China.
- crossroads n.十字路口；抉择关头 (本身就是单数)
  - at a crossroads in …
    - → He was at a crossroads in his career.
territory /ˈterətɔːri/ n. 领土, 领域
- territory n. 1. [U]&[C] 领土 enemy / disputed / foreign territory
  - → They refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory.
- territory n. 2.[U] (知识或经验的）领域
  - familiar / unfamiliar territory
    - → The company is moving into unfamiliar territory with this new software.
    - → Social work is familiar territory to her.
stumble /ˈstʌmbl/ v. 绊脚
- stumble v. strike one’s foot against sth. and almost fall 绊脚**=trip**
- stumble over / on … = trip over / on… 在…..上绊了一下
  - → Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.
  - → Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.
- stumble across / on / upon … to find sth. or meet st. by accident 偶然发现或遇到 = come across …
  - → We stumbled across him at the mall.
  - → History relates that they stumbled on a magnificent waterfall.
- stumble into .. . to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入….
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-424) 1 felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.

## text 1

→ I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.
- stop doing 和 stop to do
  - stop to do 停下来, 去做某事
  - stop doing 停止做某事
- cool off v. to return to a normal temperature after being hot 冷却下来，凉爽下来
  - → Cool off with an iced drink.
  - → By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days.
- study v. examine (sth) very carefully 仔细察看（某事物）
  - study the map / menu …
  - → Scientists are studying the photographs of Mars for signs of life.
expect (sb.） to do: 以为；料想
- → He didn’t expect to see me.
- → We expected him to arrive yesterday.
objective n.目标，目的 = goal
- → Everest is the climber’s next objective.
  - Everest n. 珠穆朗玛峰
- → Let justice be our objective
by now
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
be alien to …. 对… 感到陌生, 格格不入
recover from … 从⋯恢复
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L29) You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
- recover sth. 1. 恢复.. = restore sth. / regain sth
  - recover / restone / regain + one’s health / one’s sight / one’s consciousness / one’s balance / one’s composure
- **recover sth.**2.重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L8) But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
presence n. 1. 出席, 在场, 存在
- → (NCE3-54 P244-L14) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- → (NCE3-55 P248-L16) At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 某人在场的表达
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
    - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
    - → l asked you not to smoke in my presence.
- presence n. a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is with you in a place 似乎在场
  - → His daughter’s presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
continually 反复地, 一再地和 continuously 持续地, 一刻不停地
→ (造句) Everything around me is full of his / her presence, continually reopening the wound.
make a new life for sb. 为. ..开创新生活
- → I was determined to make a new life for myself in Australia.
- → After the divorce she moved to Buckingham to make a new life for herself.
  - Buckingham n. 白金汉郡
turn over a new leaf 弃恶从善，洗心革面重做人
- → The thief was determined to turn over a new leaf once he was released from prison.
cease to do 不再……
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L7) There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
grieve v. to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died 悲伤
- grieve (over/for) ….
  - → They are still grieving over / for their dead child.
  - → She grieved the death of her husband.
- grievance n.委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
→ He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman’s care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.
- bring up sb. 把… 抚养成人
- lack sth. 缺乏
  - lack for sth. (fml.)=need sth. 需要……
  - lack for nothing 应有尽有
- 语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词
  - father and mother
  - → Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
  - → We are brother and sister.
  - → Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.
  - → Please pass me pencil and paper.
→ He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay.
- meant to do sth. 打算…
  - → Whoops! I didn’t mean to step on your toe.
    - toe n. 脚趾头
  - → I mean to leave that meeting with a new contract.
  - mean n. 平均, 中等 v. 意思是 adj. 低等的, 卑贱的; 吝啬的, 小气的
‘扎根于’ 的表达
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
folk (BrE) / folks (AmE) n. people 人们
- ordinary working-class folk
- → I’d like a job working with old folk or kids.
- → Young folk these days don’t know the meaning of work.
→ He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
- make sb. do 让某人做某事
- mortally = fatally adv . 致命地
  - mortally / fatally ill / injured / wounded
  - a mortal / fatal illness / injury / wound
  - immortal adj. 流芳百世的
    - → (NCE3-17 P78-L4) Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him.
- do sth. on one’s own 某人自己做某事
  - alone / on one’s own / by oneself
    - → She was sitting alone on a park bench.
    - → I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
    - → Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
  - all(alone / on one’s own / by oneself) 加强语气
    - → Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.

## text 2

→ I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which l found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
- 这里有两个定语从句, 并列修饰 map, 并且在第二个定语从句中还有一个嵌入式的定语从句
- 同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 两个定语从句修饰同一个名词或短语，中间用并列连词 (and, or 或 but) 连接，此时关系词往往不可省去。
    - → This book is intended for foreign students who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of language to read books on their own subjects.
      - 两个定语从句都是修饰 foreign students, 关系词都不能省 (省了就难以辨认结构了)
    - → The past progressive is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose exact limits are not known.
- 不在同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语＋第一个定语从句”，两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词（一般是关系代词作宾语）可省略。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L11)The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very pound of the fact.
    - → .. but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
      - 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
        
        → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
        
        → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
It is/was not that …, but (that)… 不是因为………而是因为.
- → It was not.that actually remembered anything at all, but (that) my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L5) It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all.
  - = → It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of danger at all.
- **not that., but that …**不是因为….., 而是因为….
  - → Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. — Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
over and over (again) 一再地，屡次地，三番五次地
- → I’ve told you over and over (again) not to do that.
- again and again
- time after time
- time and (time) again
- many times
- repeatedly
be positive (that).. 对….…确定
- → Are you absolutely positive you locked the door?
- 同义搭配
  - I was sure / certain / confident / convinced (that)…
  - I had no doubt (that) …
  - I bet (that) … 我敢肯定 (我打赌….)
familiar / unfamiliar territory 熟悉/不熟悉 (的领域)
- → Social work is familiar territory to her.
- → All this is familiar territory to readers of her recent novels.
well interj.(语气词) used for expressing a feeling such as doubt, surprise, or anger 用以表达怀疑、惊讶或愤怒等感情
- → Well, they have a lot of nerve! 他们的胆子真不小
  - nerve n. 勇敢
- → Well, she could at:least have phoned to say she wasn’t coming!

## text 3

→ I looked at the map and then at the milometer.
- milometer 里程表
  - -meter 表示仪器, 读数表
  - thermometer 温度表
  - barometer 气压计
  - odometer / milometer 里程表
  - speedometer 速度计
→ I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
- according to …. 根据某人的看法/说法
- spire n. 尖顶
- come = travel
  - → Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.
- 独立主格
  - (with +)n. + 非谓语
    - → (NCE3-6 P34-L9) The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L9) It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
decide 不一定译为 “决定” ，而常常译为”（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为” ，尤其是其后加 that 引号的宾语从句时.
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to tranisport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L30) From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
turning (BrE) / turn (AmE) n. 道路转弯处
- → He must have taken a wrong turning in the dark.
- → Take the first turning on the left.
→ So l drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.
- retrace v. repeat (a journey, route, etc.)exactly 重走
  - → We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.
  - → They are haping to retrace the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus.
- take / shoot / throw / cast a glance at .. 扫视…..
  - → The couple at the next table cast quick glances at us.
  - → The other people shot sidelong glances at me.
land up = end up = finish up: to finally be in a particular place or situation 最终；最后.
- → He’ll land / end / finish up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that.
- land up / end up / finish up doing
  - → Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he landed up / ended up / finished up becoming a successful writer of detective stories.
→ I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
- as if /as though从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与末来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L4) It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L10) As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
  - → It looks as if it might rain.
  - 注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing的形式。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L21)‘Oh, that,’ he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
    - → Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)
    - → It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.
- stumble into … to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入 …
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes stumble into a nightmare country in dreams.
→ And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
- 连词as引导的方式状语从句中常省略主句中出现过的成分而只残存“as+ 状语”结构。
  - = → And, as there is nobody in sight to help me in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
  - → In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
    - = → In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
→ Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my dlirection.
- 全部倒装
  - 把全部谓语置于主语之前。
    - 1、表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动
    - 2、表语置于句首。
  - → …., there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, ….
    - = → …,a man on horseback appeared there on the horizon; …
- on horseback 骑着马的人, 骑着马的
  - a solidier on horseback
  - → They travelled over the mountains on horseback.
- in sb.’s direction
  - → Tony glanced in her direction and their eyes met.
ask / tell / show sb. the way to .. . 告诉某人去某地的路
- → He asked me the way to London.
- → Could you tell me the way to the station?
- → Could you please show me the way to the temple?
→ The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley had been submerged too.
not … but …. 不是, 而是

L58 A spot of bother

## words

composure /kəmˈpoʊʒər/ n.镇静, 沉着 [U]
- keep / maintain one’s composure
- lose one’s composure
- recover / regain one’s composure
- compose/collect v. 使安定, 使平静, 使镇静
  - compose / collect oneself 让自己平静下来
    - → He took a deep breath to compose / collect himself.
- composed / collected adj. 镇定的
  - → He appeared composed / collected despite the stress.
    - stress n. 压力
hinder /ˈhɪndər/ v. 妨碍, 阻碍
- hinder v. to make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 妨碍，阻碍
- 同义词
  - hinder
  - hamper
  - impede
- → Higher interest rates could hinder / hamper / impede economic growth.
- → Social unrest will hinder / hamper / impede economic development.
- 同义词
  - put sand in the wheels of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (往轮子里面扔沙子)
  - put obstacles in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (在路上设置障碍)
  - stand in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (站在路中间挡住了去路)
    - → (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
veritable /ˈverɪtəbl/ adj. 真正的，货真价实的
- veritable adj. a word used to emphasize a description of st.or sth. 真正的，货真价实的= real
- → The area is a veritable paradise for those who love walking and swimming.
- 字根 “ver” = true
  - very adj. 正是的
    - → He died in this very room. 他就是在这个房间去世的
    - → At that very moment the phone rang.
  - verify v. 证实, 核实
    - → His story has been verified by other witnesses.
      - witnesses n. 目击者; 证人
  - verdict n. (陪审团的) 裁决
    - → After a week the jury had still not reached a verdict.
  - veracity n. = truth 真实，真实性
    - → Some people questioned the veracity of her story.
magpie /ˈmæɡˌpaɪ/ n. 喜鹊；饶舌者；喜欢收藏物品的人
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L18) She had lived in the flat for 30 vears and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; …
  - hoard v. 聚积财富, 囤积货物
- 比喻用法
  - → He is a bear. (他是一个粗鲁的人)
  - → He is a beast. (他是一个野蛮的人)
  - → He is a fox. (他是一个狡猾的人)
  - → He is a snake. (他是一个阴险的人)
  - → He is a dark horse. (注意不要用 black horse)
  - → He is a lucky dog. (他是一个幸运的人)
  - → He is a big fish. (他是个大人物)
  - → He is a lame duck. (他是一个任期将满的总统或领袖)
  - → He is an old goat. (他是一个老色狼)
  - → He is an eager beaver. ( 他是一个勤奋努力且一心想出人头地的人)
    - beaver 海狸
    - eager adj. 热心的, 渴望的
toss /tɔːs/ v.抛掷，扔 ; 搅拌
- toss v. to throw sth., esp. sth. light, with a quick gentle movement of your hand 抛掷，扔 (比较轻的东西, 轻抛)
  - → She crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L19) …. it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- toss v. 搅拌
  - → Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
  - tossed green salad
  - → “Let’s go into the kitchen, and maybe you can help me set the table”
    - → “Sound’s good to me. What are we having?”
    - → “I prepared lamb chops, mashed potatoes, and a tossed green salad to begin with.”
    - → “Grandpa, you are a territic guy!”
- toss and turn 辗转反侧
  - → I was tossing and turning all night.
fussy /ˈfʌsi/ adj.神经过敏的，小题大做的; 挑剔的
- fussy adj. 1. nervously active or excited about small things (对小事）神经过敏的，小题大做的
  - fussy parents
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L27) The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, …
- fussy adj. 2. giving too much close attention to detail, etc. and therefore difficult to please 挑剔的
  - → A lot of small children are fussy eaters.
- 表示’‘挑剔的’’ 的同义词
  - be fussy / picky / choosy / particular about …
    - → He is very fussy / picky / choosy / particular about the clothes he buys.

## text 1

a spot of … = a small amount of … 少量的某物
- → Shall we stop for a spot of lunch? 要不我们停下来吃点午饭?
- a spot of bother = some trouble
  - → I’m having a spot of bother with my car / one of my teeth.
→ The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived.
- glad adj. 高兴的, 开心的
- block n. a large building divided into separate parts 大楼
  - block n. 街区
  - a block of flats 一栋公寓 (英式)
    - → (NCE2-29 P138-18) Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.
  - an office block 一个办公楼, 一个写字楼
  - an apartment block 一栋公寓楼 (美式)
tire vt. 使疲劳
grow linking-v.(系动词) become different quite slowly 慢慢变得
- 造句：我对英语的兴趣随着每一堂课慢慢增长。
  - → My interest in English grew stronger with every class of the course.
- 造句：他的自信心随着每一次取得的成功渐渐增长。
  - → His self-confidence grew greater with every success he achieved.
→ In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open.
- lift (BrE) =elevator (AmE) n. 电梯
- 中文中, 动词占有统治地位, 英文中, 名词占有统治地位
  - → In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest;
    - → In the lift she was thinking about lunch and a good rest. (动词写法)
    - one’s thoughts are / were on .. 正在想着某事, 思绪在某事上面
      - → On my way to the school, my thoughts were on the final examinations.
- in the + noun. 句中多作原因状语 (书面语)
  - = → …,both were forgotten because she suddenly discovered that ….
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief (=because they believe) that they may one day need just those very things.
→ She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, when she remembered that she had gone shopping after the home help had left and she knew that she had turned both keys in their locks.
- 主句如果出现进行时或者 be about to do , 后面的 when 要翻译成这时../突然… , 并且这种句型的主要信息在 when 从句里
- reprimand … (for …) 责备, 批评某人(上下级之间)
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-116) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L17) He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
  - → She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, …
- home help n. (BrE) someone who helps ill or old people in their homes with cleaning, cooking etc. 家务助手
- negligence n. [U]疏忽，粗心大意
  - → The accident was due to her negligence.
    - due to 由于
- 钥匙相关的搭配
  - 插钥匙进去
    - turn the key in the lock
    - insert the key in the lock
  - 钥匙拔出来
    - remove / take out the key from the lock
→ She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following her regular practice she had shut them before going out.
- hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
- follow one’s regular practice 按照某人通常的做法,
  - practice v. 练习, 习惯性的做法
  - → Following my regular practice I write once a month to my son in the States.
drawing room = living rome
- drawing room n. (formal or old-fashioned) a room in a large house in which people relax and guests are entertained 客厅，起居室
  - hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
  - living room / sitting room / drawing room 前两个较为常见, 客厅, 起居室
  - dining room 餐厅
  - kitchen 厨房
  - bathroom 浴室
  - guestroom 客房
  - study
  - bedroom 卧室
  - master bedroom 主卧
  - storeroom 储存室
  - attic / loft 阁楼
  - basement(可住人的) / cellar(地窖) 地下室
  - balcony 阳台
look into sth: investigate or examine sth.调查或仔细查看
- → I wrote a letter of complaint and the airline has promised to look into the matter.

## text 2

confusion n. mess; disorder; chaos 混乱
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
over adv. across a distance in a particular direction or at a location 在那边
- → He lives over in England.
as clear as day / daylight / crystal 像大白天一样清楚 = very clear
- → It was as clear as daylight then that ….
  - = → It was very clear then that … (不佳)
- 类似的比喻
  - as clear as mud 不明显(就像泥巴一样明显)
  - as dark as pitch 一片漆黑 (就像沥青一样黑)
  - as easy as ABC 非常简单 (就像 ABC 一样简单)
  - as switft as lightning 非常快 (迅捷的如闪电一般)
  - as cold as ice 很冷 (像冰一样冷)
  - as straight as an arrow 笔直 (像箭一样直)
  - as strong as a horse 像马一样强壮
  - as brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛
  - as cunning as a fox 像狐狸一样狡猾
  - as greedy as a wolf 像狼一样贪婪
  - as stubborn as a mule 像骡子一样倔
  - as poor as a church mouse 像教堂的老鼠一样穷
force an entry = break in 强行闯入
- → The police forced an entry into the building.
- → There is no signs of forced entry.
  - 强行闯入 forced an entry 当动词用
  - 强行的闯入 forced entry 当名词用
‘当她不在的时候’ 的表达
- while she was away. (不佳)
- in/during one’s absence. (佳, 使用名词做中心词)
  - absence n. 不在, 缺席
  - in/during the absence of sb.
- 某人在场的情况下
  - in one’s presence
  - in the presence of sb.
→ Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
- impulse n. 冲动
- 表示目的通常用 to do
  - one’s aim/purpose is to …. 某人的目的是去做某事
  - one’s dream is to …. 梦想是去做….
  - one’s plan is to ..
  - one’s hope / wish is to …
  - one’s advice / suggestion is to …
  - one’s first impulse / reaction is to ..
- prudent adj. sensible and careful, esp. by trying to avoid unnecessary risks 审慎的，明智的
  - prudent house buyers 明智的房屋购买者
  - it is prudent (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说是明智的
    - → It would be prudent to save some of the money.
    - → It might be prudent to get some expert advice first.
  - 反义：rash adj. 轻率的，魯莽的，不计后果的
    - → Don’t make rash promises.
    - → (NCE3-8 P42-L9) Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.
- have (got) sb. with you: if you have someone with you, they are present with you 某人与自己在一起
  - → Luckily I had a friend with me who spoke German.
- fetch sb. from sth. 从把某人接来，叫来或找来
  - → Would you mind going to fetch the kids from school?
  - → I have to fetch my mother from the railway station.
- porter n. 1. (BrE)= doorman (AmE) someone whose job is to take care of a building and be present at its entrance in order to help visitors 门房
  - porter n. 2. a person whose job is to carry things, especially traveler’s bags at railway stations, airports, etc. 脚夫，搬运工
    - → (NCE3-60 P268-L24) She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
→ By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
- by this time 截至到这个时候
- be beginning to do sth. 慢慢的开始, 逐渐开始
  - → It was beginning to get dark. 天色慢慢开始暗下来了
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L20) During the summer, l noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
    - wither vi. 枯萎
- tremble v. 颤抖
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
- strong adj. （饮料、酒等）浓的，烈性的
  - strong coffee / tea / beer ….
  - 反义：weak 淡的, 度数低的
    - weak coffee / tea / beer..
→ Then, her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter’s assistance to search for any intruders who might still be lurking in her flat.
- Her composure regained 写法
  - keep / maintain one’s composure 保持了镇定
  - lose one’s composure 失去了镇定
  - recover / regain one’s composure 恢复了镇定
  - 原本的写法:
    - → Then, her composure was regained, and she was ready to … 主次稍不分明
  - 独立主格写法
    - → Then, her composure regained, she was ready to ..
- 动身出发的表达
  - set off / out
    - → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  - start off / out
- intruder n. someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal sth. 非法入侵者（尤指为行窃）
  - → The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.
  - intrude v. to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs in an annoying and unwanted way 打扰，侵扰，千涉（隐私等）
    - → I don’t wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment?
    - → Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.
- lurk v. to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do sth. wrong 潜伏
  - → She didn’t see the figure lurking behind the bushes.

## text 3

→ They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the police in their search for fingerprints.
- go through sth.: to search sth. in order to find sth. in particular 搜寻
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The Officer went through the case with great care.
- the search for …
  - → Bad weather is hampering the search for survivors.
- in search of … = searching for …
  - → go in search of a cheap hotel
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L25) Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
→ She had lived in the flat for thirty years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; and it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- possess v. 拥有
→ At least sorting out the things she should have discarded years ago was now being made easier for her.
- sort out v. 从一堆东西中把某物挑出来
  - sort out: 1. to separate one type of thing from another 从….中挑出来
    - → I’ve sorted out the papers that can be thrown away.
  - sort out: 2. to arrange or organize sth. that is mixed up or untidy, so that it is ready to be used 将.……分类整理好
    - → We need to sort out our camping gear before we go away.
- should have done 应该做的却没有做 (情态动词完成时)
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L16) You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.
police inspector n. a police officer of middle rank 巡官
- constable n. a British police officer of the lowest rank 警察
tell sb. of sth. (fml.) describe an event to sb. 向某人讲述某事
- 比 tell sb. about sth. 更加文气和正式
- → He told us of his extraordinary childhood.
ransack v. to search a place, making it untidy and causing damage, usually because you are looking for sth. 洗劫
- → The house had been ransacked by burglars.
→ The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or entered over the balcony.
- while 做连词, 当某人在做 A 事的时候 , 另一个人在做 B 事
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L10) One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
- check v. make sure of sth. by examining or investigating it （用检查或调查的方法）印证、确认某事物
  - → Go and check (that) I’ve locked the windows.
- force / pick / break a lock 撬锁
- thereby adv. (fml.) with the result that sth. else happens 因此，由此 (五星级结果状语的精彩表达)
  - thereby doing sth.
    - → Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.
  - 替换
    - thus doing 从而, 因此 (完美替换)
      - thus adv. 如此, 因为
      - → They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness.
        
        dilute v. 加水稀释, 懈开
      - → The merchants began to import corn, thus forcing farmers to cut their prices.
- skeleton key / passkey 万能钥匙
→ There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
- bundle n. 包裹
  - bundle n. parcel, package 包裏
- trace n. a small sign that shows that sb. or sth. was present or existed 痕迹，踪迹，迹象
  - there is no trace of …
    - → There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.
- 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L14) I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey; but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
**entry (into ….)**进入（…..) (可以尝试用名词 entry 来表示进入)
- 造句：老师突然进来把孩子们吓了一跳。
  - → The children were surprised by the sudden entry of their teacher.
- 造句：天色昏暗，谁也没有注意到他们进入了军营。
  - → It was dark and their entry into the camp had gone unnoticed.
job n. (infml. (口语 )a crime, esp. stealing 作案，罪行 (活儿)
- an inside job 内部作案
- → He got six months for that last job he did.
→ The inspector then asked the old lady to try to check what was missing by the next day and advised her not to stay alone in the flat for a few nights.
→ The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, but since the porter agreed with him, she rang up her daughter and asked for her help in what she described as a little spot of bother.
- creature (esp. following an adjective) a person, considered in a particular way (尤其用于形容词后）有某种特点的人
  - creature n. 生物
  - a fussy / strange / pathetic … creature 一个小题大做的家伙/ 一个奇怪的家伙/ 一个可怜的家伙
- ring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 给某人打电话 (英式)
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L14) As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire-brigade.
  - 给某人打电话的表达
    - ring / phone sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (BrE) = call sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (AmE)
    - telephone / phone / call sb.
    - give sb. a call = give sb. a ring (BrE)
- help in sth. 在某方面的帮助
  - → Local teachers provided invaluable help in dealing with the problem.
    - invaluable adj. 非常珍贵的, 宝贵的
- describe … as …
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L2) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river’

L59 Collecting ⭐️

## words

amass /əˈmæs/ v. 积累，积聚
- → How had he amassed his fortune? 他是如何积累他的财富的?
  - fortune n. 财富
  - fortunate adj. 幸运的
- → For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
- 同义词
  - accumulate v. 积累, 积聚
    - accumulate knowledge / possessions 积累知识, 积累财富
    - → (NCE3-1 P14-44) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
  - collect / gather v. 积累, 积聚,
    - → Dust had collected / gathered on the window-sill.
    - → | didn’t know what to do with it, so it just sat there collecting / gathering dust.
      - collect dust 积灰
  - pile up / build up v. 越积越多
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
    - → He piled up / built up huge debts.
indiscriminate /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/ adj.不加选择的
- be indiscriminate in … 在某方面不加选择
  - → He is indiscriminate in his choice of friends.
- discriminate v. 区别, 分辨, 辨别
  - discriminate against … 歧视
    - discriminate against women
    - discriminate against ethnic minorities
      - ethnic adj. 民族的
      - minority n. 少数
- discrimination n. 分辨, 辨别; 歧视
  - racial discrimination 种族歧视
  - sexual discrimination 性别歧视
  - religiaus discrimination 宗教歧视
mania /ˈmeɪniə/ n. 狂熱，癖好；躁狂症
- mania = craze n. 狂热
  - soccer mania / craze
    - soccer n. 足球
  - fitness mania / craze 健身热潮
- maniac n. 狂热的人; 疯子, 狂人
- kleptomania 偷窃癖
  - kleptomaniac 偷窃狂
- pyromania 纵火癖
  - pyromaniac 纵火狂
- megalomania 自大癖
  - megalomaniac 自大狂
- dipsomania 酗酒癖
  - dipsomaniac 酗酒狂
- bibliomania 藏书癖
  - biblio- 书的
  - bibliomaniac 藏书狂
strong-minded adj.意志坚强的(褒义词)
- 同义词
  - iron-willed adj.意志坚强的 (钢铁般的意志的) (褒义词)
    - will n. 意志, 自制力, 毅力
  - resolute adj. 坚定的, 坚决的(褒义词)
  - determined adj. 坚定的, 坚决的, 已下定决心的(褒义词)
- 同义但贬义的词
  - stubborn adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
  - obstinate adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
- 反义词
  - hesitant adj. 犹豫不决的, 迟疑的
verify /ˈverɪfaɪ/ v.证实，核实
- ver- 字头表示真正的,真实的
  - verify data / details 核实数据/核实细节
- testify v. 出庭作证
  - testity against sb. / in favor of sb.
- justify v. 证明…是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 结果是证明手段是合理的
contented /kənˈtentɪd/ both satisfy and happy adj. 心满意足的
- a contented heart 一颗满足的心
- a contented smile 一个满足的微笑
- → Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
- content adj. 满足的, 满意的 (只能做表语, 不能做定语)
  - be content with …
    - → He is content with his present job.
  - be content to do …
    - → He is content to stay in his present job.

## text 1

collecting n. 收藏这种行为
- collection n. 收藏品, 藏品; 收集品
tend v. 倾向于, 易于, 往往会 ….
- tend to do
  - = have a tendency to do 有…的趋势
  - = **be inclined to do ** 倾向于做某事
  - = be apt to do 倾向于做某事
    - apt adj. 易于…., 有…的倾向
- intend to do 打算做某事
  - = mean to do 打算做某事
  - = be going to do
  - = plan to do
  - = have every intention of doing 打算做某事, 有意要做某事
    - have no intention of doing 无意做某事
      - → (NCE3-28 P134-L9) I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
amass possessions 积累财富
- = accumulate belongings
  - belongings 动产
aware = conscious adj. 意识到的
- … without being conscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
- = …without knowing so.
- = … without realizing so.
- = … (being) unaware / unconscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- 造句：人们变老时往往睡得更少，有时候自己都没有意识到。
  - → People tend to sleep less when they get older, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
→ Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned.
- delightful surprise 惊喜交加的感觉 (又惊又喜)
  - 一种情绪的形容词可以修饰另一种情绪的名词
    - painful joy 痛苦的欢乐 (苦乐交织)
    - sweet sorrow 甜蜜的忧伤
    - hating love 爱恨交织的情绪
    - mixed feelings / emotions 杂糅的情绪
→ Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter.
- clutter 废品, 破烂货 = junk
- move house / home 搬家 (BrE)
  - → We’re moving house / home next week.
  - move (AmE) 搬家
    - → We’re moving next week.
  - move to … 搬家到某地
    - → We’re moving to Shanghai.
  - move in / move out 搬进来, 搬出去
    - → They ve bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
    - → Her landlord has given her a week to move out.
- described as … 的同义表达
  - be called …
  - be regarded as …
  - be classified as … 被归为…一类
  - be branded as …. 被打上 …. 的烙印 (贬义)
→ They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one dav need iust those very things.
- drawer n. 抽屉
- cupboard n. 橱柜
- attic 阁楼
- unwanted: undesirable / unwelcome 不想要的, 不受欢迎的, 要抛弃的
- in the belief that… = because they believe that …
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated the best things that life has to offer.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able fo grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - 造句：他每天都吃维生素药丸，相信这样对健康有好处。
    - → He takes vitamin pills every day in the belief that they may benefit his health.
  - 造句：他给这个女孩子写了一封又一封信希望能赢得芳心。
    - → He wrote to the girl one letter after another in the hope of winning her heart.
just adv. 正是 / very adj. 正是
- → He is just the man wanted by the police.
- → He is the very man wanted by the police.
- → He is just the very man wanted by the police.
→ As they grow old, people also aaccumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.
- lack v. 缺少
- sentiment n. 感情
  - sentiment n. [U] (usu. derog.) tender feelings of pity, nostalgia, etc. which may be exaggerated or wrongly directed (contrasted esp. with reason) (对怜悯、怀日等的）情感，多愁善感，感情用事（尤与理智相对）(通常用作贬义用法)
    - → There’s no room for sentiment in business.
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L5) She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
- “名词＋介词＋关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句
  - → He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.
  - → She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuable find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read
→ Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.
- … full of connections with the past, …
- relative 亲戚
  - a close relative 一位近亲
  - a distant relative 一位远亲
  - a direct / straight relative 一位直系亲属
  - a blood relative 一位血亲
  - 亲 : 父亲一系
  - 戚: 母亲一系
  - one’s own flesh and blood 某人的亲骨肉
    - flesh n. 肉, 人肉
- nostalgia v. 怀旧
- and so = and therefore (习语搭配)
  - → Gold Coast has an ideal climate, and so it is not surprising that it has become a tourist paradise.
- appreciate v. 增值; 欣赏
  - → The value of our house has appreciated by 50%.
- depreciate v. 贬值
  - → The value of our house has depreciated by 50%.

## text 2

deliberately adv. 有意地, 故意地 (L27)
- intentionally adv. 有意地
- on purpose 故意地
- 反义词 - 偶然地
  - accidentally adv. 偶然地
  - by accident
  - by chance
in an attempt to ….. = in order to … 为了做某事, 目的是…
- attempt v. 企图,
- → They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city. 他们关闭了这条路, 目的是为了减少交通堵塞
→ Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened, to save buying these two requisites.
- brown paper n. 牛皮纸
- string n. 细线
- list v. 列数
  - list one’s faults 列举某人的过失
  - list one’s achievements 列举某人的成就
- save = avoid
  - save sth./doing
    - → Setting down clear rules from the start will save arguments later on. 从一开始就制定好明确的规章制度, 避免日后起冲突
    - → A stitch in time saves nine. 及时的缝一针, 避免之后缝九针
  - save sb. sth./doing sth.
    - → f you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
    - → If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-L15) They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.
→ I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money.
- sketch n. 素描
- model clothes 时装 (模特穿的衣服)
- know 表示认识一个人
  - 听说过的表达
    - know of / about ..
    - hear of / about …
    - learn of / about ..
      - → (NCE3-17 P78-L1) Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
- …. if she could afford them.
  - • if she could afford such purchases.
→ As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
- chances that … / of … are remote/ slight / slim / small 可能性很小/渺茫
  - chances that… / of … are high / good 可能性很高
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L17) The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
  - there is little chance of … 几乎没有可能性
    - → There is little chance of her being able to afford such purchases.
- strong-minded enough 足够意志坚强的
- practice n. 常规, 惯例
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
→ It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it, loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.
- litter(up)….
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L23) The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower.
- in all directions 向四面八方

## text 3

quite different 截然不同
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L12) In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
leisure hours 闲暇时间
- leisure time 闲暇时间
house v. 收容, 给房子住; 储存
- → The refugees have been fed, clothed and housed by welfare organizations around the world.
- → The Palace Museum houses the biggest collection of antiques in China.
  - antique adj. 古代的 n. 古董
→ Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of books china glass, antique furniture, pictures, model cars. stuffed birds. toy animals, there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the riaht place for the latest addition. to veritying facts in reference books.
- sutffed birds 鸟类标本
- addition n. 加, 附加
- consist of 由…组成
  - be made up of … 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is made up of, ….
  - be composed of …. 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is composed of, …
  - comprise 由…组成
    - → Whatever it comprises, …..
- in connection with … 关于… = about …
  - concerning … 关于…
  - respecting .. 关于…
  - regarding … 关于…
  - relating to .. 关于…
    - → I am writing to you in connection with your job application.
- reference book 参考书
  - bibliography 参考书目
    - biblio- 书
→ This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- have… bearing on .. 与…有关
  - → Exercise has a direct bearing on how healthy you’are. 锻炼和身体健康是有直接关系的
  - → His private life has no bearing on his competence as a manager.
  - 同义搭配
    - … which have some connection with it.
    - … which have some relationship with it.
meet v. get to know, get acquainted with 结识….
- → I’d like you to meet one of my best friends, Peter.
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food …
compare notes (with sb) exchange ideas or opinions 交换意见、交换观点、交流心得
- → We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.
article = item 件数
show off 卖弄, 炫耀
- → She raised her wrist, showing off a sparkling diamond bracelet. 她扬起了手腕子, 在炫耀一个金光闪闪的钻石手镯
find n. 发现的有价值的东西或人
- → My new secretary was a marvelous find.
- → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuabie find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
circle n. 圈子, 界
- in political circles 在政界
- in legal circles 在法律界
- in literary circles 在文学界
→ Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
- in search of :searching for … 寻找
  - → Scientists are in search of a cure for thie disease.
→ Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little catherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.
- may / might / could well : used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true 可能
  - → What you say may well be true.
  - → You could try the drugstore, but it might well be cosed by now.
    - drugstore n. 药妆店
- → Yuan Longping is a leading authority on hybrid rice.
- gathering n. a group of people meeting together 人群，聚会 (小范围的)
  - a social / family gathering
  - a gathering of religious leaders
- → Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if (he is) successful, to larger audiences.
- audience n. [C] 受众群
→ In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a surbject, then from being able to talk about it.
→ Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.

L60 Too early and too late ⭐️

## words

punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈæləti/ n.守时, 准时
- → Punctuality is the soul of business. 准时是做生意的灵魂 (谚语)
- → Procrastination is the thief of time. 拖延是时间的窃贼
  - procrastination n. 拖延, 延迟
- punctual adj. 守时的
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L1) We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.
- punctually adv. 守时地
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 15) Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening.
- “punct” = point
  - punctual
  - punctually
  - punctuality
  - puncture v. 刺破,
    - → A nail punctured our tyre(英) / tire.
      - nail n. 钉子
      - tire n. 轮胎
    - → a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 一个没气的车胎
  - acupuncture n. 针灸
  - punctuate v. 加标点符号
    - → The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
rural /ˈrʊrəl/ adj. 农村的 (中性词)
- rural adj. connected with or like the countryside 农村的
- rural areas / accents 农村地区/农村口音
- → (NCE3-60 P268-L3) Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- pastoral adj. showing country life or the countryside, especially in a romantic way 田园的 (褒义词)
  - a pastoral scene / poem / painting 一副田园风光/一首田园诗/一副田园画
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L11) This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
    - idyllic adj. 田园诗般的, 牧歌的
- urban adj. 城市的
- suburban adj. 郊区的
- metropolitan adj. 大城市的
- metropolis n. 大城市, 大都会
- cosmopolitan adj. 国际性大城市的
- cosmopolis n. 国际性大城市
intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ n. 知识分子; adj. 智力的
- intellectual development 智力发展
- intelligent adj. 聪明的, 高智商的
  - intelligent being 智慧生物
    - being 活物, 活的东西
- mental adj. 脑力上的
  - mental work
- spiritual adj. 精神方面的
  - spiritual civilization 精神文明
reproach /rɪˈproʊtʃ/ v. 责备 (应该做的事情没有做 for failling to do sth.)
- reproach v. criticize sb. or oneself, esp. for failing to do sth. 责备
- reproach sb. for sth.
  - → The General was reproached by his allies for failing to inform them of his plans.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L8) But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
- criticize sb. for sth. 一般的批评
- censure sb. for sth. 严厉的批评某人(话说的很重)
- reprimand/rebuke sb. for sth. 上级批评下属
- accuse sb. of sth. 气氛的批评
- scold sb. for sth. 大人批评小孩, 长辈批评晚辈
- blame sb. for sth. / blame sth. on sb. 归咎于某人, 强调是某人的责任
- condemn A for/as B 谴责
fraction /ˈfrækʃn/ n. 分数(e.g. 1/2); 一小部分, 些微
- a fraction of … …的一小部分
  - → I bought these shoes at a fraction of its original price.
- a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch… 不到一秒钟/ 一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering. 她犹豫了不到一秒钟
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L16) if you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- 大多数的表达
  - a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例对于….
    - proportion 比例
    - a small / tiny proportion of …. 一个比较低的比例
  - a high / large percentage of .. 一个很高的百分比
    - a small / tiny percentage of ..

## text 1

public affairs n. issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc. that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务
- affair n. 事情, 事务
→ Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world.
造句：礼节 (politeness / courtesy) 是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。
- → Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
→ Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
- without it 动词短语当条件状语来用
  - =→ If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L2) Without it we could not make a living.
    - = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- ever 从来
  - → Nothing ever seems to upset him. 从来没有任何事情能让他沮丧的
- bring sth. to a conclusion 使结束
  - conclusion 结束(在这个搭配里一定是结束);结论
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences— most of them wildly improbable.
  - 得出结论
    - draw / come to / reach a conclusion
  - 考研真题
    - This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
      - trend n. 趋势, 潮流
      - 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
- chaos: disorder; mess; confusion
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-421) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
  - in (a state of) chaos 处于一片混乱 (状态)
  - 造句：在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。
    - In the absence of their teacher, the class was in a state of chaos.
→ Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- 部分倒装
- sparsely / thinly populated 人口稀少的
  - densely / thickly populated 人口稠密的
- disregard v. 忽视, 没有意识到
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
living n. 1. 生计
- make / earn a living 维持生计, 谋生
- 2.生活；生活方式
  - plain / luxurious living 简朴的生活/奢侈的生活
  - the art of living 生活的艺术
tolerance n. 宽容
- → There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality.
  - brutality n. 暴行, 野蛮
如果英译汉不通顺, 可以考虑
- 名词换动词
- 被动换主动
- 无灵主语换人称主语
→ The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.
- 单数名词前加 the 表示类指, 指代一类人
- abstruse adj. 深奥的, 难以理解的
  - abstract adj. 抽象的
  - abstruse adj difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的
- work on sth./ doing 致力于.……. , 努力去做, 努力去完成
  - → John is still working on the new book.
  - → The couple need to work on improving their relationship.
- have sth. done
  - 1.请某人做某事 (esp. 付报酬的)
    - → I’m going to have my hair cut.
  - 2.不幸的某种经历
    - → He had his watch stolen.
  - 3.自己去做某事( 本文)
    - → (NCE2-66 P300-L6) By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.
- the job / task / matter in hand 手头的工作/手头的任务/手头的事情
  - → Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
  - → As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once. 因为手头的工作很紧急, 所以我们立刻就开始处理了
  - hand 相关的习语搭配
    - → I always keep a dictionary close at hand 我在手边常备一本字典
    - → My birthday is near at hand. 某个日子快到了(at)
    - → The signature must be made by hand. 用手
    - → They are always on hand whenever you need them.
      - on hand 有空; 有时间 = free/avaliable
    - → I can’t remember his phone number off hand.
      - off hand 立即 , 立刻
→ He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.
- 状语从句的省略
  - → Matals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled
  - → Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri
    - Jr. = junior 小…. (父子同名)
      - senior 老… (父子同名)
    - practice v. 拿着执照在工作
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L5) Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-11) While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
  - 如果状语从句的主语是虚主语 it, 这个时候即便和主句的主语不统一, 也可以把it 和其后的 be 动词一起省略
    - → We’ll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.
- cut things fine 时间不留余地，掐钟点 (习语搭配)
  - → He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
→ It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.
- be / feel tempted to do 很想….
  - tempt v. 诱惑, 引诱
    - → I feel tempted to take a day off . 我想请一天假
      - take sometime off 请一天假
    - → Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her to do so.
- set out to do : begin a job, task, etc • with a particular aim or goal 带着目的去做某事
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L9) The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L8) Dmitri at once set out to find the thief.
- appointment n. 约会(会面, 通常是公务)
  - have an appointment 有约
  - make an appointment 订约
  - keep an appointment 赴约
  - cancel an appointment 取消约会
  - break an appointment 爽约
→ If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of tratfic. surdden descent of fog, they will be on time.
- tire (车胎, 美) / tyre (车胎, 英)
  - a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 没气的车胎
- diversion n. 交通改道
  - diversion n. (BrE)=detour (AmE)a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are closed （交通）改道
  - → They turned back because of traffic diversions.
- fog n. 雾
- descent n. 下降, 下雾
  - come down / descend 下雾
    - → A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon.
  - 雾散8
    - lift / clear / disperse
      - → The fog had lift / clear / disperse by late morning.
the + adj. 表示一类人
- the poor
be a trial to sb. 令某人头疼讨厌
- → She was a trial to her parents when she was younger.
as much as … 和…… 一样：就等于……
- → That is as much as to say l am a liar.
  - liar n. 骗子
- → I hope you have as much fun as I did.
- → He is as much a bore as his father.
  - bore v. 使厌烦, 烦扰 n. 使人厌烦的人或事
- → She is as much a beauty as her mother.
….too early / soon 早了 …..
→ He arrived ten minutes too early. 他早来了十分钟
…too late 晚了⋯
- → He arrived ten minutes too late.
nuisance n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌的人或事
- → Idon’t want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
→ The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
- 动词不定式做表语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉 “to”
  - → All l have to do is dream.
  - → The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.
  - → All I wanted was to help him.
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L2) The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.
  - 动词不定式做”except / but“的宾语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉"to”
    - → They did nothing but / except complain.
    - → I’ve done everything you wanted but / except make the beds.
      - make the beds 叠被子
    - → We have no choice but / except to wait here.

## text 2

→ If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- catch a train / bus / plane 赶火车/赶巴士/赶飞机
- **a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch…**不到一秒钟 /一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
→ Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if vou miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
- → Although being early may mean wasting a litle time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; …
  - than 后面跟从句
    - → He’s never more annoying than when he’s trying to help.
      - → He’s never more annoying than (he is) when he’s trying to help.
    - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.
      - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the bad news.
- pull / draw out of the station 出站
  - pull / draw in / into the station 进站
    - → The train slowly drew in / drew into the station.
→ And even a harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.
- 动词不定式做表语
- in good time (for sth.) (BrE): 早早就 …
  - in time 及时
  - in good time 不仅及时, 而且早早就….
    - → There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time.
    - → He arrived in good time for dinner.
- betall (befell befallen) = overtake / happen to 不幸的事降临到….
  - → A great misfortune befell him.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.

## text 3

→ She entered the station 20 minutes betore the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that twould be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two ioureys to meet her.
- due: adj. 到期的，到时间的
  - → When is your baby due? 您的孩子什么时候生?
  - → The train is due (in) at 8:00.
  - 听力题
    - M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
    - W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.
    - Q: What does the woman imply?
    - Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
- impress sth. on / upon sb. 让某人铭记某事
  - → Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
  - → I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life.
- cause sb. to do 使得某人做某事
- make a journey 到某地去
→ She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
- feel for … 摸着找….
  - → She felt in her bag for a pencil.
  - → I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
→ He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take On mail, not passengers.
- 两个并排的宾语从句
- take on … 上（货/乘客等）
  - → The bus stopped to take on more passengers.
  - → The ship took on more fuel here.
- mail 不可数
→ The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
- timetable/schedule 时刻表
  - train / reailway(英) / railroad(美) timetable / schedule
  - college / school timetable / schedule
  - exam / examination timetable / schedule
→ The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic ‘o’ beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little ‘o’ indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
- produce v. 拿出来, 出示
- do sth. with a flourish 为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事
  - → The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
→ The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard’s van.
- van 车厢
- slip into 溜进去
break / violate rules 违反规章制度
- ignore / disregard rules 漠视规则
- make / formulate / establish / lay down rules 制定规章制度
- obey / comply with / abide by / observe rules 遵守规章制度
leave sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ behind 留下（不带走）
- → Don’t leave me behind! 别留下我

NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part E (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L50 New Year resolutions ⭐️

## words

formidable /ˈfɔːrmɪdəbl/ adj.令人望而生畏的
- = awesome
- a/an formidable/awesome task/challenge
- 形近字
  - forbidding adj.不友好的，冷冰冰的
    - a forbidding appearance / place
      - appearance 外表
inveterate /ɪnˈvetərət/ adj.根深蒂固的，积习难改的 (贬义词)
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler /liar 老烟鬼/老酒鬼/老赌棍/一个撒谎成性的人
- inveterate hatred / prejudice / distrust 根深蒂固的仇恨 / 根深蒂固的偏见 / 深深的不信任
- 同义词
  - deep-seated adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
  - deep-rooted adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
    - a deep-seated/deep-rooted bad habit / faith in god
      - faith n. 信心, 信仰
  - die hard adj. 积习难改的
    - Old habits die hard .
assiduously /ə’sidʒuəsli/ adv. 刻苦地
- assiduous adj. 刻苦的
  - an assiduous student / researcher
  - “sid” / “sed” = sit
    - sedulous adj. 勤奋的
    - insidious adj. 暗中危害的
      - → (NCE3-47 P216-L15) However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
    - preside v. 主持;掌管
      - → (NCE3-49 P224-L11) Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished.
    - president n. 总统; 主席
    - presidency n. 总统的职位
    - reside v. 居住, 定居
    - resident n. 居民
    - residence n. 住宅
    - consider v. 考虑
    - considerate adj. 体贴的
    - consideration n. 体贴
    - sedate adj. 沉着的
    - sedative n. 镇静
    - sediment n. 沉淀物
    - subside v. 平息, 强度减弱
      - → I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me subsides.
    - subsidy n. 补助, 津贴
    - subsidiary adj. 附带的, 附属的,
betray /bɪˈtreɪ/ v. 背叛；无意中暴露
- betray v. 1. 背叛
  - Judas betraved Jesus.
  - betray one’s beliefs / principles
- betray v. 2. 无意中暴露
  - → Her voice betrayed her nervousness.
- betraval n. 背叛
  - → Forgetting history means betrayal.
- cheat on sb. 背叛, 劈腿(背叛了自己的伴侣)
  - → He cheated on his wife.
- desert v. 当逃避(背叛了自己的部队)
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L16) As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment.
- be loyal / disloyal to .. 对某人忠诚的/ 对某人不忠诚的
- betrayer / traitor / Judas n. 叛徒
  - → You Judas!
good-humoredly adv. 心情好地
- good-humored adj. 好心情的
- ill-humored adj. 坏心情的
- humor = mood n. 心情, 情绪
  - → He is in a good / a bad / an ill humor.
- blood / choler / phlegm / melancholy 多血质(开朗, 积极)/ 黄胆汁质(脸色偏黄, 暴躁易怒)/ 粘液质(性格冷漠, 冷淡) / 黑胆汁质 (忧郁的, 悲伤的)

## text 1

New Year(’s) resolutions 新年的决心
- resolution n. 决心; 决意
- → “Have you made any New Year’s resolutions?” my es, I’m going to eat more healthily and give up smoking.”
- UN resolution
It’s time for sth. 该做某事的时候
- → It’s time for school / dinner / bed.
- It’s time to do sth.
  - → It’s time to get up.
- It’s (high / about) time (that)…. （虚拟） 早该做某事了 (一般过去式)
  - It’s time (that) 是时候该做某事了
  - → It’s (high / about) time (that) we went home.
  - 真题
    - → It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ____ ?
      - (A) we are going home (B) we go home (C) we went home (D) we can go home
    - → If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ___ my head in my hands for a cry.
      - (A) bury (B) am burying (C) buried (D) would bury
        
        bury vt. 埋葬, 沉溺于
        
        bury my head in my hand for a cry 掩面痛哭
memtally: at heart 在心里
compile a list: make a list
- compile v. 编辑 = edit
dos and don’ts 该做的和不该做的事
- 两个非名词的反义词, 当作名词用复数放到一块, 这是一种特殊的构词法
- likes and dislikes 喜欢的和不喜欢的
- ups and downs 沉浮, 起起落落
- highs and lows 兴衰
- ins and outs 来龙去脉
same old … 熟悉的, 司空见惯的 (贬义)
- → It’s the same old story. 还是老问题
- → It’s the same old excuse. 还是老借口
- → It’s the same old faces at the meeting. 还是老面孔
- → “How are you doing?” “Same old.”
occur 发生
- recur 重复发生
year in year out 年复一年
- = year after year
- day in day out = day after day 日复一日的
- week in week out = week after week 周复一周的
- month in month out = month after month 月复一月的
with monotonous regularity 老是发生
- monotonous adj. 单调的
- regularity n. 规律
- → The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity. 小男孩总尿床
- → History repeats itself with monotonous regularity. 历史总是在不停的重复
造句：这个老问题总是日复一日地重复出现。
- → The same old story recurs day in day out with monotonous regularity.
→ We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don’t like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day.
- resolve /rɪˈzɑːlv/ v. 决定, 决心
  - resolve to do 决心做某事
    - 同义搭配
      - decide to do 决定做某事
      - make up one’s mind to do ..
      - make a decision to do ..
      - determine / resolve to do … (书面)
        
        → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
      - be resolved / determined to do ..
  - solve vt. 解决
- a hundred / thousand / million and one = very many
- 家务活
  - housework
  - household chores
    - chore n. 家庭杂务
    - → I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
  - 洗衣服
    - do the laundry / washing
  - 洗碗
    - do / wash the dishes = do the washing-up
- 遛狗
  - take the dog for a walk
  - walk the dog
    - walk 散步
experience n. 经验[U] 经历[C] v. 经历
be beyond sth. 无法……；不容….. (后接事物)
- → The car is beyond repair. 这车没法修
- → The rumor is beyond belief. 这谣言无法相信
- → The situation is bevond my control. 情况意见无法控制
- → The results are beyond dispute / controversy. 这些结果无可争辩
  - dispute v. 争论争辩
  - controversy v. 争论争辩
- → Her beauty is beyond words / description. 她的美丽无法形容
- → His conduct is beyond reproach / criticism. 他的行为无可指摘
  - reproach v. 批评
  - criticism v. 批评
- → The pain is beyond human endurance. 这个疼痛人类无法忍受
- → Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams. 和你一起工作是我最狂野的梦也无法梦到的
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L1) We might say that justice has been done when a man’s innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt.
- be beyond sb. = be a mystery to sb. 是某人无法理解的
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-114) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L29) It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

## text 2

→ If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure.
- result from … 由… 产生的, 由…导致….
  - result from … = be caused by …
  - result in … = cause … 导致了….
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler 一个积习难改的抽烟者/喝酒者/赌博者
- old friend 老朋友
- regular(口) / patron(书面) 老顾客
- hardened smuggler 老牌走私犯
- maidservant 女仆
- 原因是 …
  - it is because … (T)
  - the reason is that … (T)
  - The reason is because … (X)
  - …, the only reason is that …
→ Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- fail to do 未能做成某事
  - fail in one’s efforts / attempts at … / to do 努力尝试做某事但是未能成功
    - effort 倾向于表示努力, attempt 倾向于表示尝试
  - 造句：Lathama 试图驾机飞跃英吉利海峡，但没有成功。
    - → Latham failed in his efforts / attempts to fly across the English Channel.
  - 造句：考古学家试图要确认被修复的女神像的身份，但没有成功。
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts to discover the identity of the reconstructed statue.
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts at the identification of the reconstructed statue.
- scheme n. 1. 计划，方案;2.阴谋诡计
  - schemes and intrigues 阴谋诡计
- 没时间做某事
  - never / not get round(英) / around(美) to sth. / doing
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L18) It had broken down the previous summer, and though I promised to repair it, l had never got round to it.
- **carry sth.= out ** 执行，实施
  - → We carried out her instructions precisely.
    - instruction n. 命令, 指示
    - precisely adv. 精确地
→ We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways.
- fundamental adj. 根本性的
  - fundamental error / mistake 根本性的错误
  - fundamental change / difference 根本性的改变, 根本性的区别
  - make the fundamental error of doing sth. 犯了做某事时的根本性的错误
  - 造句：他犯了轻政这个根本性的错误。
    - → He made the fundamental error of despising his enemy.
- so(that)作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以” 从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引号目的状语从句，译为 “以便”= in order that …，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should, would 等。
    - → (NCE3-43 P200-L10) It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair.
    - → (NCE3-57 P256-L7) In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve.
- slip v. 滑
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L10) He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
  - slip into … to gradually start to be in a bad state or situation 渐渐陷入某种不良状态
    - slip into debt / unconsciousness .. 慢慢陷入了债务之中/慢慢陷入了昏迷的状态
      - → He had begun to slip into debt.
      - → She slipped into unconsciousness aand died the next day. 她陷入了昏迷, 并在次日过世
aware of sth. 知道, 了解, 意识到
pitfall n. a likely mistake or problem in a situation 易犯的错误，易出现的问题, 陷阱
- the potential pitfalls of buying a house
  - potential adj. 潜在的, n. 潜力
keep sth. to oneself 保密
- = keep sth. secret
- → I keep my love for Helen to myself. 我把我对海伦的爱保密在我自己这里 (我没有跟任何人说我对海伦的爱)
limit oneself to sth. 给某人限定.…
- → I limit myself to 2 glasses of beer a day.
- → She limits herself to 1,000 calories a day to lose weight.
modest adj. 适度的(指物) 谦虚的(指人)
ambition n. 野心,雄心 v. 追求
do (physical) exercises 锻炼身体
- physical adj. 身体的; 物质的
- exercises n. 练习, v. 练习, 运动
of an evening / of a weekend(英式用法) = in the evenings / at weekends 在晚上,在周末
→ An all-night party on New Year’s Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.
- Eve 重要日期的前一天; 重要日期的前一夜
  - on … Eve
- provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物
- excuse n. 借口
  - an excuse for (doing) sth. 一个做某事的借口
- sth. provide sb. with a good excuse for (doing) sth. 某物提供给某人一个好借口
  - 造句：突然得病使他有借口没有参加会议。
    - → A sudden illness provided him with a good excuse for not attending the meeting.
    - 突然得病 a sudden illness
  - 造句：漫长辛苦的旅程使我有借口很早去睡觉。
    - → A long and arduous journey provided me with a good excuse for going to bed early.
  - 以某事为借口
    - plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity
- either of … 两个中任何一个…
  - each of…. 三个以上中任何一个…
  - neither of … 两个都不….
  - none of … 三个以上都不…
  - both of … 两个都….
  - all of … 三个以上都….
- apply oneself to sth. = work hard at sth. 认真勤奋的做某事
  - 造句：近来我一直在努力地学习英语。
    - → Recently I have been applying myself assiduously to studying English.

## text 3

→ The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up.
- propose v. (fml.) 求婚; 建议; 打算
  - propose v. (fml.) to intend to do something 打算
    - propose to do sth.
      - → How do you propose to deal with the situation?
    - propose doing sth.
      - → How do you propose getting home?
→ The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable.
- self-discipline n. 自制力
- drag v. 拽
- considerable adj. 可观的
- 造句：连续数年 (for years on end)每天早晨锻炼身体需要很强的自制力。
  - → The self-discipline required to do physical exercises every moring for years on end is considerable.
nevertheless conj. 尽管如此, 然而
- 同义搭配
  - nevertheless / nonetheless / still / all the same / just the same 尽管如此，还是….
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L13)“You certainly did give me a surprise! said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.'
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走; 趴着走
- → (NCE3-56 P252-L18) One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
→ After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition.
- about / around adv. 各处，到处
  - → (NCE3-8 P42-112) As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
- twist v. 转动，扭曲，缠绕
  - twist…into…. 把…扭曲, 缠绕成…
    - → We twisted the bed sheets into a rope and escaped by climbing down it.
      - bed sheet 床单
        
        sheet n. 被单
- carpet n. 地毯
- human frame 人的躯干
  - frame n. 框架
  - frame n. human or animal body （人或动物的）身体 (a.k.a. 人框)
    - Sobs shook her slender frame. 她抽泣着，苗条的身体都在颤动.
      - sob v. 抽泣
      - slender 苗条的
      - shook shake 的过去式
- position n. 姿势, 位置,
- exhausted condition 精疲力尽的状态
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-19) Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
    - exhausted adj. 精疲力尽的
→ It was this that betrayed me.
- betray v. 暴露, 显露
troop v. to walk somewhere together as a group 成群结队而行
unsettling adj. = disturbing 令人不安的
- unsettle v. = disturb 令人不安
fend sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ off 挡开,躲避开, 抵御住
嘲笑
- taunt n. 嘲笑
- jibe /gibe n. 嘲笑
- 两个同义词连用来加强语气
  - taunts and jibes
  - aches and pains
  - schemes and intrigues
  - hustle and bustle
wane v. 逐渐变小, 变弱
- wax and wane 月亮的圆缺(月满和月亏)
  - → Dynasties waxed and waned throughout the history.
    - dynasties n. 朝代
- ebb(away) 退潮
  - flow 涨潮
  - ebb and flow 潮水的涨落 (ebb 短一些所以放前面)
  - ebb away 退去
- subside v. 退去, 逐渐变小
- → However, my enthusiasm ebbed (away) / subsided.
  - enthusiasm n. 热情, 热心

## text 4

gradually adv. 逐渐地
- 同义词替换
  - gradually / slowly / Iittle by little / bit by bit / by degrees adv. 逐渐地
diminish: reduce / decrease v. 下降
fall/drop to … 下降到
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L13) The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.
- plunge / dive to … 暴跌
be back to where … start from 前功尽弃
- bring … back to where … start from 使……前功尽弃
- 造句：一个根本性的错误使我们前功尽弃。
  - → A fundamental error brought us back to where we had started from.
- pick up where we left off 从中断的地方继续(习语搭配)
  - → After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
  - Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that , I’m so happy you’re going to be here.
  - Janice: Oh, me too
  - Chandler: Because … that way .. we can pick up where we left off.
  - Janice: Huh?
  - Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
→ l argued that if l spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when l got home from work.
- argu v. 争辩说
- fresh adj. 精神饱满
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L28) However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
- keep one’s mind fresh 让某人保持精神饱满
  - → A cup of coffee will keep your mind fresh in class.
→ Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book.
- resist v. 抵御, 抵制
- hypnotize v. 催眠
- glue vt. 粘住 & n. 胶水
  - be glued to sth. 全神贯注于….
    - → We were glued to the television watching the election results.
- 造句：抵制着去睡觉的诱惑，我坐在书房全神贯注地看《新概念英语》。
  - → Resisting the temptation to go to bed, I sat in my study with my eyes glued to ‘New Concept English’.
→ One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read.
- pretend v. 假装
→ That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
- be one’s undoing 是某人失败的原因
  - → Slack defense was the team’s undoing. 松懈的防守是这个团队失败的原因
  - prove to be one’s undoing 被证明是某人失败的原因
  - 造句：缺乏经验被证明是他失败的原因。
    - → Lack of experience proved to be his undoing.
  - downfall n. 1. 垮台
    - → Greed led to his downfall.
      - greed 贪婪
    - → (NCE3-36 P166-L5) A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero’s downfall.
    - downfall n. 2. 失败，垮台的原因
      - be one’s downfall
      - → His vanity was his downfall. 他的虚荣是他垮台的原因
        
        vanity n. 虚荣
    - prove to be one’s downfall 证明是某人失败的原因
      - → An addiction to gambling proved to be her downfall 赌博上瘾被证明是他失败的原因
- doze off / nod off 打瞌睡 (顶不住, 所以白天睡一会儿)
  - take / have a nap 小憩一会儿 (主动的的白天睡一会儿)
    - → I usually take a nap after lunch.
entitle 名字叫做
get round / around to sth. / doing 有时间做某事
- → …, but I have never got round / gotten around to reading it.

L51 Predicting the future

## words

notoriously /noʊˈtɔːriəsli/ adv 臭名昭著地， (坏事）众所周知地
- notorious = infamous adj. famous or well-known for something bad 臭名昭著的,(坏事) 众所周知的
- a notorious criminal / area / bend in the road 一个臭名昭著的罪犯, 一个声名狼藉的区域, 一个臭名昭著的弯道
- be notorious for … 因为…而臭名昭著
  - → The city is notorious for its bumper-to-bumper traffic. 这个城市因为交通拥堵而臭名昭著
- → (NCE3-51 P232-L1) Predicting the future is notoriously difficult.
- → The local bus service is notoriously unreliable.
  - unreliable adj. 不可靠的, 不可信任的, 不稳定的
- notariety n. 臭名, 恶名
  - gain / achieve notoriety for / as … 因为某事而获得了恶名
    - gain n./v. 收获, 增加, 赚到, 赢得
    - → She achieved notoriety for her affair with the senator.
      - senator n. 参议员
      - affair n. 事情, 事务, 私事, (尤其指关系不长久的风流韵事)
    - → He gained a certain notoriety as a gambler.
- ‘著名的’ 同义词 adj.
  - well-known
  - famous
  - noted
  - notable
  - eminent
  - celebrated
  - renowned
- 不知名的 adj.
  - unknown
  - little-known
  - obscure 不起眼的, 默默无闻的
technician /tekˈnɪʃn/ n. 技术员，技师
- technician n. someone whose job is to check equipment or machines and make sure that they are working properly 技术员，技师
- a laboratory technician 一个图书馆技术员
- a hospital technician 一个医院的技术员
- “-ian” = specialist 这个字根表示专门人员, 专家
  - librarian 图书馆管理员
  - historian 历史学专家
  - musician 音乐方面的专家
  - electrician 电工
  - mathematician 数学方面的专家
  - physician 内科医生
  - pediatrician 儿科医生
    - pedia 儿童
user-friendly adj.易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- user-friendly adj. easy to use, understand, or operate 易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- a user-friendly interface / printer
- → Computer programs have become more user-friendly.
- -friendly 1. suitable for particular people to use 易用的
  - a user-friendly computer program
  - a family-friendly restaurant
  - a customer-friendly shopping mall
- -friendly 2.not harmful 无害的
  - environment-friendly products 环保产品
  - ozone-friendly fridges 臭氧层无害的冰箱
    - fridges 冰箱
alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/ adj. 另外的，其他的，别的
- alternative adj（只作定语(放在名词前修饰)）different from something else and able to be used instead of it 另外的，其他的，别的
- an alternative plan / route / way
  - route n. 路, 路线
- → Have you any alternative suggestions?
- alternative n. 其他的选择
  - → Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
    - viable 可行的, 行得通的
  - → I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
    - had no alternative but to … 别无选择
- alternate adj. 1. （常作定语）(f two things) happening or following one after the other 交替的，轮流的
  - alternate blue and red stripes 蓝色和红色交替的条纹
  - → Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days.
- alternate adj. 2. = alternative（只作定语）其他的，另外的，别的
  - → We can’t get home tonight, because there are no alternate flights.
relieve /rɪˈliːv/ v. 减轻，缓解或解除（痛苦，问题等）
- → Drugs helped to relieve the pain.
- → Reading helped to relieve the boredom while he was ill.
  - boredom n. 厌倦
- relieve sb. of.sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于….
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-L22) …, when they (computers) would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
  - find a temporary relief
  - permanent relief
  - to my great relief
  - give immediate relief from pain 立即缓解了疼痛
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L13) What a relief it was wheni the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.

## text 1

→ Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. 预测未来是众所周知的困难
- predict v. 预测
- 造句：众所周知，缓解(relieve)人口过剩问题非常困难。
  - → Relieving the problem of overpopulation is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，改掉 (give up)一个根深蒂固的 (deep-seated)坏习惯非常困难。
  - → Giving up a deep-seated bad habit is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，北京的交通拥堵问题非常严重。
  - → The traffic congestion in Beijing is notoriously serious.
→ Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century, computers would be as common in people’s homes as TV sets?
- could have done: used to say that something was a possibility in the past, but did not actually happen (虚拟语气, 可以省略 if) 表示与过去事实相反, 表示本可以, 差点就..
  - → I could have been killed.
  - → He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
- mid 在某段时间的中间
  - from mid July to mid August
  - mid-morning coffee
  - Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋
  - a young woman in her mid-twenties
  - midsummer / midwinter 仲夏/仲冬 (孟表示开始, 仲表示中间, 季表示结束)
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L12) on Midsummer Eve 仲夏夜
  - 早期, 中期, 晚期
    - in the early 1970s
    - in the mid 1970s
    - in the late 1970s
- 造句：比方说, 有谁能在20世纪90年代中期想象到, 仅仅十年 (a mere decade) 之后, 手机在中国和手表一样常见？
  - → Who could have imagined, in the mid 1990s, for example, that after a mere decade, mobile phones would be as common in China as watches?
business 可以表示公司, 可数
- → They don’t know how to run a business.
- big business n. [U] large and powerful companies in general 大公司(不可数)
  - → The party receives most of its financial support from big business.
so-called adj. 1. commonly called 所谓的 (通常被称为的)
- → They ve found the flight recorder, the so-called black box.
- so-called adj. 2. incorrectly called 所谓的 (错误地被称为的)
  - → His so-called friends betrayed him.
mainframe n. a large powerful computer that can work very fast and that a lot of people can use at the same time 主机, 大型机
→ Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms, employing fulltime technicians and run on specially-written software.
- indeed adv. 确实, 的确 (加强语气)
  - indeed adv. used with ‘very and an adjective or adverb to emphasize a statement or description 的确，确实
    - → Most of the essays were rery good indeed.
    - → Thank you very much indeed.
- occupy vt. 占据, 占领
- air-conditioned adj. 装有空调的
  - air conditioner n. 空调
- run v. if a machine or engine runs or you run it, it is working (使)(机器等)工作，运转
  - → I often run the washing machine more than once a day.
  - → Most cars run on unleaded fuel.
    - fuel n. 燃料
    - unleaded 无铅的汽油或燃料
→ Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerfu personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
- take over sth. 接管. …… , 代替…..
- → Military leaders took over the government. 军队首领们已经接管了政府
- be known as .. 被称为是…..
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name’for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
  - **be commonly known as …**通常被称为…
    - commonly = usually 的升级版本
    - → The disease is commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.
      - disease n. 病

## text 2

primitive adj. 1. of or at an early stage of social development 原始的，上古的
- primitive culture / tribes 原始文化/原始部落
- primitive 2. adj. simple and not modern 简单的，简陋的
  - → The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
    - unreliable adj. 不可靠的
launch v. to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time 推出新产品，新书等
- → The new model will be launched in July. 新的型号将在 July 推出
- → He is going to launch his latest novel.
launch v. 船下水, 火箭发射
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L12) Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
properly adv. 适当地, 正确地, 恰当地
describe … as … 把前者描述称为后者
- → (NCE3-17 P154-L16) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
point the way (to …) v. to show how something could change or develop successfully 指明了(.…的)方向
- → Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
giant n. a very large and powerful organization 特大机构, 大公司, 巨头
- the multinational oil giants
- Japanese electronics giant Sony
DOS (Disk Operating System): the basic software in a computer that makes it work and allows you to use a program. lt is usually used only in older computers. 磁盘操作系统
then adv. 当时, 那时
windely adv. 广泛地
copy = imitate v. to behave or do sth. in the same way as sb. else 模仿
- → She copies everything her sister does.
- → Their tactics have been copied by other terrorists.
→ From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
- humble adj. 1. 谦卑的, 谦逊的
  - → He was a genuinely humble man. 他是一个真的谦虚的人
    - genuinely adj. 真的, 货真价实的 = truely
  - humble adj.2. 地位卑微的
    - men of humble birth
    - a humble occupation 一个卑微的职业
  - humble adj. 3. simple and with only basic equipment or features 简单的，简陋的
    - → They lived in a humble two-roomed apartment.
- be in common use today 今天司空见惯的
- be in use: a machine, place etc. that iis in use is being used（机器，场所等）在使用，得到使用
  - → Electric vehicles built in 1920 were still in use in the 1950s.
    - vehicle n. 车辆
  - → I’ll be glad to see the building in use again.
  - in common use
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L7) So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
    - in general use 广泛的使用

## text 3

→ Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s,an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
- considering prep. 考虑到, adv. 从各方面考虑
  - considering prep. & conj. in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration 考虑到 …. , 鉴于…..
    - → (NCE3-19 P86-L17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
    - → Considering (that ) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
- as long ago as 早在……时候
  - as long ago as … = as early as … 早在…. 就 ….
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L5) As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
  - as long as… 1. 长达.
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) lt can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.
  - **as long as … **2. 只要 =so long as = provided = on condition (that)
    - → (NCE4-44 P257-L32) Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people’s minds.
    - → (NCE3-7P38-L15) So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back.
→ Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to ’think’ for themselves and would “rule the world”, which people liked to believe in those days.
- dismiss v. 不屑一顾, 嗤之以鼻
  - dismiss v. 1. to remove someone from their job 解雇，辞退(比 fire 显得文言和委婉)
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L29) The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
      - instantly = immediately =promptly = now = directly
  - dismiss v. 2. to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important 对. …不予理会，对..…不屑一顾
    - → The government has dismissed criticisms that the country’s health policy is a mess.
- do sth. for oneself 亲自做某事
  - do sth. for oneself 亲自..…，独立….
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L12) The following example of’sick humour’ will enable you to judge for yourself.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-11) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
- rule the world 统治世界
- in those days 在当年，在当初
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L2) In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
  - these days 当今，现如今
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L1) These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices.
→ Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic iams and suqgesting alternative routes, when thev would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when thev would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- foresaw (foresee 的过去式, foreseen) vt. 预见
  - → Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply.
    - steeply adv. 险峻地,
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
    - unforeseen adj. 未曾预见到的
  - foresight n. 远见，先见之明
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L8) Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
  - forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
    - → With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
  - forecast n. 预测，预报
    - weather forecast
  - foretell / predict v. 预言….
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
    - → (NCE3-51 P232-L16) Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
    - foretell 还能表示预兆某事 , 也就是可以事物做主语
      - → Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 及时的雪预示着特大丰收
        
        bumper = great = awesome
        
        harvest n. 收获
  - **mark the prelude to sth. ** 预示…..
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
- 交通堵塞
  - traffic jams
  - traffic congestion
    - congestion n. 拥堵, 堵塞
- diagnose v. 诊断
  - → The test is used to diagnose a variety of diseases.
  - diagnosis n.诊断[U or C] [diagnoses]
    - → Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious problems.
- dull adj. 无聊的, 无趣的 = boring
- repetitive adj. 重复性的
  - repetitive adj. done many times in the same way, and boring 重复性的
    - repetitive work / tasks / jobs
- clerk n. 1. person employed in an office, a shop, etc to keep records, accounts, etc. 文书；办事员;事务员
  - clerk n. 2. (AmE) assistant in a shop 店员，售货员
  - clerical adj. of, for or made by a clerk or clerks 文书或办事员的
    - routine clerical work 例行的文书工作
    - administrative and clerical staff 管理人员和文书工作的人员
- relieve sb. of sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于
  - → Let me relieve you of some of your bags.
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
commonplace adj. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual 寻常的，司空见惯的，不足为奇的 (书面语)
- → Computers are now commonplace in primary classrooms.
  - primary classroom 小学课堂
    - primary adj. 主要的; 初级的, 基本的
→ Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world by using computers linked to telephone networks.
- can’t / couldn’t possibly … used to emphasize that you cannot do sth., or that sth. cannot or could not happen or be done （强调）不能或不可能.
  - → I can’t possibly allow you to go home in this weather.
  - → She couldn’t possibly have heard what was said.
  - possibly 经常与 can / cauld 连用以表示“尽全力〞的意思，后跟动词时常用 can / could possibly＋动词，后省略动词时常用 possibly can / could.
    - → (NCE3-39 P178-L7)No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
    - → She’s done everything she could possibly think of to help.
    - → We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign. (这里省略了 contributing)
    - → Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
- instant communication 即时交流沟通
  - IM (instant messaging): a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to quickly exchange written messages with people that you know 即时通讯
→ Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the lnternet to obtain information on every known subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to.
- → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
smaller and smaller
- cheaper and cheaper
- 如果是前面加 more 或者 most 的情况, 有以下三种方法
  - more and more powerful (多音节的形容词一般前面加 more)
  - increasingly powerful
    - increasingly adv. 日益, 越来越多地
  - ever more powerful
    - ever more 越来越….
→ This is what makes Leon Bagrit’ s predictions particularly remarkable.
- prediction n. 预言
- particularly adv. 尤其, 特别 = especially
- remarkable adj. 异常的, 引人注目的
→ If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
- “疑问词＋ to do〞可以视为名词性从句的缩路形式
  - 1、相当于宾语从句
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L2) They will hardly know which facts to select from …
      - = → They will hardly know which facts they should select from ..
    - → … ,he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
      - = → …, he might be able to tell us what we should expect in the next 50 years.
  - 2、相当于主语从句
    - → Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
      - = → Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
  - 3、相当于表语从句
    - → The problem she faces is which way to take.
      - = → The problem she faces is which way she should take.
  - 4、相当于同位语从句
    - → The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
      - = → The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.

L52 Mud is mud

## words

tint /tɪnt/ v. 染色, 微染
- tint v. to slightly change the colour of something 染色，微染
- → She’s had her evelashes tinted.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, …
- dye v. colour sth., esp by dipping in a liquid 染色，浸染
  - dye one’s hair
  - dye a white dress blue
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L15) lts wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
- stain v. colour (wood, fabric, etc) with a substance that penetrates the material 染色, 渍染, 着色
  - → He stained the wood dark brown.
  - → We’ve decided to stain the shelves blue.
- color v. put color on (sth.), e.g. by painting, dyeing or staining 着色
  - color a picture
  - color a wall green
dispel v. 驱散, 打消
- dispel v. to make sth. go away, esp. a bellet, idea,or feeling 驱散，打消
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations / preiudice … 打消了怀疑/ 恐惧/忧虑/流言蜚语/犹豫和踌躇/ 偏见
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L7) Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears.
- “per” = push
  - dispel v. 驱散, 打消
  - propel vt. 推进, 驱使
    - pro 字头表示向前
  - repel v. 排斥, 令某人讨厌
    - re 字头有多个含义, 其中一个表示 back
  - expel v. 开除
    - ex 表示外面
  - compel 迫使 (强调外力的压力或者动力)
  - impel 迫使 (强调内在的压力或者动力)
    - be / feel compelled to do 迫使去做某事 (外压)
    - be / feel impelled to do 迫使去做某事 (内压)
outlandish /aʊtˈlændɪʃ/ adj.稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
- outlandish = bizarre adj. extremely strange and unusual 稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
  - extremely adv. 极其, 非常
- an outlandish hairstyle
- dancers in rather bizarre costumes 舞者穿着相当怪异的道具服
- 表示奇怪的近义词
  - strange
  - unusual
  - odd
    - → (NCE3-37 P170-L11) At the time, this did not strike me as odd.
  - peculiar
    - → (NCE3-18 P82-L17) These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
  - weird 表示让人有些害怕的奇怪, 有些发怵的奇怪
    - → A really weird thing happened last night.
  - eccentric 强调人的行为举止古怪的
    - → His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L1) True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
outrageous /aʊt’redʒəs/ adj. 令人震惊的，极其不合理的; 非常奇怪的
- outrageous adj. 1. very shocking or unreasonable 令人震惊的，极其不合理的
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L17) Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £10.
- outrageous adj. 2. extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking 非常奇怪的
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L12) Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
freckle /‘frɛkl/ n. 雀斑
- freckle n. [C] one of the small light-brown spots on the human skin 雀斑
- → Ann’s face and back are covered with freckles.
- mole n. small permanent dark spot on the human skin 痣
- beauty spot / beauty mark n. a small dark mark on a woman’s face - used when you think it is attractive 美人痣
  - attractive adj. 吸引的
- acne n. 痤疮，粉刺 [U]
  - → Many adolescents suffer from acne.
    - adolescents n. 青春期的孩子 adj. 青春期的
- dimple n. 酒窝
- chin dimple n.下巴窝
  - chin n. 下巴
intoxicate /ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt/ v. 使醉酒；使陶醉
- intoxicated adj. 1. (fml.) drunk 醉酒的
  - → The driver was clearly intoxicated.
- intoxicated adj. 2. feeling so excited or happy about something that you cannot think clearly 陶醉的
  - be intoxicated by / with .. 陶醉于…之中
    - → He was intoxicated by / with success.
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L25) Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud.
- toxic adj. 有毒的
- noxious adj. 有毒的
- poisonous adj. 有毒的
  - toxic chemicals / substances / gases 有毒的化学品/物质/气体
  - → Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas. 一氧化碳是无色无味的有毒气体
    - odor n. 气味

## text 1

mud is mud (习语搭配) 实事求是
- call a spade a spade (习语搭配) 实事求是 (把黑桃叫做黑桃)
  - spade 铁锹, 黑桃
  - heart 红桃
  - club 梅花
  - diamond 方片
- tell it like it is (习语搭配) 实事求是
- tell somebody straight (习语搭配) 实事求是
  - → I told her straight that she was wrong.
- to be honest / frank 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
- frankly 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
  - → To be honest / frank, George isn’t very good at the job.
  - → Frankly, George isn’t very good at the job.
keep v. have sth. in a particular place 在某处存放或放置某物
- particular adj. 特别的
- → Always keep your driving licence in a safe place.
- → George kept a bottle of whiskey under his bed.
curiously-shaped 奇怪形状的
- → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) oddly shaped forms
- → (NCE3-46 P212-L28) curiausly shaped bits of metal
- → She has a perfectly shaped figure.
- heart-shaped 心形的
- pear-shaped 梨形的
- V-shaped V 形的
on display =on show 展示，陈列
- → (NCE3-18 P82-12) Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places.
- on permanent display 长期的陈列
- → Her work is on temporary display at the gallery.
  - gallery n. 艺术馆, 画廊
- → The locomotive is kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
  - locomotive 火车头
造句：乔治在书房里一直陈列着一枚金牌。
- → George keeps a gold medal on permanent display in his study.
→ Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick greyish substance.
- despite the fact that … (fml.) 尽管如此
  - in spite of the fact that ….(fml.) 尽管如此
  - =though / although / even though / while …
  - 介词＋名词＋同位语从句 =普通从属连词 (一般在书面语里面用)
    - for the reason that … (fml.)
    - because of the fact that … (fml.)
    - due to the fact that .. . (fml.)
    - on account of the fact that … (fml.)
    - = because …
- delicate/light adj. 颜色淡的, 浅色的
  - dark / deep adj. 颜色浓的，深色的
  - bright adj. 颜色亮的，鲜艳的
- shade n. a particular type of red, green, blue etc. 色度
  - shade n. 阴影, 影子
  - shade of …
    - a delicate shade of green 一个浅色度的绿
    - a bright shade of pink 一个亮色度的粉
    - a deep shade of blue 一个深色度的蓝
- observant adj. perceptive; eagle-eyed 善于观察的，敏锐的
  - powers of observation 观察力
    - power 能力
- thick adj. 粘稠的
- greyish (BrE)/ grayish (AmE) adj. slightly grey 浅灰色的，灰了吧唧的, (灰色的, 但色不太正)
  - yellowish (黄色的, 但色不太正)
  - reddish (红色的, 但色不太正)
  - bluish (蓝色的, 但色不太正)
  - greenish (绿色的, 但色不太正)
  - blackish (黑色的, 但色不太正)
  - whitish… (白色的, 但色不太正)
→ If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- 与未来趋势相反的虚拟语气
  - If+ S. + should do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
  - If + S. + did / were to do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
    - → If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
  - 如果出现助动词还可以倒装, 把 if 省略并且把助动词提前
    - → Were you to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- perfumed adj. pleasant to smell because perfume has been added or used 加香水的，有香味的
  - perfumed soap / candles 香皂/香芬蜡烛
→ If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
- rub v. 涂抹
  - rub sth. with sth. 把后者抹到前者上
    - → (NCE3-15 P70-L13) A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck.
  - rub sth. into sth. 把后者抹到前者上, 并且希望可以渗透进去
    - rub salt into the wound 往伤口上撒盐
      - wound n. 伤口 v. 使受伤
    - Rub the cream into your skin . 把膏状物涂抹到你的皮肤上
brief adj. 短暂的
dispel 打消某种念头
- dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors /preiudice
→ The bottle really does contain perfumed mud.
- does 表示的确
→ How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating.
- fond adj. 喜欢的
  - be fond of …: having a great liking for…. 非常喜欢⋯
    - → I’ve always been very fond of you.
    - → John**’s** extremely fond of pointing out other people’s mistakes.
- relate v. 使联系; 讲述
  - relate sth. (to sb.)（向某人）讲述某事
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
    - → (NCE4-28 P166-L20) History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.
- come into (the) possession of sth. = get sth. 得到某物 (人做主语或者物做主语都行)
  - → On her father’s death, she came into possession of a vast fortune.
    - vast adj. 巨大的
    - fortune n. 财富, 财产
  - → How did the painting come into your possession (= how did you get the painting)?
- stuff n. [U] (infiml.)(不太正式的书面语) things 东西，玩意儿
  - → I’ve got some sticky stuff on my shoe.
  - → Do you call this stuff beer?
→ Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.
- furthermore adv. 此外, 而且, 还
  - 同义词
    - further
    - what is more / what’s more (书面语中尽量不要用 ’s 这种缩写)
    - moreover
    - besides
    - in addition
    - additionally
- acquisition n. 获得
  - the acquisition of language 语言的习得 (获得了语言这种能力)
- cure v. 治愈
  - cure sb.
  - cure a disease 治愈了疾病
  - cure sb. of a disease 治好了某人的某个病
  - cure n. 疗法, 药物, 根治疗法
    - no cure for sth. 无药可救 (所有无法根治的病都可以用这个)
      - → There is no cure for AlDS.
- heal v. 治愈(to become sound and healthy again, 所以只能人做宾语)
  - heal sb.
  - heal sb. of a disease
  - heal a disease (X)
- 养成习惯的表达
  - develop / catch / acquire / form / cultivate / foster a habit
  - change / alter a habit 改变一个习惯
  - correct a habit 纠正一个习惯
  - abandon / give up / drop / discard / kick a habit 改掉一个坏习惯

## text 2

→ Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
- consider v. 把..看作 ; 考虑
- expensive adj. 高档的
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L1) The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
- cosmetics n. [pl (习惯用复数)] 化妆品
  - → Lipstick and hair conditioner are cosmetics. 唇膏和护发素都属于化妆品
  - make-up / makeup n. [U] 化妆品(已经涂在脸上的化妆品)
    - girls in heavy make-up 画着浓妆的女孩
    - → She doesn’t wear makeup. 她没化妆
- make a … request for … 请求, 要求获得某个东西
  - → make repeated requests for help 一再的请求得到帮助
  - → They have made an urgent request for international aid. 他们紧急的得到国际的援助
    - urgent adj. 紧急的
    - aid n. 帮助
  - make a … appeal for … 恳请得到某物
    - appeal v. 恳请, 请求
    - → The girl’s family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.
- would 和 used to do 类似，都可以表示过去习惯性的动作，如：One day in a week he would spend a whole day in silence.但注意：would 不能用在故事开头，往往在故事开头用 used to do，而后面换为 would do，如：We used to work in the same office and we would often have coffee together.
  - → Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for “insoluble bath cubes’. If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-41) We are less credulous than we used to be. In the 19th century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.
- do sth. on the spot = do sth. immediately 当场就做某事, 立刻做了某事
  - → He had to make a decision on the spot.
→ On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for ‘insoluble bath cubes’
- on 可以表示刚一…., 但不能跟句子
  - on entering a shop 刚一进商店
  - on prep. as soon as 刚一
  - → What was your reaction on seeing him?
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L11) The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
  - in prep. during the act or process of 在…. .过程中
    - → (NCE3-22 P110-L7) In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.
    - → (NCE3-27P130-L13) ln seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
- bath cube 浴皂
  - cube n. 正方体
- insoluble adj. cannot be dissolved; not soluble 不能溶解的
  - dissovlve v. 融化
  - soluble v. adj. 可溶解的
→ If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out.
- considerably adv. 相当地
- put out adj. Br.E. [never before noun] annoyed 气愤的，不悦的
  - → He seemed a bit put out at not having been invited. 他看上去有点不悦, 在没有被邀请
→ He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
- imaginary adj. 虚构的
  - imaginative adj. 富于想象力的
- temporarily adv. 暂时, 临时
  - permanently adv. 长期，永久
- in/ out of stock (商店中)有/无现货的
  - → Have you any grey pullovers in stock?
    - pullover 套头衫
  - → I’m sorry, that swimsuit is temporarily out of stock in your size.
- faithully adv. 忠诚地，诚恳地
  - → He had served the family faithfully for 40 years.
  - → Ann faithfully promised never to tell my secret.
- call v. to stop at a house or other place for a short time to see sb. or do sth. 在某处短暂停留以拜访某人或做某事
  - → She called for a chat. 她到这里拜访聊了一会儿
  - call in at sth. 短暂的在某处停留
    - → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead.
- at a … date : a time in the past or future 在过去或末来的某时
  - → The exact details of the plan will be worked out at a later date.
  - → The election is scheduled to take place at an unspecified date in the autumn.
    - unspecified adj. 未被说明的
    - specified adj. 确定的, 制定的
→ How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me.
- keep a straight face: stop oneself from smiling and laughing 板着脸，忍住不笑
  - straight adj. 直的,
  - → Brian looked ridiculous in leather trousers, and I was desperately trying to keep a straight face.
    - leather n. 皮革
- be beyond sb. to be too difficult for someone to understand 无法理解
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - be quite / completely beyond sb.
    - → It**’s quite beyond me** why anyone would want to marry him.
    - → The system was complicated and completely beyond the learners.
      - learner n. 初学者

## text 3

prompt v. to encourage sb. to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say 提问或提示以鼓励某人说
- → ’And then what happened?’ he prompted. 然后又发生什么事了? 他问道
- → The speaker was hesitant and had to be prompted occasionally by the chairman.
  - chairman n. 主席
exclusive adj. very expensive, and therefore available only to wealthy people 高级的，高档的 (暗示穷人都去不了的)
- an exclusive store / restaurant / neighborhood
  - neighborhood n. 社区, 街区
- exclusive adj. 独家的
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L19) Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs.
→ The shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable.
- puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的, 困惑的 (unable to understand; perlexed)
- syllable n. 单词的音节
- stress v. to pronounce a word or part of a word so that it sounds louder or more forceful 重读; 强调
  - → The word ‘machine’ is stressed on the second syllable.
→ When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that Myrolite’ was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles.
- in bewilderment = in confusion = in puzzlement = in perplexity adv. 迷惑地
  - → She looked at him in bewilderment.
  - → Matt stared at her in confusion.
    - stare v. 盯
  - → She frowned in puzzlement.
    - frown v. 皱眉
  - → Jane looked about in perplexity. jane 迷惑的四下张望
- amber-like 像琥珀一样的
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达或表达….
- → Please convey my good wishes to your parents.
- → The poem perfectly conveys to the reader the poet’s feelings.
  - poem n. 诗
  - poet n. 诗人
→ This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf.
- 这里的 who 在用途上类似于并列句, 属于形式上的定语从句
- = → This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman and she searched shelf after shelf.
- shelf after shelf 一个又一个地 (都用0冠词)
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L14) But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder.
  - sth. after sth.
    - Day after day
    - week after week
    - vear after year
    - time after time
  - → He fired shot after shot. 他开了一枪又一枪
  - → Shelley sent him letter after letter to explain the delay. Shelley 给他寄了一封又一封信来解释为什么迟到
  - → They sent regiment after regiment to attack us. 他们派了一个又一个团来进攻我们
  - → In factory after factory we were shown machines built by the workers themselves.
produce v. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示, 拿出
- Produce your ticket! 出示你的票
- → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever l produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
- 各种各样的, 各式各样的
  - all sorts / kinds / types of sth.
  - sth. of all sorts / kinds / types
    - → (NCE3-40 P182-411) all sorts of silly jokes
    - all sorts of weird concoctions
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L11) all sorts of indignities
    - → (NCE3-47 P216-L21) vehicles of all kinds
concoction n. sth. that has been made out of several things mixed together 调制品，混合物
- → a concoction of honey, yogurt, oats, and apples
满足某人的需要, 满足某人的要求
- comply with / fulfill / meet (with) / satisfy / suit one’s requirements
  - → The new computer system will meet (with) all our requirements.
put on an act 装模作样
- → He wasn’t really angry; he just put on an act.
- put on sth. 假装
  - put on a smile
  - put on airs 摆架子
    - airs 派头, 样子, 神态
  - put on an injured expression 装出一副受伤的表情
→ Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud
- intoxicate v. 陶醉于
blank adj. showing no feeling, understanding or interest 茫然的
- → Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about.
astonishment n. 惊讶,
blank astonishment (惊讶得）目瞪口呆
- a look of blank astonishment
→ However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman’s eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
- inspect v. 仔细的查看
- it is one’s turn (to do sth.) 轮到某人做某事
  - → It’s your turn.
  - → It’s our turn to drive the kids to school this week. 这个礼拜轮到我们开车送孩子上学了
- light up if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc.（因喜悦、兴奋等脸上或眼中）露出光彩
  - light lighted lit
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L14) Suddenly, I saw the Officer’s face light up.
- 这里的 which 类似于并列句的作用, 可以写成如下但稍显罗嗦
  - → … she fetched several bottles and she placed them on the counter for Harry to inspect.
(just) for once used to say that sth. unusual happens, especially when you wish it would happen more often 这一回，这一次
- → Be honest for once.
- → Just for once, let me make my own decision. 这次让我自己做决定吧
accept / admit / concede defeat 认输
- → She is very determined, and will never admit defeat.
- → The prime minister conceded defeat and resigned. 这个首相认输并且辞职了
discreet adj. careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret 言行小心谨慎的
- → The family made discreet enquiries about his background. 这个家族小心的打探他的背景
→ He was glad to get away with a mere 20 pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm.
- clutch v. 紧紧的攥着
  - clutch v. to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it紧紧抓住
    - → She was clutching a bottle of champagne.
- a mere …..仅仅…..
  - a mere 后跟单数名词时=only a / an
  - 在其他情况下 a mere = only
- beat a (hasty) retreat leave a place quickly in order to avoid an embarrassing or dangerous situation 赶紧走了
  - → The cat beat a hasty retreat when it saw the dog was coming.
→ From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
- from then on 从那以后
  - from now on 从今往后
- decide 不一定译为 “决定”，而常常译为〞（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为〞，尤其是其后加that 引导的宾语从句时。(L43)
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L22) I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L12) Her first impulse was to go rouind all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
→ The curious bottle which now adorns the bookcase in his study was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.
- adorn v. (fml.) to decorate sth. 装饰
  - → The walls were adorned with paintings.

L53 In the public interest

## words

evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v.演变，逐渐形成; 进化
- evolve v. 1.to.develop and change gradually over a long period of time 演变，逐渐形成
  - gradually adv. 逐渐地
  - period n. 时期
  - → The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L2) Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers.
  - evolve from .. 从…演变来的
    - → Popular music evolved from folk songs.
      - folk adj. 民间的, 民众的, 通俗的
  - evolve into … 演变成…
    - → The group gradually evolved into a political party.
- evolve v. 2. an animal or plant changes gradually over a long period of time 进化
  - → Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
    - camouflage n./v. 伪装
    - predator n. 掠夺者, 肉食动物
  - evolve from … 由…进化来的
    - → Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
  - evolve into .. 前者演变成了后者
    - → Slowly, these tiny organisms evolved into multicelled creatures.
- evolution n. 进化：演变，逐渐发展
  - → Darwin’s theory of evolution
  - → the evolution of farming methods
- “volve” / “volu” =roll转
  - evolve
  - involve v. 卷入, 涉及
  - revolve v. 自转, 旋转
    - → The earth revolves around the sun.
  - volume n. 数量; 音量; 书籍的第几卷
    - an encyclopedia in 20 volumes 二十卷的百科全书
  - evolution n. 进化
  - revolution n. 革命
    - → in politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution. 在政治方面, 英国更倾向于偏右而不是偏左
over-zealously /‘zeləsli/ adv.过分热情地
- overzealous adj. excessively enthusiastic 过分热情的
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
  - overzealous movie fans
- zeal n. 热心, 热忱
  - zeal for .. 对…的热情 (表示感情的名词后面都加 for)
  - zealous adj. 热情的
- passion for … 对…的热情
  - passionate adj. 热情的
- enthusiasm for … 对…的热情
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
- zest for .. 对…的热情
  - zestful adj. 热情的
- ardor / ardour for .. 对…的热情
  - ardent adj. 热情的
qualified /ˈkwɑːlɪfaɪd/ adj. 有资格的，有资质的
- qualified adj. having finished a training course, or having particular skills, etc. 有资格的，有资质的
- → Tim is now a qualified architect.
- be qualified for … 对某个职位有资质的,
  - → What makes you think that you are qualified for this job?
- be qualified to do
  - → I**’m** not qualified to give advice on such matters.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L16) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
- qualify v.(使) 有资格或能力
  - qualify as
    - → He qualified as a doctor last year.
  - qualify sb. to do sth.
    - → The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
  - quality sb. for sth.
    - → This training course will qualify you for a better job.
    - → Membership qualifies you for a discount on purchases.
- qualification n. (某工作需要的) 资格，能力；文凭，资质证书
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L20) In addition to all her other qualificatioris, Bessie was an expert cook.
secretive /ˈsiːkrətɪv/ adj. 爱保密的, 守口如瓶的, 讳莫如深的
- secretive adj. liking to keep things secret or to hide one’s thoughts, feelinigs, etc.爱保密的，守口如瓶的
- be secretive about … 对于某个事总是遮遮掩掩, 顾左右而言他
  - → He’s being very secretive about his new girlfriend.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L15) There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman’s work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.
- secrecy n. keeping secrets, or state of being secret 保密
  - in secrecy / in secret / secretly 机密的, 秘密的
    - → Many civilians were slaughtered and buried in secrecy / in secret / secretly.
  - in the secrecy of one’s heart 在某人的内心深处
    - → The personable young man is Mary’s true love in the secrecy of her heart. 这位风度翩翩的小伙子是玛丽心中的真爱
  - be veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy 处于机密状态(蒙在秘密之中)
    - veiled 面纱
    - shrouded n. 寿衣, 裹尸布
    - clock 斗篷
    - → The president’s exact itinerary was veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy for security reasons.
      - itinerary n. 行程
ascertain /ˌæsərˈteɪn/ v.查明，弄清，确定
- ascertain v. (fml.) discover sth. so that one is certain 查明，弄清，确定
- → The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
- ascertain whether / what / how etc.
  - → We need to ascertain whether the project is feasible.
    - feasible 可行的
- ascertain that …
  - → The police have ascertained that he knew the victim.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L25) The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.
prejudiced /‘prɛdʒədɪst/ adj.有偏见的
- prejudiced adj. showing an unreasonable dislike for sth. or sb.有偏见的
- → The media has been accused of presenting a prejudiced view of people with disabilities.
- prejudiced against … 对某人有偏见
  - → The early Christian church was prejudiced against the Jews.
    - church n. 教会
    - Jews n. 犹太人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L26) The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- be biased against … 对某人有偏见
  - → He seemed a bit biased against women in my opinion.
- be biased in favor of / toward(s) 偏向某人
  - → The judge is biased in favor of the plaintiff.
- be partial to / toward(s) .. 偏心眼的
  - → The referee was clearly partial to the other side.
- prejudice (against …) n. 偏见,
- bias (against…) n. 偏见
- bias (in favor of / toward(s) ..) n. 偏向某人
- partiality (to / toward(s)..) n. 偏向某人
  - (词性的变化通常不影响介词搭配)

## text 1

Scandinavian n. & adj. (native) of Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland) 斯堪的纳维亚半岛 (北欧)
much常与过去分词构成的形容词连用，表示“广为…” “广受”….
- → The money will buy much needed boaks for the school.
- → Education is a much discussed government service.
- much-used 广为使用的
- much-travelled 广受到访的
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L1) In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists.
- much-respected 广受尊敬的
- much-discussed 广为讨论的
- much-acclaimed 倍受赞誉的
  - acclaimed adj. 称赞的
- much-needed 广受需要的
- much-loved 广受喜爱的
- much-admired 广为倾佩的
- much-criticized 倍受批评的
世界各地的表达
- all over the world
- throughout the world
- around the world
- in various parts of the world
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
- the world over
enlightened adj. 开明的
- → (NCE3-49 P224-114) Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.
Sweden n. 瑞典
- Swede n. 瑞典人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that,
- Swedish adj.瑞典的，瑞典人的，瑞典语的；n.瑞典语
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) the Swedish Parliament
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L20) a Swedish village
- Switzerland n. 瑞士
  - Swiss n. 瑞士人（单复同型） ad.瑞土的，瑞士人的，瑞士方言的
protect … from ..
- → The cover protects the machine from dust.
high-handed adj. using authority in an unreasonable way, without considering the opinions of other people 专横的, 颐指气使的, 高压的
adopted v. 领养, 采用
work v. to have a particular effect or result 有某种效果
- → The strategy seems to be working.
- → Criticizing your former employers works against you in the interview.
- → (NCE4-28 P166-L16) Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor’s house.

## text 2

→ The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants. police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
- public official n. 公职人员（以官方的身份行事的人）
  - civil servant n. 政府文职人员
- health inspector n. someone who works for the government whose job is to visit restaurants and make sure that they are clean and obeying laws about preparing food 卫生检查员
- in the belief that … = because sb. believe that ，因为某人相信。
  - → She wrote to him in the belief that he would help her.
  - “in the + 表示感觉的名词” 在句中作原因状语 (书面语)
    - in the thought that … = because sb. think that
    - in the discovery that … = because sb. discover that
    - in the hope of doing / that … = because sb. hope to do / that …
    - → The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that (=because they believe that) they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects’in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reasonto fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on luinch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that) her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
as long ago as … = as early as … 早在..….就….
- parliament n. group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important national affairs 国会，议会 (英)
- Parliament n. the.main law-making institution in the UK, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords 英国国会（包括下议院和上议院）
- parliamentary adj.议会的，国会的
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) a parliamentary committee
- Congress n. the group of people elected to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 美国国会（包括参议院和众议院）
  - Senate n. 参议院
  - House of Representatives n. 众议院
  - congressional adj. 美国国会的
    - a congressional committee 一个美国国会的委员会
introduce v. 开始推行，开始采用
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L7) The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
scheme n. 1.计划，方案; 2.阴谋诡计
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L9) Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- schemes and intrigues
safeguard v. to protect sth. from harm or damage 保护，保卫
- → We hope that world leaders can agree on a plan to safeguard the environment.
→ A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private arievances against the State.
- appoint v. 任命
  - appoint v. to choose someone for a position or a job 任命，委任
  - → They have appointed a new manager.
  - appoint sb. (as) sth.
    - → They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
- grievance n. a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly 委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → People know who to go to if they have a grievance.
  - → There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances.
    - air v. 公开的表达
把 A 称为 B
- refer to A as B
- call A B
- address A as B
- know A as B
- 常与副词 commonly, usually, generally, frequently, often 等连用
  - → The official title of the person is Justiteombudsman’. but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the ‘J.O.’ or ‘Ombudsman’.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-18) Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L2) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
be subject to sth. likely to be affected by sth.,especially sth. bad 可能或易于受到.…的影响
- → Flights are subject to delay because of the fog.
  - fog n. 雾
- → Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers.
→ He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
- 两个含义相反的形容词连用时，常位于被修饰名词之后。
  - → A man with a noble heart never bows before difficulties great or small.
    - bow v. 弯腰, 鞠躬; 屈服
    - noble adj. 高贵的
  - → We should be fair to all people, big and small, young and old. 我们应该对说有的人都公平
- level n. relative position in rank, class orauthority 级别, 阶层
  - → These are subjects for discussion at management level.
make / bring / file / lodge / submit / a complaint about sth. / against sb. 发起投诉
- → I’d like to make a complaint about the noise.
- → He brought a complaint against his former manager.
- → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
- → (NCE3-53 P240-L29) … if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
in writing 以书面形式
- → All bookings must be confirmed in writing.
- in speech 以口头形式
  - → He expressed his opinions both in speech and in writing.
- in 表示以某种形式
  - speak in English
  - pay in cash
  - a short note scribbled in pencil
  - write a message in code 用密码写了一个信息
  - The title was printed in capital letters.
    - captial letter 大写字母
an average of .. 平均…
- → Parents spend an average of $220 ayear on toys for their children.
- → Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year.
every single 每一…. (加强every的语气）
- → We eat rice every single day!
- → Don’t write down every single word I say.
There is nothing secretive about … 没有什么可保密的
- → There is nothing secretive about it.
- → There is nothing secretive about Christianity.
correspondence n. [U] the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business letters 信件, 信函
- → She has a lot of correspondence to deal with.
- mail n. [U] the letters and packages that are delivered to you 邮件
  - → There isn’t much mail today.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L26) He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.
open adj. public, not limited 公开的，开放的，没有限制的
- be open to sb. / sth. 对某人/某事开放
  - → The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen.
  - → I’d like to think l am open to any reasonable suggestion.
justified adj. having an acceptable explanation or reason 合理的
- justify v. to show or prove that sb./sth. is right or reasonable 表明或证明….. 是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 管他黑猫白猫, 抓到老鼠就是好猫
    - means 方法, 手段
- justification n. [U & C] a good and acceptable reason for doing sth. 正当的理由
  - justification for (doing) sth.
    - → There is no justification for holding her in jail.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L1)In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
on behalf of sb./ on sb.’s behalf / in behalf of sb. / in sb.’s behalf
- 1.代表，代替…….
  - → Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so l am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
- 2.为了某人的利益
  - → The legal guardian must act on behalf of the child. 法定的监护人必须为了孩子的利益而行事
→ The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
- take action: do sth. in response to what has happened 采取行动
  - → Immediate action must be taken to stop the fire spreading.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L23) It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, …
- vary according to … 根据后者而有所不同
  - → Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L8) Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
→ He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
- 建议, 命令, 要求后的从句必须使用 should do 型的虚拟语气
- reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth. 上下级之间因为某事而批评某人
  - → I was reprimanded / rebuked by my manager for being late.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.

## text 3

→ A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been illtreated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
- write to sb. = write a letter to sb.
- ill-treat v. to treat sb. in a cruel or unkind way, abuse 虐待
  - abuse v. 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
  - ill-treat one’s dog
  - ill-treated animals
  - ill adv. badly
    - ill-bred 没有收到良好教养的
    - ill-advised 不明智的
      - advise v. 劝告, 建议
    - ill-mannered 没有礼貌的
      - manner n. 方法; 礼貌, 规矩, 态度
  - will adv. 很好地
    - well-bred 有良好教养的
    - well-advised 做事明智的
    - well-informed 消息灵通的
    - well-intentioned 目的善良的
- 只不过是因为
  - simply because … = for the simple reason that …
    - → (NCE3-4 P26-12) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L27) I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to fit anywhere.
  - bacause 的连用短语
    - **simply because ..**只不过因为..
    - partly because…. 部分是因为….
    - **mainly because ….**主要是因为….
      - → Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.
        
        candidate n. 候选人
      - → I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.
      - → Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly intelligent.
→ The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.
- 名前动后: 名词重音在前, 动词重音在后
- Chief of Police n. the most senior ppolice officer in a city who is in charge of all the police there 警察局长
→ There was nothing in the record to show that the foreioner’s complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
- justified adj. 合情合理的
- accusation n. 指责, 指控
  - accuse v. 指责, 指控
- deny an accusation / a charge 否认指控/指责
- accuse sb. of sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
- charge sb. with sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
→ It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
- for 可以引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
deal dealt dealt
- deal well / badly etc. by / with sb. (fml.) treat sb. well, badly etc. 对某人好、坏等
  - → He has always dealt well by me.
  - → You’ve been badly dealt with.
  - → The police dealt roughly with the rioters.
    - rioter n. 暴动者, 暴民
  - → He deals fairly with all people.
  - → I consider he has been dealt with leniently.
    - leniently adv. 仁慈地
→ The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- the fact that … 固定句型
→ It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.
- representative n. 代表, 代理人 adj. 代表的
→ The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
- prosecute v. 起诉, 控告某人
  - prosecute vt.检举，起诉，对…. 提起公诉
    - → Trespassers will be prosecuted.
      - trespasser n. 非法侵入者
        
        trespase v. 擅自闯入, 非法进入
    - → Shoplifters will be prosecuted.
      - 专门在商店里偷东西的贼
- in question: being discussed 正在被讨论的，提到的，谈到的
  - → The woman in question is sitting over there. 我们刚刚谈到的那个女人就坐在那呢
  - → The job in question is available for three months only.
- lodge a complaint against sb. 针对某人提起投诉
→ The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
- put / bring an end to sth.: stop sth. from happening any more; abolish sth.终止，废止.
  - abolish v. 终止 … , 废止…
  - → The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.
  - → It’s hoped the talks may bring an end to the violence.
    - 我们希望这个谈判可以终止暴力行为
- practice n. 习惯性的做法
- go / pass unnoticed 不为人知的过去了
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L13) If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
- 用了与过去事实相反的虚拟, 不过省略了 if, 原文如下
  - → The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed if there had not been the Ombudsman’s prompt action.

L54 Instinct or cleverness? ⭐️

## words

wage /weɪdʒ/ v. 发动（战争/战役/运动等）
- wage n. 工资
- wage war / a campaign / a struggle / a battle on/against . 发动一场战争/发动一场战役,运动/发动一场斗争/ 发动一场战斗与 sb.
  - → The US waged war on Irag without UN authorization.
  - → The government determined to wage a campaign against official corruption. 政府发动了一场反腐倡廉运动
- declare war on … 对某国宣战
- be at war with .. 与某国处于战争状态
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L11) Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
- at the slightest provocation 稍一激惹就做某事
  - → He’d fly into a rage at the slightest provocation.
    - fly into a rage 发脾气
- without provocation 无缘无故(没人招惹)
  - → The soldiers fired without provocation.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L4) They sting and bite without provocation.
- 字根 “voc” =“voke” 喊叫
  - provoke v. 挑衅, 激怒
    - pro 在前面
  - provocative adj. 挑衅性的
  - evoke v. 唤起某种情绪, 激起人的某种情绪
    - e/ex 向外
  - evocation n. 情绪的激起
  - revoke v. 废止, 取消
    - re back; again
  - revocation n. 废止
    - → Her license was revoked.
revulsion /rɪˈvʌlʃn/ n. 厌恶
- revulsion = disgust n. [U] a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike 厌恶
- → She looked at him with revulsion. 她厌恶的看着他
- → He expressed his revulsion at / against / towards the whale hunting. 他表达了对于捕鲸这种行为的厌恶
- revolt v. to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted 令人厌恶
  - be revolted by …
    - → We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.
- revolting adj. extremely unpleasant 令人庆恶的
  - Picking your nose is a revolting habit. 挖鼻孔是一个令人厌恶的习惯
  - v. 令人厌恶 > adj. 令人厌恶的
    - revolt > revolting
    - repel > repellent
    - repulse > repulsive
    - disgust > disgusting
      - → I was repelled by the smell.
      - → The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
      - → He claimed to be disgusted by the amount of violence in the film.
luscious /ˈlʌʃəs/ adj. 美味的，甘美多汁的
- luscious adj. having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice 美味的，甘美多汁的
  - the luscious taste of ripe peaches 成熟的桃子甘美多汁的美味
    - ripe adj. 成熟的
- delicious adj. 美味的
- appetizing adj. 美味的
- heavenly adj. 美味的 ( 仿佛天堂上才有)
  - 名词 + ly 一般是 adj. , 而不是 adv.
- tasteful adj. 美味的
- tasty adj. 美味的; 有吸引力的
- yummy adj. 美味的(儿童会用这个词)
  - yucky adj. 难吃的(儿童用词)
- delicacy n. 好吃的菜
  - delicious 派生
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ n. 机灵，善于发明创造
- ingenuity n. [U] the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways 机灵，心灵手巧，善于发明创造
- ingenious adj. having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things 机灵的，心灵手巧的，善于发明创造的
  - → She’s very ingenious when it comes to finding excuses. 当找借口的时候, 她真是心灵手巧
  - → Johnny is so ingenious — he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
- 字根 “gen”=创造;生育
- gene n. 基因
- gender n. 性别
- general n. 普遍的
- generate v. 产生
- generation n. 产生; 一代人
- genesis n. 创世纪
- genius n. 天才
- genuine adj. 真诚的, 由衷的
- pregnant adj. 怀孕的, 怀胎的

## text 1

bring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 拉扯大
- have been brought up to do 从小就⋯
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L7) The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
  - → I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
  - → And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
do more harm than good 弊大于利
- harm n. 损害
- → Raising speed limits may do more harm than good.
- do … harm / do harm to … 对…有害
  - → The occasional piece of candy doesn’t do you any harm.
    - sweets (英) / candy (美)
  - → Exhaust fumes has done considerable harm to the environment.
    - exhaust fumes 尾气
      - fume n. an amount of gas or vapour that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale: clouds of exhaust
      - exhaust n. 排出的气 v. 用完, 耗尽
- do sb. good 对.. 有好处
  - → I think a trip to the beach would do us all a lot of good.
- in more ways than one 有不只一方面的含义
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
continue 的同根副词
- continually adv. 老是, 总是, 间歇但持续的
  - → (NCE2-38 P174-L4) Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
- continuously adv. 持续的, 不停歇的
  - → (NCE3-18 P82-L14) These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
- be continually / always doing 老是做某事
contaminate v. to make sth. dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection 污染….., 玷污
- → Flies contaminate food 苍蝇会把食物弄脏
  - fly n. 苍蝇
- → Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches. 工业废物继续在玷污/污染美丽的海滩
carry v. if a person, animal, or insect carries a disease, they can pass it to other people or animals even if they are not illthemselves 携带病菌，传播疾病
- → Many serious diseases are carried by insects.
- carrier 带菌者，病媒
- an AIDS carrier
- transmit v. 传播
  - mit 表示 send
  - contagious adj. 传染的
  - infectious adj. 传染的
  - catching adj. 传染的 (通常做状语, 不做定语)
- catch … 染上了, 被传染了
  - → He caught a cold.
devour v. 狼吞虎咽的吃
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
- → (NCE4-2 P11-L2) Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insecteating animals.
→ They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows.
- 分号可以代替连词的功能,
- sting v. 蚊虫钉
- bite v. 咬
- provocation n. 招惹
- uninvited adj. 未被邀请的
  - an uninvited guest / visitor 不速之客, 不请自来的客人
  - → A few people showed up / turned up uninvited at the party.
- 如果 morning/noon/night 前面有修饰语通通用介词 on
- beat v. 打, 撞
- heart beat 心跳
- lighted adj. 1.a lighted window, room etc. is bright because there is a light on inside 亮着灯的
  - a lighted window / room
  - lighted adj. 2. a lighted candle, match etc. is burning at one end 点着的
    - a lighted candle / match
→ We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.
- dread v. 害怕
  - dread sth. / doing 害怕做某事
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L14) He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
  - dreadful adj. 可怕的，糟糕的
    - → (NCE3-11 P154-416) All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
  - live in dread of .. 一直害怕….
    - → I live in dread of losing her love.
    - stand in awe of .. 对…充满敬畏
      - → You can’t help standing in awe of powerful people.
        
        can’t help 不禁, 忍不住 (无法避免)
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-l15) Who has notstood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- not only … but else …. 搭配
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L20) Gifts poured in not only trom unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products.
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L8) Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L23) This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- dispel v. 驱散，打消
  - pel = push
  - dis 表示向一面八方
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations .
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
      - further 进一步

## text 2

→ Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch.
- horde 一伙 (略带贬义)
- crawl v. 爬, 缓慢的移动
- 单数名词前面加 the 可以表示类指
  - the industrious ant 那些勤劳的蚂蚁
- industrious: diligent adj. 勤劳的
  - industry n. 工业
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L19) Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie’s industriousness and efficiency.
  - industrial adj. 工业的，产业的
    - industrial revolution
    - industrial workers
- do nothing to do sth. / not do anything to do sth. (语气更强) 在某方面根本没用
- 造句：这些预防措施在阻止这种疾病蔓延方面没有任何作用。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, …
  - prevent … from … 阻止某物做某事
  - → The precautions did nothing / did not do anything to prevent the disease from spreading.
- do little to do sth. 在某方面没多大作用
- do much / a lot / a great deal to do sth. 在某方面有很大作用
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L8) Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
- be filled with .. 容器里装满了东西; 充满了某种情绪
  - be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion / admiration / remorse … 充满了.. 情绪
    - alarm 惊恐 (又惊又恐)
    - → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) All at once, Inoticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
→ No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung.
- sting v. 叮, 咬
- sense of direction / humor / danger / jiustice / pride / accomplishment / honor / responsibility / superiority / inferiority …. 方向感/ 幽默感 / 危险的感觉 / 正义感/ 自豪感 / 成就感 / 荣誉感 / 责任感/ 优越感/ 自卑感, 劣等感 ….
  - direction n. 方向
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L2) The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L6) He simply had no sense of danger at all.
- have a horror of … = be afraid / frightened / scared of … 害怕某物
  - → She has a horror of cockroaches.
  - → She is afraid / frightened / scared of cackroaches.
Unreasonable adj. 非理智的
erase v. 擦掉, 抹去
- eraser n. 擦除器(橡皮擦)
形容词后面用动词不定式一定用主动
造句：我害怕开车是没有道理的，但这种感觉无法消除。
- → My fear of driving is unreasonable, but it is impossible to erase.
fascinating adj. 迷人的
- fascinate vt. 迷住.…
  - → (NCE3-9 P46-L1) Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
- fascination n. 魅力，吸引力
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L1) Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.
- → At the same time, however, insects never fail to fascinate us.
- → At the same time, however, insects exert a peculiar fascination on us.
→ We enjay reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives.
- mantis n. 螳螂
- perfectly adv. 完美地
  - perfectly adv. completely — used to emiphasize what you are saying （用于加强语气）完全，非常，极其
    - → It’s perfectly normal to feel like this.
    - → To be perfectly honest, I didn’t want to go anyway.
→ We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- entrance vt.令人着迷，陶醉
  - → I’m completely entranced by / with the music.
  - → The children sat silent on the carpet, entranced by the puppet show.
    - puppet n. 木偶, 傀儡
- go about one’s business 做自己的事
  - → The villagers were going about their business as usual.
  - → go about sth. 着手做某事
    - → I want to learn German but I don’t know the best way to go about it.
- be (un )aware of ..
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- presence n. 出席, 在场
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
  - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
  - 造句：我在场时请别抽烟。
    - → Please don’t smoke in my presence.
  - absence n. 不在场，缺席
    - in the absence of sb.
    - in sb.’s absence
      - → in my absence he will be in charge.
    - 造句：在老师不在的时候，学生们都在忙自己的事。
      - → In the absence of their teacher, the students were all going about their business.
→ Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- beetle n. 甲虫
- stand in awe (of …) （对.. ）充满敬畏
- pounce on .. 猛扑向…
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-415) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
- column n. a long moving line of people or things（人或事物的）队伍; 柱子; 专栏
  - a column of soldiers / refugees / tanks
- bear v. 背着
- triumph n. 胜利，成功（的喜悦）；v. 获得成功，取胜
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L20) There was a note of triumph in my voice when | told him that it was there in black and white.
  - Arch of Triumph
- 修辞疑问句, 答在问中, 通常在文章或者段落的末尾
  - rhetorical question 修辞疑问句
  - → (NCE3-27 P130-L19) We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
  - → O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? — P. B. Shelley “西风颂”
  - → Who among us has not dreamed of that?
  - → What is the use of our studying grammar if we can’t put the grammatical rules into practice?

## text 3

spent sometime doing sth.
watch sb. doing sth.
prize: valued; treasured; cherished 珍爱, 喜爱, 心爱的
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L2) One of Mary’s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L13) The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, 1 happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
sheltered adj. 可避风雨的
- → We found a sheltered spot to have a picnic.
  - picnic n. 野餐
  - spot n. 地点
survive vt. 经历 … 而幸存
- → (NCE3-9 P46-L7) A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
severe adj. 严重的，严酷的，严厉的
- a severe injury
- a severe winter
- → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
produce v. 1. make, create 制造
- → (NCE3-47 P216-L2) When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it iinto something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
- produce V. 2. to grow sth. or make it naturally 出产（农场品），产（仔）
  - → The tree produces fruit. 这种树产水果
  - → A cow produces milk. 牛产奶
  - → A hen produces eggs. 母鸡下单
- produce v. 3. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示，拿出
  - Produce your ticket! 请出示你的票
  - → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L23) She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry’s requirements.
wither v. 枯萎, 干枯, 消亡
cluster n. a group of things of the same kind that are very close together （密密匝匝的）一筷，一团
- a cluster of red berries 一簇红色的浆果
be to be found / heard / seen 能够被找到/ 看到/ 听到
- → Such books are to be found in the library.
- → Not a sound was to be heard.
- → Not a soul was to be seen.
- be to do (fml.）的四种用法 (L40)
  - 1.打算
  - 2.命令
  - 3.能够
  - 4.应该
colony n. a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together （住在一起的）一群动物或植物
- a colony of ants
- a seal colony
→ They were visited by a large colony of ants because the ants obtained a sort of honey from them.
- 这里的 because the ants 如果直接换成 which 就更加简洁了
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L1) We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
    - → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (稍显罗嗦)
  - → Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
    - → Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
  - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time.
    - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
- a sort of = a kind of … 有些像…的；……般的
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L2) We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. 天堂般的
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) In spite of this, the Htalians regarded him as a sort of hero. 英雄般的
  - → (NCE4-22 P127-L6 Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
→ l immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twentyfour hours.
- embark on / upon sth. 从事, 着手; 上船
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L3) Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes.
- get rid of … 赶走….……，打发走…..
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L13) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
- at the base of …
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L15) At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A’ had been nearly inscribed.
scurry v. run with short quick steps 小步快跑
- → The mouse scurried across the floor.
bewilder v.令人迷惑，令人晕头转向
- bewidering adj. 令人迷感的，令人昏头转向的
  - → (NCE3-38 P174-L5) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
  - in + 名词做副词含义
    - in bewilderment / confusion 晕头转向地
    - in surprise
    - in horror
    - in despair
    - in a panic …
→ I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satistaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it.
- tape n. 带子, 狭布条
- with satisfaction = satisfiedly adj. 满意地
  - with + n. = adv.
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L9) After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven.
  - with ease = easily 简单地
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease
  - with delight = delightedly 高兴地
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
  - with a smile = smilingly 微笑着
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L18)‘But it isn’t perfume,‘1 said. It’s hair gel Then i added with a smile, ‘it’s a strange mixture I make myself
  - with pride = proudly 自豪地
  - with attention = attentively 专心地
  - with confidence = confidently 自信地
  - with reluctance = reluctantly 勉强地
- swarm v. When insects swarm, they come together in a large group 昆虫聚集
- do something about … to do something in order to deal with a problem or difficult situation 解决，处理（问题或困难）
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L29) When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass qrow.
  - → there is nothing … can do about … 对某问题某人无能为力
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L15)‘That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. “t’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.’
→ I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
Instead of …., however, …. 本该… …，结果却….
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L13) lnstead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.
- **instead(,) …**结果却…..
  - → (NCE3-15 P70-L10) I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
on to … = onto … 到.. 上面去
be quick to do: to react quickly to what someone says or does 很快就
- → He was quick to notice the mistake.
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
an answer to sth: a solution to sth.
- → There is no easy answer to the problem.

L55 From the earth: Greetings

## words

astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/ n.天文学
- “astr” / “aster” = star
  - astronomy n. 天文学
    - -nom- 通常表示规律
  - astronomical adj. 天文学的; 天文数字的
  - astrology n. 占星术
    - -(o)logy 通常表示研究
  - astronautics n. 航空学
    - -nau- 通常表示船舶
  - astronaut n. 宇航员
  - disaster n. 灾星, 灾难
  - asterisk n. 星号
  - asteroid n. 小行星
- “stell” = star
  - stellar adj. 星星的
    - stellar light 星光
    - stellar system 星系
  - interstellar adj. 星际的
    - inter- 可以表示 between
    - interstellar travel
- constellation n. 星座; 一群了不起的人物
  - a constellation of famous scientists and artists
solar /ˈsoʊlər/ adj.太阳的
- solar energy 太阳能
- solar system 太阳系
- solar radiation 太阳辐射
- solar calendar 阳历
- a partial / total solar eclipse
  - eclipse 日食/月食
- lunar adj. 月亮的
  - lunar calendar 阴历 (根据月亮的圆缺制定的律法)
  - a partial / total lunar eclipse
Venus /ˈvinəs/ n. 金星 (来自罗马神话)
- Mercury (水星，商贸之神墨丘利）
- Venus（金星，美神维纳斯, 朱庇特的女儿）
- Mars（火星，战神马尔斯, 朱庇特的儿子）
- Jupiter（木星，众神之王朱庇特）
- Satum（士星，农神萨图恩）
- Uranus (天王星，天空之神乌拉诺斯）
- Neptune (海王星，海神尼普顿）
- Pluto (冥王星，冥王普路托）
bacteria /bækˈtɪriə/ n. 细菌 (习惯用复数)
- bacterium (单数) > bacteria (复数)
- datum (单数) > data (复数)
- medium (单数) > media (复数)
- stratum (单数) > strata (复数) 岩层; 社会阶层
- curriculum (单数) > curricula (复数) 课程
realm /relm/ n. 王国;范围,领域
- the realm of literature / science 文学领域/ 科学领域
- the political / military realm 政治领域, 政治界/ 军事领域, 军界
- the realm of necessity 必然王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
- the realm of freedom 自由王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
  - → The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom.
- domain n. 领域, 范畴; 贵族领土
  - the political domain
  - the domain of natural science
- field / area / world / sphere 领域. 范畴, 范围
  - the field of politics 政治界, 政治领域
  - the world of art 艺术领域, 艺术界
  - the area of education 教育界, 教育领域
  - the diplomatic sphere 外交领域
  - the ideological sphere 思想领域

## text 1

→ Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
- Milky Way n. 银河系
  - the Milky Way = the Galaxy 银河系
- galaxy n. 星系
  - the Galaxy n, 银河
- detect v. to discover or notice sth, especially sth that is not easy to see, hear, etc. 发现，觉察
  - → The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
  - → an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation
    - radiation n, 辐射
in relative terms: compared with other, similar things 相对来说
- → Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on books.
emit v. 散发, 发射, 发出
prove (to be) + adj. /n. 被证明是…..
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L9) The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place 20 miles away in the evening.
infinitely adv. very much — used esp. when comparing things（尤其与比较级连用） ..得多; 无限地
- → Your English is infinitely better than my German.
- → Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
- 其他表示 … 得多的搭配
  - far / much / even / still / yet + 比较级
support v. to provide the right conditions, such as enough food and water, for life （提供合适的条件以）维持生命，使活下去
- → The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops.
  - crop n. 庄稼, 作物
- → Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.
  - acid adj. 酸的
→ Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than 4 billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
- evolve v. 进化
- it takes … (for …) to do sth. sb. 做某事需要有……
  - take 表示需要
  - → It took a few minutes for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.

## text 2

→ Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its’sun’.
- that is 引出同位语 , 表示’也就是说’, ‘确切的说’
  - that is (to say): or more exactly 也就是说，确切地说
    - → The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.
    - → Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the student’s own language.
    - → (NCE4-2 P11-L9) One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6.000.000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
  - 同义表达
    - i.e. 也就是说
      - → The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.
    - to be exact 准确的讲
      - → She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact:
    - in other words 换句话说
      - → He was economical with the truth — in other words, he was lying.
    - to put it another way 换句话说
      - → It’s fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don’t try this at home.
→ Imagine a star up to 20 times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
- Imagine
  - → Imagine life without hot water. 想象一下没有热水的生活
  - → Imagine that you have just won a million pounds.
  - → (NCE3-7 P38-L12) Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
- up to sth.: 1. 多达 …
  - → The Olympic Stadium will hold up to 80,000 spectators.
  - up to sth.:2.=up till 直到…. = until
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L6) Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town.
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L10) Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
→ Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- orbit n. 天体星体的轨道
- form n. 种类, 类型, 形式
- alternatively adv. used to introduce a ssuggestion or to mention sth. different to what has just been stated 或者
  - → The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.
- 复合形容词
  - the life-supporting planet = the planet which supports life
  - animals which eat insects = insect-eating animals 吃昆虫的动物 (主动)
    - insect n. 昆虫
  - silverware which is made by hands = hand-made silverware (被动)
  - state-owned enterprises 国有企业
  - flower-selling girls 卖花女
  - epoch-making masterpieces 开创新时代的大师作品
  - cancer-causing substances 致癌物质
- → Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and (would) also (have to) provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- for 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
  - → He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
  - → Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized.
→ But how would we find such a planet if there were such a planet?
→ At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 这里 telescope 有两个后置定语
- in existence 存在
  - → The organization has been in existence for 25 years.
  - come into existence 开始存在 = come into being
    - → Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence.
  - presence n. the existence of sb. or sth. in a particular place 存在
    - one’s presence 某人某物的存在
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-414) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business; unaware (we hope) of our presence.
    - the presence of … 某人某物的存在
      - → Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.
- detect the presence of … 寻找.
  - → The dogs were trained to detect the presence of explosives. 这些狗狗被训练去寻找爆炸物
develop v. to design or make a new idea, product, system etc. over a period of time 开发，研制
- → Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis.
  - treat v. 处理
  - arthritis n. 关节炎
- development n. the process of creating a new product or method 开发，研制
  - → His work is mainly in software development.
  - → The funds. will be used for product development.
中文中倾向于用动词, 英文中倾向于用名词
- → The resolution of some problems of today is urgent and critical for the survival of a society.
- → Overemphasis upon some existing problems could cause harmful effects.
- → His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
- → My arrival coincided with his departure.

## text 3

→ It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
- -based: 1. combines with nouns referring to places to mean sth. positioned or existing mainly in the place mentioned, or operating or organized from that place 位于….
  - a Washington-based organization
  - land-based missites 陆基导弹
  - -based: 2. used with some names to make adjectives describing the main substance in a product 主要成分为….
    - lead-based paints 主要成分为铅的涂料
      - lead 引导; 铅
    - carbon-based fuels 主要成分为碳的燃料 (碳基)
    - nitrogen-based fertilizer 主要成分为氮的肥料 (氮基)
→ Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets if we looked for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
→ Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system if we looked for life using a telescope in orbit round the earth.
- Hubble Space Telescope (HST) The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth.
particle n. [C] a very small piece of sth. 微粒
- article n. 冠词
- dust particles
- tiny particles of soil 非常细小的土壤的微粒
- elementary particle n. one of the types of pieces of matter including electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms 基本粒子
  - proton 质子
  - neutron 中子
  - atom 原子
  - electron 电子
→ A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for iie in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edoes of our own solar system.
- 省略一个 if 从句
  - → A telescope would have to be as far aaway as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space if we looked for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
- 越…就越….. 的表达
  - → The harder they worked the hungrier they became. (第一种语序, 先翻译前半句, 再翻译后半句)
  - → They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked. (第二种语序, 后半句是从句, 前半句是主句, 先翻译后半句, 再翻译前半句)
  - → (NCE4-37 P218-L13) We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (第二种语句)
→ Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to ‘see’ the planet properly and analyze its atmosphere.
- 从句用一般现在时, 主句用 would, 还是虚拟语气
- way of doing sth. 做某事的方法
  - → a new way of storing information.
  - way to do sth. 做某事的方法
    - → What is the best way to clean this?
- blot n. a mark or dirty spot on sth., esp.made by ink 污点，墨迹
  - ink blots 墨水的污迹
    - → This is a serious blot on your career. 这是你职业生涯中一个严重的污点
  - blot out: to cover sth. so that you can no longer see it 遮住
    - → Dark clouds overhead had blotted out the sun.
- so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引导目的状语从句，译为“以便〞=in order that…，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should,would 等。
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented.
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented.
- properly adv. (BrE) completely, fully, thoroughly 完全地，彻底地
  - → Is the chicken properly defrosted?
    - defrost v. 除霜, 融化, 解冻
  - → He got properly beaten by the world champion.
→ If we looked for life on a planet, in the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than ‘ittle green men’.
- 这句也可以看作前面省略了一个 if 从句
- in the first instance (fml.) as the first part of a series of actions 首先，第一
  - → in the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company.
  - → Anyone wishing to join the society should apply in the first instance to the secretary.
- little green men
  - Little green men is a popular expression used to describe extraterrestrial life. 地外生命
→ The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
- form n. 形式
- 这里一样省略了 if 从句
  - → The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria if the planet could support life.
→ It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth. (强调句)
- 强调句强调句子的主语
- breathe v. 呼吸
  - breath n. 呼吸
→ As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
- dweller n. 居住在某个地方的人 (正式用语)
  - dwell v. 居住于某地
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L22 The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort.
- cherish v. to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure 长期怀有某种感情
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L10) Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.
  - → He cherished the hope of winning an Olympic medal.
  - → He cherished the memory of his late wife.
  - → He cherished the illusion that the girl was in love with him.
realm n. 王国, 范畴, 领域
- an idea that belongs in the realm(s) of science fiction
- → I suppose it’s not beyond the realm(s) of possibility.
- → This is not really within the realm(s) of my experience.
science fiction (also informal sci-fi) n. [U] a type of book, film/movie, etc. that is based on imagined scientific discoveries of the future, and often deals with space travel and life on other planets 科学幻想 (科幻)
→ If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
- lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - → He was a lowly assistant gardener.
  - low adj.& adv.低的（地）
    - bow low to the Queen 深深的向女王鞠躬
    - → That plane’s flying too low!
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L19) We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
→ As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, ‘Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.’
- tenur n. 长期雇用
- NASA n. National Aeronautics and Space Administration a Us government organization that controls space travel and the scientific study of space（美国）国家航空航天局 / 美国太空总署
- observe v. (fml.) to make a written or spoken comment about someone or something （评论）说
  - → “I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he observed.
  - → She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch.
  - observation n. a spoken or written remark about something you have noticed 言论，评论
    - → (NCE4-39 P228-L18) A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
- elsewhere adv. in, at, or to another place 在別处，到别处
  - → The answer to the problem must be sought elsewhere.
  - → Our favourite restaurant was full, so we had to go elsewhere.
  - → Finding life elsewhere would change everything if life were found elsewhere.
  - → If life were found elsewhere, no human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.

L56 Our neighbour, the river

## words

boundary /ˈbaʊndri/ n.分界线，边界
- → The river forms a natural boundary of our farm. 河流形成了我们农场的天然边界
- → The fence marks the boundary between my property and hers.
  - fence n. 篱笆
  - mark 标志
  - property n. 不动产
- 表示虚拟的边界
  - → Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias.
    - blur v. 使模糊
- 国境, 国界的表达
  - border / frontier n. 国界
    - the ltalian border / frontier
    - the border / frontier between China and Russia
overtake /ˌoʊvərˈteɪk/ v. （坏事）突然降临
- overtake overtook overtaken
- → A sudden illness overtook him.
- 完美同义词
  - visit / befall (befell befallen)
    - → A sudden illness visited / befell him.
  - happen to
    - → A sudden illness happened to him.
predecessor /ˈpredəsesər/ n. 前辈，前任
- 完美反义词
  - successor n. 继任者,
- 祖宗, 祖先 n. [C]
  - ancestor
  - forefather
  - forebear
- 后代子孙
  - descendant [C]
    - → He is a direct descendant of Confucius.
      - Confucius n. 孔夫子 (音译), 孔子
  - offspring n. 后代 (单复数同行)
    - → the conflict between parents and their offspring
  - posterity n. [U]
    - → These works of art are preserved for posterity.
meadow /ˈmedoʊ/ n. 草地; 牧场
- lawn n. 草坪
- pasture n. 放牧的牧场
- prairie n. 北美洲的大草原
- savanna(h) n. 热带/亚热带的大草原 (无树无风)
- grassland n. 草原(泛指)
  - → the Inner Mongolina Grassland
occurrence /əˈkɜːrəns/ n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
- occur v. 发生
- happening n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
  - happen v. 发生
- trifle n. 一件小事, 琐事, 微不足道的事
- incident n. 小事; 暴力性冲突性的事件
  - a border incident 一起边境事件
  - a shooting incident 一起枪击事件
- affair n. 公众性的&政治性的事件; 风流韵事, 桃色事件
  - current affairs 时事
  - China’s internal affairs 中国内政
  - love affairs 风流韵事
- event n. 重大的事件
- accident (通俗版本) / contingency (文言版本) n. 意外的事故
- coincidence n. 巧合的事件,
proportion /prəˈpɔːrʃn/ n. 比例
- the proportion of sth. to sth. 某事物对另一个事物的比例
  - → What s the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
- in proportion to sth. 和某物成比例 (正比/反比)
  - → Payment will be in proportion to the work done.
- out of (all) proportion to sth.
  - → They earn salaries out of all proportion to their ability.
- a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例 (多数)
- a small / tiny proportion of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a high / large percentage of … 很高的比例的某人某物 (多数)
  - a small / tiny percentage of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a / the majority of … 多数
  - a /the minority of … 少数
site v. 使位于
- 同义词
  - locate
  - situate
- → The house is sited / located / situated on the hill.
- 名词形式 n. 位置
  - site
  - location
  - situation n. 位置, 情况
juncture /ˈdʒʌŋktʃər/ n. 时刻, 关头, 节骨眼
- → At this juncture it’s too late to say anything.
- → The battle had reached a critical / crucial juncture.
  - critical / crucial adj. 关键的
- 时刻的同义词
  - time
  - moment
  - point n. 时间点
  - instant n. 时刻 adj. 立刻的, 立即的
unduly adv.过分地，过度地
- unduly =excessively adv. 过分地，过度地
  - → The levels of pollution in this area are unduly high.
- undue = excessive ad. 过分的，过度的
  - → The work should be carried out without undue delay.
- due adj. proper, suitable 适当的
  - → After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr. Davis to the job.

## text 1

同位语/ 同位格的前置, 为了突出和强调这个同位语
- man’s best friend, the dog
- God Almighty, Jesus Christ 耶稣基督, 我们全能的主
→ The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
- play a … role/part in … 发挥某种作用
  - 造句：西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。
    - → The city of xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
  - 造句：政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。
    - → The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L1) Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L5) The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L10) John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
→ Without it we could not make a living.
- = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- If +S. +did / were .., S. + would / should / could / might + do ..
- If 从句的虚拟语气, If 从句经常可以藏起来, 用介词短语引导
  - → There would be no living things without air.
    - =→ There would be no living things if there were no air.
  - → In his position, I would commit suicide.
    - =→ If I were in his position, I would commit suicide.
- make/earn a living 谋生, 活下去
spring n. 春天; 泉; 弹簧
英文通常用地点指代住在那里的人
- → Be quiet or you’ll wake the house. 安静点, 不然你会把一家人都吵醒了
- the village 全村人
- the town 全镇人
- the city 全城人
- the country 全国人
- the world 全世界人
  - entertain the world 娱乐全世界人
  - → The whole country was / were shocked at the news. (这里用单复数表示主语都可以)
→ …. we have to pump from the river for irrigation.
- → … we have to pump from the river to irrigate the fields.
→ We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
- instinctively = by instinct adv. 本能地 = 介词 + n.
  - particularly = in particular
  - accidentally =by accident
  - carefully = with care
  - delightedly.=with delight
  - angrily = with anger
- .. misfortune might visit / befall us …
  - …. misfortune might happen to us….
- relate sth. to sb. 对某人讲述
  - relate v. 讲述; 联系, 连接
  - → She related the events of the previous week to the police.
  - relate A to / with B
  - report / recount / relate sth. to sb. 将某事讲述给某人听
  - tell sb. (about) sth. 给某人讲述某事
长短句穿插,

## text 2

→ Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
- go / row / sail upstream
go / row / sail upstream 走/划船/航向前往上游
- → Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back. 学习如逆水行舟, 不进则退
  - drop back 被超过
  - go / row / sail downstream 顺流而下
a predecessor of ours
- = one of our predecessors 我们的一位前辈
hard by … (fml.) very near to …
- → The cafeteria stands hard by our dormitory.
heat wave 酷暑时期, 三伏天
- cold spell 严寒时期, 三九天
  - spell n. 一段时间
- → It’s a boiling / scorching / sizzling hot day. 这是一个很热的天气 (的表达)
  - boil v. 沸腾
  - scorch v. 烤焦了
  - sizzle v. 烤肉的时候肉在铁板上滋滋作响
- → It’s a bitterly / biting / freezing cold day.
  - bitterly adv. 残酷的, 剧烈的
  - bite v. 咬
  - freeze v. 冻牢, 凝固
→ We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holdinga summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
- → We celebrate the arrival of the seasons.
- Thanksgiving Day: the fourth Thursday in November
  - the Puritans 清教徒
  - the Mayflower 五月花号
  - Columbus 哥伦布
  - American Indians / Native Americans
  - the Pilgrims 朝圣者, 香客(最早的 102 个清教徒)
  - the Pilgrim Fathers
  - 特色食物
    - roast turkey 烤火鸡
    - apple pie 苹果派
  - → I give thanks to my mother for supporting me all the time.
  - → I give thanks to my math teacher for not flunking me.
    - flunk (俚) 挂科

## text 3

文言可以考虑尽量用名词来描述, 而不是用很多的动词形式
- a rare / common / regular / evervday occurrence
  - → Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.
  - → Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence.
  - → Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
go to extremes 走极端
- → (NCE3-5 P30-L1) Editors of newspapers anid magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
- → Our climate is usually moderate.
→ We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
- in that 复合连词
- disaster n. 大灾难
- a high / large proportion / percentage of.. 很高的一个比例
  - a small / tiny proportion / percentage of ..
  - a majiority of …
  - a vast / great / overwhelming majority of…
  - a minority of …
  - a small / tiny minority of …
- spell v. 构成, 拼写
  - spell v. to cause sth. bad to happen in the future 招致，导致
  - spell disaster / trouble / danger for …..
  - → The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.
  - → This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners.

## text 4

creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L19) Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found me out.
托物以抒情, 用事物做主语
- Curiosity swallowed him.
  - swallow v. 吞咽, 吞没
- → A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.
cattle n. 牛们 (本身就是复数, 类似于 people)
stall n. an enclosed area in a building for an animal such’as a horse or cow 牲口棚，马厩，牛棚
stand to do sth: to be likely to do or have something 可能…
- stand to gain / lose / win … 有可能会获得, 有可能会失去, 有可能会赢得
  - → Many small companies stand to lose financially if the new law is introduced
→ We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
- low adj./adv. 低
  - → The plane flew low.
  - lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - a lowly servant
  - → (NCE3-55 P248-L28) If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
put … out of order 使 sth. 出故障
- put … in order 把某物修好
- put … right 把某物修好
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L14) When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
- be out of order 某物坏了, 失灵了
  - → The bell had been out of order for many years.
- put .. . out of business 使某人破产
- put … out of work 使某人失业
→ From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
- attic n. 阁楼
- … get a sweeping view 获得一览无遗的视野 (俯视, 登高望远)
  - .. get a bird’s eye view
- …,when the flood was at its height … 在洪水最为猛烈的时候
  - ., at the height of the flood
  - the height of … sth./sb. 的顶峰状态,全盛时期
    - → August is the height of sumimer.
    - → The storm is at its height.
- take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
  - take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
    - → There is only one computer, so we have to take turns (in) using / to use it.
迹象, 征兆
- sign
- indication
- omen 兆头
  - a good omen
  - a bad omen
→ Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
- before 除了翻译成 ‘之前’, 也可以翻译成 ‘直到’
- 全部倒装语句 (L10) 部分倒装 (L5)
  - 全部倒装 - 把全部谓语置于主语之前, 主系表 变成 表系主
    1. 表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。 1-主语不是代词。2-谓语动词不是及物动词
    2. 表语置于句首。
  - 例子
    - → Now comes your turn.
    - → On the hill stands a temple.
    - → Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body .
    - → Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
- → ….. prevent its landing anywhere …. (动名词 + 属格用法)
  - = → … prevent it from landing anywhere ….
  - → He always insisted on its being written out in full. (insisted + its 属格)
→ Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah’s ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
- Noah’s ark 诺亚方舟
  - ark n. 方舟(圣经), 平底船
- hen n. 母鸡
- cage n. 笼子
- the Genesis 创世纪 (圣经)
  - the New Testament (Christians) 新约
  - the Old Testament (Jews) 旧约
  - 新约和旧约圣经的分水岭在于上帝耶稣降临
  - deluge n. 大洪水(圣经); 暴雨, 洪水
→ We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
- unduly adv. 过度地, 不恰当地
- stoutly adv. 结实地, 粗壮地
  - stout = sturdy adj. strong and thick 粗壮的，结实的
    - stout boos for climbing
    - a stout walking-stick
- sound adj. in good condition and not damaged in any way 完好的
  - → The floor was completely sound.
  - → Is the building structurally sound?
→ The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
- wade v. 蹚水, 涉水
- trek v. 艰苦跋涉
- in the hope of / that ….
  - → …. in the hope that they would be able to ….
  - → Police are carrying out a house-tohouse search in the hope of finding the missing girl.
  - in + 名词表示原因状语
    - → The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
    - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or taxcollectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery (=because she suddenly discovered) that her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-42) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought (=because they think) that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
- grapple v. to take a firm hold of sb./sth. and struggle with them 紧紫抓住，扭住，扭打
  - → They managed to grapple him to the ground.
→ We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.

L57 Back in the old coun

## words

alien /ˈeɪliən/ adj.外国的；外星的
- alien cultures 外国文化
- alien beings 外星人
- be alien to …. 对sth./sb. 是格格不入的, 不兼容的
  - → The idea is alien to our religion. 这种挂念和我们的教义是格格不入的
    - religion n. 宗教
  - → Luxury is alien to her nature. 奢侈和她的本性是格格不入的
    - nature n. 本性, 自然, 天然
- foreign adj. 外国的
  - be foreign to … 对 sth./sb. 是格格不入的,
    - → Jealousy is foreign to his nature. 嫉妒和他的本性是格格不入的
- exotic adj. 外国的, 新奇漂亮的 (褒义词)
  - exotic tropical plants 新奇漂亮的外国热带植物
  - → I am charmed with her exotic beauty. 我被她异国情调的美所迷住
    - charm v. 使陶醉
emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt/ v. 移居国外
- 形似词解析
  - migrate v. 迁徙, 移居
    - → People migrate to cities in search of work.
    - → Swallows migrate south in winter. 在冬天时, 燕子会迁徙到南方去
  - emigrate v. 移居国外
    - emigrate from 从某国移民出去
  - immigrate v. 移进某地, 移入
    - immigrate to 移民到某国里来
  - → Europeans emigrating from their homelands after World War I were encouraged to immigrate to Australia.
  - v. n.行为 n.人
    - migrate migration migrant 移民的人
    - immigrate immigration immigrant 移民入某地的人
    - emigrate emigration emigrant 移民出去的人
absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ v. 使全神贯注
- 全神贯注于某事
  - be absorbed in …
  - be engrossed in …
  - be wrapped up in …
  - be immersed in …
    - → He is totallv immersed in the novel.
- 忙于某事
  - be busy (in) doing
  - be up to one’s neck /ears in …
    - 听力题
      - M: Can you come over for dinner tonight?
      - W: I**’m up to my ears in** work, so I’ll have to take a rain check.
      - What does the woman mean?
      - Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
      - take a rain check 择期再约
embedded /ɪm’bɛd/ adj. 嵌入的(深深地扎根在… 里面)
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L10) His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.
    - land n. 土地, 国家
  - → (NCE4-21 P121-16) He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.
- deep-rooted / deep-seated 根深蒂固的, 不可动摇的
  - a deep-seated faith in god 对上帝不可动摇的信仰
  - a deep-rooted bad habit 一个恶习难改的坏习惯
- inveterate hatred / preiudice / distrust (贬义词)
  - an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler / liar
    - liar n. 撒谎成性的人
milestone n.里程碑；划时代事件
- be a milestone in .. 是 … 的里程碑
  - → October 1st, 1949 was a milestone in the history of China.
- crossroads n.十字路口；抉择关头 (本身就是单数)
  - at a crossroads in …
    - → He was at a crossroads in his career.
territory /ˈterətɔːri/ n. 领土, 领域
- territory n. 1. [U]&[C] 领土 enemy / disputed / foreign territory
  - → They refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory.
- territory n. 2.[U] (知识或经验的）领域
  - familiar / unfamiliar territory
    - → The company is moving into unfamiliar territory with this new software.
    - → Social work is familiar territory to her.
stumble /ˈstʌmbl/ v. 绊脚
- stumble v. strike one’s foot against sth. and almost fall 绊脚**=trip**
- stumble over / on … = trip over / on… 在…..上绊了一下
  - → Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.
  - → Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.
- stumble across / on / upon … to find sth. or meet st. by accident 偶然发现或遇到 = come across …
  - → We stumbled across him at the mall.
  - → History relates that they stumbled on a magnificent waterfall.
- stumble into .. . to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入….
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-424) 1 felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.

## text 1

→ I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.
- stop doing 和 stop to do
  - stop to do 停下来, 去做某事
  - stop doing 停止做某事
- cool off v. to return to a normal temperature after being hot 冷却下来，凉爽下来
  - → Cool off with an iced drink.
  - → By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days.
- study v. examine (sth) very carefully 仔细察看（某事物）
  - study the map / menu …
  - → Scientists are studying the photographs of Mars for signs of life.
expect (sb.） to do: 以为；料想
- → He didn’t expect to see me.
- → We expected him to arrive yesterday.
objective n.目标，目的 = goal
- → Everest is the climber’s next objective.
  - Everest n. 珠穆朗玛峰
- → Let justice be our objective
by now
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
be alien to …. 对… 感到陌生, 格格不入
recover from … 从⋯恢复
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L29) You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
- recover sth. 1. 恢复.. = restore sth. / regain sth
  - recover / restone / regain + one’s health / one’s sight / one’s consciousness / one’s balance / one’s composure
- **recover sth.**2.重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L8) But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
presence n. 1. 出席, 在场, 存在
- → (NCE3-54 P244-L14) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- → (NCE3-55 P248-L16) At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 某人在场的表达
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
    - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
    - → l asked you not to smoke in my presence.
- presence n. a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is with you in a place 似乎在场
  - → His daughter’s presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
continually 反复地, 一再地和 continuously 持续地, 一刻不停地
→ (造句) Everything around me is full of his / her presence, continually reopening the wound.
make a new life for sb. 为. ..开创新生活
- → I was determined to make a new life for myself in Australia.
- → After the divorce she moved to Buckingham to make a new life for herself.
  - Buckingham n. 白金汉郡
turn over a new leaf 弃恶从善，洗心革面重做人
- → The thief was determined to turn over a new leaf once he was released from prison.
cease to do 不再……
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L7) There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
grieve v. to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died 悲伤
- grieve (over/for) ….
  - → They are still grieving over / for their dead child.
  - → She grieved the death of her husband.
- grievance n.委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
→ He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman’s care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.
- bring up sb. 把… 抚养成人
- lack sth. 缺乏
  - lack for sth. (fml.)=need sth. 需要……
  - lack for nothing 应有尽有
- 语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词
  - father and mother
  - → Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
  - → We are brother and sister.
  - → Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.
  - → Please pass me pencil and paper.
→ He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay.
- meant to do sth. 打算…
  - → Whoops! I didn’t mean to step on your toe.
    - toe n. 脚趾头
  - → I mean to leave that meeting with a new contract.
  - mean n. 平均, 中等 v. 意思是 adj. 低等的, 卑贱的; 吝啬的, 小气的
‘扎根于’ 的表达
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
folk (BrE) / folks (AmE) n. people 人们
- ordinary working-class folk
- → I’d like a job working with old folk or kids.
- → Young folk these days don’t know the meaning of work.
→ He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
- make sb. do 让某人做某事
- mortally = fatally adv . 致命地
  - mortally / fatally ill / injured / wounded
  - a mortal / fatal illness / injury / wound
  - immortal adj. 流芳百世的
    - → (NCE3-17 P78-L4) Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him.
- do sth. on one’s own 某人自己做某事
  - alone / on one’s own / by oneself
    - → She was sitting alone on a park bench.
    - → I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
    - → Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
  - all(alone / on one’s own / by oneself) 加强语气
    - → Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.

## text 2

→ I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which l found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
- 这里有两个定语从句, 并列修饰 map, 并且在第二个定语从句中还有一个嵌入式的定语从句
- 同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 两个定语从句修饰同一个名词或短语，中间用并列连词 (and, or 或 but) 连接，此时关系词往往不可省去。
    - → This book is intended for foreign students who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of language to read books on their own subjects.
      - 两个定语从句都是修饰 foreign students, 关系词都不能省 (省了就难以辨认结构了)
    - → The past progressive is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose exact limits are not known.
- 不在同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语＋第一个定语从句”，两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词（一般是关系代词作宾语）可省略。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L11)The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very pound of the fact.
    - → .. but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
      - 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
        
        → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
        
        → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
It is/was not that …, but (that)… 不是因为………而是因为.
- → It was not.that actually remembered anything at all, but (that) my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L5) It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all.
  - = → It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of danger at all.
- **not that., but that …**不是因为….., 而是因为….
  - → Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. — Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
over and over (again) 一再地，屡次地，三番五次地
- → I’ve told you over and over (again) not to do that.
- again and again
- time after time
- time and (time) again
- many times
- repeatedly
be positive (that).. 对….…确定
- → Are you absolutely positive you locked the door?
- 同义搭配
  - I was sure / certain / confident / convinced (that)…
  - I had no doubt (that) …
  - I bet (that) … 我敢肯定 (我打赌….)
familiar / unfamiliar territory 熟悉/不熟悉 (的领域)
- → Social work is familiar territory to her.
- → All this is familiar territory to readers of her recent novels.
well interj.(语气词) used for expressing a feeling such as doubt, surprise, or anger 用以表达怀疑、惊讶或愤怒等感情
- → Well, they have a lot of nerve! 他们的胆子真不小
  - nerve n. 勇敢
- → Well, she could at:least have phoned to say she wasn’t coming!

## text 3

→ I looked at the map and then at the milometer.
- milometer 里程表
  - -meter 表示仪器, 读数表
  - thermometer 温度表
  - barometer 气压计
  - odometer / milometer 里程表
  - speedometer 速度计
→ I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
- according to …. 根据某人的看法/说法
- spire n. 尖顶
- come = travel
  - → Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.
- 独立主格
  - (with +)n. + 非谓语
    - → (NCE3-6 P34-L9) The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L9) It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
decide 不一定译为 “决定” ，而常常译为”（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为” ，尤其是其后加 that 引号的宾语从句时.
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to tranisport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L30) From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
turning (BrE) / turn (AmE) n. 道路转弯处
- → He must have taken a wrong turning in the dark.
- → Take the first turning on the left.
→ So l drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.
- retrace v. repeat (a journey, route, etc.)exactly 重走
  - → We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.
  - → They are haping to retrace the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus.
- take / shoot / throw / cast a glance at .. 扫视…..
  - → The couple at the next table cast quick glances at us.
  - → The other people shot sidelong glances at me.
land up = end up = finish up: to finally be in a particular place or situation 最终；最后.
- → He’ll land / end / finish up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that.
- land up / end up / finish up doing
  - → Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he landed up / ended up / finished up becoming a successful writer of detective stories.
→ I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
- as if /as though从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与末来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L4) It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L10) As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
  - → It looks as if it might rain.
  - 注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing的形式。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L21)‘Oh, that,’ he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
    - → Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)
    - → It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.
- stumble into … to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入 …
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes stumble into a nightmare country in dreams.
→ And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
- 连词as引导的方式状语从句中常省略主句中出现过的成分而只残存“as+ 状语”结构。
  - = → And, as there is nobody in sight to help me in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
  - → In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
    - = → In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
→ Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my dlirection.
- 全部倒装
  - 把全部谓语置于主语之前。
    - 1、表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动
    - 2、表语置于句首。
  - → …., there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, ….
    - = → …,a man on horseback appeared there on the horizon; …
- on horseback 骑着马的人, 骑着马的
  - a solidier on horseback
  - → They travelled over the mountains on horseback.
- in sb.’s direction
  - → Tony glanced in her direction and their eyes met.
ask / tell / show sb. the way to .. . 告诉某人去某地的路
- → He asked me the way to London.
- → Could you tell me the way to the station?
- → Could you please show me the way to the temple?
→ The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley had been submerged too.
not … but …. 不是, 而是

L58 A spot of bother

## words

composure /kəmˈpoʊʒər/ n.镇静, 沉着 [U]
- keep / maintain one’s composure
- lose one’s composure
- recover / regain one’s composure
- compose/collect v. 使安定, 使平静, 使镇静
  - compose / collect oneself 让自己平静下来
    - → He took a deep breath to compose / collect himself.
- composed / collected adj. 镇定的
  - → He appeared composed / collected despite the stress.
    - stress n. 压力
hinder /ˈhɪndər/ v. 妨碍, 阻碍
- hinder v. to make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 妨碍，阻碍
- 同义词
  - hinder
  - hamper
  - impede
- → Higher interest rates could hinder / hamper / impede economic growth.
- → Social unrest will hinder / hamper / impede economic development.
- 同义词
  - put sand in the wheels of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (往轮子里面扔沙子)
  - put obstacles in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (在路上设置障碍)
  - stand in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (站在路中间挡住了去路)
    - → (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
veritable /ˈverɪtəbl/ adj. 真正的，货真价实的
- veritable adj. a word used to emphasize a description of st.or sth. 真正的，货真价实的= real
- → The area is a veritable paradise for those who love walking and swimming.
- 字根 “ver” = true
  - very adj. 正是的
    - → He died in this very room. 他就是在这个房间去世的
    - → At that very moment the phone rang.
  - verify v. 证实, 核实
    - → His story has been verified by other witnesses.
      - witnesses n. 目击者; 证人
  - verdict n. (陪审团的) 裁决
    - → After a week the jury had still not reached a verdict.
  - veracity n. = truth 真实，真实性
    - → Some people questioned the veracity of her story.
magpie /ˈmæɡˌpaɪ/ n. 喜鹊；饶舌者；喜欢收藏物品的人
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L18) She had lived in the flat for 30 vears and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; …
  - hoard v. 聚积财富, 囤积货物
- 比喻用法
  - → He is a bear. (他是一个粗鲁的人)
  - → He is a beast. (他是一个野蛮的人)
  - → He is a fox. (他是一个狡猾的人)
  - → He is a snake. (他是一个阴险的人)
  - → He is a dark horse. (注意不要用 black horse)
  - → He is a lucky dog. (他是一个幸运的人)
  - → He is a big fish. (他是个大人物)
  - → He is a lame duck. (他是一个任期将满的总统或领袖)
  - → He is an old goat. (他是一个老色狼)
  - → He is an eager beaver. ( 他是一个勤奋努力且一心想出人头地的人)
    - beaver 海狸
    - eager adj. 热心的, 渴望的
toss /tɔːs/ v.抛掷，扔 ; 搅拌
- toss v. to throw sth., esp. sth. light, with a quick gentle movement of your hand 抛掷，扔 (比较轻的东西, 轻抛)
  - → She crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L19) …. it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- toss v. 搅拌
  - → Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
  - tossed green salad
  - → “Let’s go into the kitchen, and maybe you can help me set the table”
    - → “Sound’s good to me. What are we having?”
    - → “I prepared lamb chops, mashed potatoes, and a tossed green salad to begin with.”
    - → “Grandpa, you are a territic guy!”
- toss and turn 辗转反侧
  - → I was tossing and turning all night.
fussy /ˈfʌsi/ adj.神经过敏的，小题大做的; 挑剔的
- fussy adj. 1. nervously active or excited about small things (对小事）神经过敏的，小题大做的
  - fussy parents
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L27) The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, …
- fussy adj. 2. giving too much close attention to detail, etc. and therefore difficult to please 挑剔的
  - → A lot of small children are fussy eaters.
- 表示’‘挑剔的’’ 的同义词
  - be fussy / picky / choosy / particular about …
    - → He is very fussy / picky / choosy / particular about the clothes he buys.

## text 1

a spot of … = a small amount of … 少量的某物
- → Shall we stop for a spot of lunch? 要不我们停下来吃点午饭?
- a spot of bother = some trouble
  - → I’m having a spot of bother with my car / one of my teeth.
→ The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived.
- glad adj. 高兴的, 开心的
- block n. a large building divided into separate parts 大楼
  - block n. 街区
  - a block of flats 一栋公寓 (英式)
    - → (NCE2-29 P138-18) Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.
  - an office block 一个办公楼, 一个写字楼
  - an apartment block 一栋公寓楼 (美式)
tire vt. 使疲劳
grow linking-v.(系动词) become different quite slowly 慢慢变得
- 造句：我对英语的兴趣随着每一堂课慢慢增长。
  - → My interest in English grew stronger with every class of the course.
- 造句：他的自信心随着每一次取得的成功渐渐增长。
  - → His self-confidence grew greater with every success he achieved.
→ In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open.
- lift (BrE) =elevator (AmE) n. 电梯
- 中文中, 动词占有统治地位, 英文中, 名词占有统治地位
  - → In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest;
    - → In the lift she was thinking about lunch and a good rest. (动词写法)
    - one’s thoughts are / were on .. 正在想着某事, 思绪在某事上面
      - → On my way to the school, my thoughts were on the final examinations.
- in the + noun. 句中多作原因状语 (书面语)
  - = → …,both were forgotten because she suddenly discovered that ….
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief (=because they believe) that they may one day need just those very things.
→ She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, when she remembered that she had gone shopping after the home help had left and she knew that she had turned both keys in their locks.
- 主句如果出现进行时或者 be about to do , 后面的 when 要翻译成这时../突然… , 并且这种句型的主要信息在 when 从句里
- reprimand … (for …) 责备, 批评某人(上下级之间)
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-116) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L17) He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
  - → She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, …
- home help n. (BrE) someone who helps ill or old people in their homes with cleaning, cooking etc. 家务助手
- negligence n. [U]疏忽，粗心大意
  - → The accident was due to her negligence.
    - due to 由于
- 钥匙相关的搭配
  - 插钥匙进去
    - turn the key in the lock
    - insert the key in the lock
  - 钥匙拔出来
    - remove / take out the key from the lock
→ She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following her regular practice she had shut them before going out.
- hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
- follow one’s regular practice 按照某人通常的做法,
  - practice v. 练习, 习惯性的做法
  - → Following my regular practice I write once a month to my son in the States.
drawing room = living rome
- drawing room n. (formal or old-fashioned) a room in a large house in which people relax and guests are entertained 客厅，起居室
  - hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
  - living room / sitting room / drawing room 前两个较为常见, 客厅, 起居室
  - dining room 餐厅
  - kitchen 厨房
  - bathroom 浴室
  - guestroom 客房
  - study
  - bedroom 卧室
  - master bedroom 主卧
  - storeroom 储存室
  - attic / loft 阁楼
  - basement(可住人的) / cellar(地窖) 地下室
  - balcony 阳台
look into sth: investigate or examine sth.调查或仔细查看
- → I wrote a letter of complaint and the airline has promised to look into the matter.

## text 2

confusion n. mess; disorder; chaos 混乱
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
over adv. across a distance in a particular direction or at a location 在那边
- → He lives over in England.
as clear as day / daylight / crystal 像大白天一样清楚 = very clear
- → It was as clear as daylight then that ….
  - = → It was very clear then that … (不佳)
- 类似的比喻
  - as clear as mud 不明显(就像泥巴一样明显)
  - as dark as pitch 一片漆黑 (就像沥青一样黑)
  - as easy as ABC 非常简单 (就像 ABC 一样简单)
  - as switft as lightning 非常快 (迅捷的如闪电一般)
  - as cold as ice 很冷 (像冰一样冷)
  - as straight as an arrow 笔直 (像箭一样直)
  - as strong as a horse 像马一样强壮
  - as brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛
  - as cunning as a fox 像狐狸一样狡猾
  - as greedy as a wolf 像狼一样贪婪
  - as stubborn as a mule 像骡子一样倔
  - as poor as a church mouse 像教堂的老鼠一样穷
force an entry = break in 强行闯入
- → The police forced an entry into the building.
- → There is no signs of forced entry.
  - 强行闯入 forced an entry 当动词用
  - 强行的闯入 forced entry 当名词用
‘当她不在的时候’ 的表达
- while she was away. (不佳)
- in/during one’s absence. (佳, 使用名词做中心词)
  - absence n. 不在, 缺席
  - in/during the absence of sb.
- 某人在场的情况下
  - in one’s presence
  - in the presence of sb.
→ Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
- impulse n. 冲动
- 表示目的通常用 to do
  - one’s aim/purpose is to …. 某人的目的是去做某事
  - one’s dream is to …. 梦想是去做….
  - one’s plan is to ..
  - one’s hope / wish is to …
  - one’s advice / suggestion is to …
  - one’s first impulse / reaction is to ..
- prudent adj. sensible and careful, esp. by trying to avoid unnecessary risks 审慎的，明智的
  - prudent house buyers 明智的房屋购买者
  - it is prudent (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说是明智的
    - → It would be prudent to save some of the money.
    - → It might be prudent to get some expert advice first.
  - 反义：rash adj. 轻率的，魯莽的，不计后果的
    - → Don’t make rash promises.
    - → (NCE3-8 P42-L9) Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.
- have (got) sb. with you: if you have someone with you, they are present with you 某人与自己在一起
  - → Luckily I had a friend with me who spoke German.
- fetch sb. from sth. 从把某人接来，叫来或找来
  - → Would you mind going to fetch the kids from school?
  - → I have to fetch my mother from the railway station.
- porter n. 1. (BrE)= doorman (AmE) someone whose job is to take care of a building and be present at its entrance in order to help visitors 门房
  - porter n. 2. a person whose job is to carry things, especially traveler’s bags at railway stations, airports, etc. 脚夫，搬运工
    - → (NCE3-60 P268-L24) She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
→ By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
- by this time 截至到这个时候
- be beginning to do sth. 慢慢的开始, 逐渐开始
  - → It was beginning to get dark. 天色慢慢开始暗下来了
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L20) During the summer, l noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
    - wither vi. 枯萎
- tremble v. 颤抖
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
- strong adj. （饮料、酒等）浓的，烈性的
  - strong coffee / tea / beer ….
  - 反义：weak 淡的, 度数低的
    - weak coffee / tea / beer..
→ Then, her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter’s assistance to search for any intruders who might still be lurking in her flat.
- Her composure regained 写法
  - keep / maintain one’s composure 保持了镇定
  - lose one’s composure 失去了镇定
  - recover / regain one’s composure 恢复了镇定
  - 原本的写法:
    - → Then, her composure was regained, and she was ready to … 主次稍不分明
  - 独立主格写法
    - → Then, her composure regained, she was ready to ..
- 动身出发的表达
  - set off / out
    - → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  - start off / out
- intruder n. someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal sth. 非法入侵者（尤指为行窃）
  - → The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.
  - intrude v. to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs in an annoying and unwanted way 打扰，侵扰，千涉（隐私等）
    - → I don’t wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment?
    - → Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.
- lurk v. to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do sth. wrong 潜伏
  - → She didn’t see the figure lurking behind the bushes.

## text 3

→ They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the police in their search for fingerprints.
- go through sth.: to search sth. in order to find sth. in particular 搜寻
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The Officer went through the case with great care.
- the search for …
  - → Bad weather is hampering the search for survivors.
- in search of … = searching for …
  - → go in search of a cheap hotel
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L25) Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
→ She had lived in the flat for thirty years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; and it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- possess v. 拥有
→ At least sorting out the things she should have discarded years ago was now being made easier for her.
- sort out v. 从一堆东西中把某物挑出来
  - sort out: 1. to separate one type of thing from another 从….中挑出来
    - → I’ve sorted out the papers that can be thrown away.
  - sort out: 2. to arrange or organize sth. that is mixed up or untidy, so that it is ready to be used 将.……分类整理好
    - → We need to sort out our camping gear before we go away.
- should have done 应该做的却没有做 (情态动词完成时)
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L16) You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.
police inspector n. a police officer of middle rank 巡官
- constable n. a British police officer of the lowest rank 警察
tell sb. of sth. (fml.) describe an event to sb. 向某人讲述某事
- 比 tell sb. about sth. 更加文气和正式
- → He told us of his extraordinary childhood.
ransack v. to search a place, making it untidy and causing damage, usually because you are looking for sth. 洗劫
- → The house had been ransacked by burglars.
→ The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or entered over the balcony.
- while 做连词, 当某人在做 A 事的时候 , 另一个人在做 B 事
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L10) One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
- check v. make sure of sth. by examining or investigating it （用检查或调查的方法）印证、确认某事物
  - → Go and check (that) I’ve locked the windows.
- force / pick / break a lock 撬锁
- thereby adv. (fml.) with the result that sth. else happens 因此，由此 (五星级结果状语的精彩表达)
  - thereby doing sth.
    - → Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.
  - 替换
    - thus doing 从而, 因此 (完美替换)
      - thus adv. 如此, 因为
      - → They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness.
        
        dilute v. 加水稀释, 懈开
      - → The merchants began to import corn, thus forcing farmers to cut their prices.
- skeleton key / passkey 万能钥匙
→ There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
- bundle n. 包裹
  - bundle n. parcel, package 包裏
- trace n. a small sign that shows that sb. or sth. was present or existed 痕迹，踪迹，迹象
  - there is no trace of …
    - → There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.
- 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L14) I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey; but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
**entry (into ….)**进入（…..) (可以尝试用名词 entry 来表示进入)
- 造句：老师突然进来把孩子们吓了一跳。
  - → The children were surprised by the sudden entry of their teacher.
- 造句：天色昏暗，谁也没有注意到他们进入了军营。
  - → It was dark and their entry into the camp had gone unnoticed.
job n. (infml. (口语 )a crime, esp. stealing 作案，罪行 (活儿)
- an inside job 内部作案
- → He got six months for that last job he did.
→ The inspector then asked the old lady to try to check what was missing by the next day and advised her not to stay alone in the flat for a few nights.
→ The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, but since the porter agreed with him, she rang up her daughter and asked for her help in what she described as a little spot of bother.
- creature (esp. following an adjective) a person, considered in a particular way (尤其用于形容词后）有某种特点的人
  - creature n. 生物
  - a fussy / strange / pathetic … creature 一个小题大做的家伙/ 一个奇怪的家伙/ 一个可怜的家伙
- ring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 给某人打电话 (英式)
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L14) As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire-brigade.
  - 给某人打电话的表达
    - ring / phone sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (BrE) = call sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (AmE)
    - telephone / phone / call sb.
    - give sb. a call = give sb. a ring (BrE)
- help in sth. 在某方面的帮助
  - → Local teachers provided invaluable help in dealing with the problem.
    - invaluable adj. 非常珍贵的, 宝贵的
- describe … as …
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L2) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river’

L59 Collecting ⭐️

## words

amass /əˈmæs/ v. 积累，积聚
- → How had he amassed his fortune? 他是如何积累他的财富的?
  - fortune n. 财富
  - fortunate adj. 幸运的
- → For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
- 同义词
  - accumulate v. 积累, 积聚
    - accumulate knowledge / possessions 积累知识, 积累财富
    - → (NCE3-1 P14-44) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
  - collect / gather v. 积累, 积聚,
    - → Dust had collected / gathered on the window-sill.
    - → | didn’t know what to do with it, so it just sat there collecting / gathering dust.
      - collect dust 积灰
  - pile up / build up v. 越积越多
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
    - → He piled up / built up huge debts.
indiscriminate /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/ adj.不加选择的
- be indiscriminate in … 在某方面不加选择
  - → He is indiscriminate in his choice of friends.
- discriminate v. 区别, 分辨, 辨别
  - discriminate against … 歧视
    - discriminate against women
    - discriminate against ethnic minorities
      - ethnic adj. 民族的
      - minority n. 少数
- discrimination n. 分辨, 辨别; 歧视
  - racial discrimination 种族歧视
  - sexual discrimination 性别歧视
  - religiaus discrimination 宗教歧视
mania /ˈmeɪniə/ n. 狂熱，癖好；躁狂症
- mania = craze n. 狂热
  - soccer mania / craze
    - soccer n. 足球
  - fitness mania / craze 健身热潮
- maniac n. 狂热的人; 疯子, 狂人
- kleptomania 偷窃癖
  - kleptomaniac 偷窃狂
- pyromania 纵火癖
  - pyromaniac 纵火狂
- megalomania 自大癖
  - megalomaniac 自大狂
- dipsomania 酗酒癖
  - dipsomaniac 酗酒狂
- bibliomania 藏书癖
  - biblio- 书的
  - bibliomaniac 藏书狂
strong-minded adj.意志坚强的(褒义词)
- 同义词
  - iron-willed adj.意志坚强的 (钢铁般的意志的) (褒义词)
    - will n. 意志, 自制力, 毅力
  - resolute adj. 坚定的, 坚决的(褒义词)
  - determined adj. 坚定的, 坚决的, 已下定决心的(褒义词)
- 同义但贬义的词
  - stubborn adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
  - obstinate adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
- 反义词
  - hesitant adj. 犹豫不决的, 迟疑的
verify /ˈverɪfaɪ/ v.证实，核实
- ver- 字头表示真正的,真实的
  - verify data / details 核实数据/核实细节
- testify v. 出庭作证
  - testity against sb. / in favor of sb.
- justify v. 证明…是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 结果是证明手段是合理的
contented /kənˈtentɪd/ both satisfy and happy adj. 心满意足的
- a contented heart 一颗满足的心
- a contented smile 一个满足的微笑
- → Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
- content adj. 满足的, 满意的 (只能做表语, 不能做定语)
  - be content with …
    - → He is content with his present job.
  - be content to do …
    - → He is content to stay in his present job.

## text 1

collecting n. 收藏这种行为
- collection n. 收藏品, 藏品; 收集品
tend v. 倾向于, 易于, 往往会 ….
- tend to do
  - = have a tendency to do 有…的趋势
  - = **be inclined to do ** 倾向于做某事
  - = be apt to do 倾向于做某事
    - apt adj. 易于…., 有…的倾向
- intend to do 打算做某事
  - = mean to do 打算做某事
  - = be going to do
  - = plan to do
  - = have every intention of doing 打算做某事, 有意要做某事
    - have no intention of doing 无意做某事
      - → (NCE3-28 P134-L9) I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
amass possessions 积累财富
- = accumulate belongings
  - belongings 动产
aware = conscious adj. 意识到的
- … without being conscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
- = …without knowing so.
- = … without realizing so.
- = … (being) unaware / unconscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- 造句：人们变老时往往睡得更少，有时候自己都没有意识到。
  - → People tend to sleep less when they get older, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
→ Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned.
- delightful surprise 惊喜交加的感觉 (又惊又喜)
  - 一种情绪的形容词可以修饰另一种情绪的名词
    - painful joy 痛苦的欢乐 (苦乐交织)
    - sweet sorrow 甜蜜的忧伤
    - hating love 爱恨交织的情绪
    - mixed feelings / emotions 杂糅的情绪
→ Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter.
- clutter 废品, 破烂货 = junk
- move house / home 搬家 (BrE)
  - → We’re moving house / home next week.
  - move (AmE) 搬家
    - → We’re moving next week.
  - move to … 搬家到某地
    - → We’re moving to Shanghai.
  - move in / move out 搬进来, 搬出去
    - → They ve bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
    - → Her landlord has given her a week to move out.
- described as … 的同义表达
  - be called …
  - be regarded as …
  - be classified as … 被归为…一类
  - be branded as …. 被打上 …. 的烙印 (贬义)
→ They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one dav need iust those very things.
- drawer n. 抽屉
- cupboard n. 橱柜
- attic 阁楼
- unwanted: undesirable / unwelcome 不想要的, 不受欢迎的, 要抛弃的
- in the belief that… = because they believe that …
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated the best things that life has to offer.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able fo grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - 造句：他每天都吃维生素药丸，相信这样对健康有好处。
    - → He takes vitamin pills every day in the belief that they may benefit his health.
  - 造句：他给这个女孩子写了一封又一封信希望能赢得芳心。
    - → He wrote to the girl one letter after another in the hope of winning her heart.
just adv. 正是 / very adj. 正是
- → He is just the man wanted by the police.
- → He is the very man wanted by the police.
- → He is just the very man wanted by the police.
→ As they grow old, people also aaccumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.
- lack v. 缺少
- sentiment n. 感情
  - sentiment n. [U] (usu. derog.) tender feelings of pity, nostalgia, etc. which may be exaggerated or wrongly directed (contrasted esp. with reason) (对怜悯、怀日等的）情感，多愁善感，感情用事（尤与理智相对）(通常用作贬义用法)
    - → There’s no room for sentiment in business.
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L5) She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
- “名词＋介词＋关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句
  - → He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.
  - → She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuable find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read
→ Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.
- … full of connections with the past, …
- relative 亲戚
  - a close relative 一位近亲
  - a distant relative 一位远亲
  - a direct / straight relative 一位直系亲属
  - a blood relative 一位血亲
  - 亲 : 父亲一系
  - 戚: 母亲一系
  - one’s own flesh and blood 某人的亲骨肉
    - flesh n. 肉, 人肉
- nostalgia v. 怀旧
- and so = and therefore (习语搭配)
  - → Gold Coast has an ideal climate, and so it is not surprising that it has become a tourist paradise.
- appreciate v. 增值; 欣赏
  - → The value of our house has appreciated by 50%.
- depreciate v. 贬值
  - → The value of our house has depreciated by 50%.

## text 2

deliberately adv. 有意地, 故意地 (L27)
- intentionally adv. 有意地
- on purpose 故意地
- 反义词 - 偶然地
  - accidentally adv. 偶然地
  - by accident
  - by chance
in an attempt to ….. = in order to … 为了做某事, 目的是…
- attempt v. 企图,
- → They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city. 他们关闭了这条路, 目的是为了减少交通堵塞
→ Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened, to save buying these two requisites.
- brown paper n. 牛皮纸
- string n. 细线
- list v. 列数
  - list one’s faults 列举某人的过失
  - list one’s achievements 列举某人的成就
- save = avoid
  - save sth./doing
    - → Setting down clear rules from the start will save arguments later on. 从一开始就制定好明确的规章制度, 避免日后起冲突
    - → A stitch in time saves nine. 及时的缝一针, 避免之后缝九针
  - save sb. sth./doing sth.
    - → f you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
    - → If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-L15) They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.
→ I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money.
- sketch n. 素描
- model clothes 时装 (模特穿的衣服)
- know 表示认识一个人
  - 听说过的表达
    - know of / about ..
    - hear of / about …
    - learn of / about ..
      - → (NCE3-17 P78-L1) Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
- …. if she could afford them.
  - • if she could afford such purchases.
→ As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
- chances that … / of … are remote/ slight / slim / small 可能性很小/渺茫
  - chances that… / of … are high / good 可能性很高
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L17) The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
  - there is little chance of … 几乎没有可能性
    - → There is little chance of her being able to afford such purchases.
- strong-minded enough 足够意志坚强的
- practice n. 常规, 惯例
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
→ It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it, loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.
- litter(up)….
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L23) The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower.
- in all directions 向四面八方

## text 3

quite different 截然不同
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L12) In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
leisure hours 闲暇时间
- leisure time 闲暇时间
house v. 收容, 给房子住; 储存
- → The refugees have been fed, clothed and housed by welfare organizations around the world.
- → The Palace Museum houses the biggest collection of antiques in China.
  - antique adj. 古代的 n. 古董
→ Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of books china glass, antique furniture, pictures, model cars. stuffed birds. toy animals, there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the riaht place for the latest addition. to veritying facts in reference books.
- sutffed birds 鸟类标本
- addition n. 加, 附加
- consist of 由…组成
  - be made up of … 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is made up of, ….
  - be composed of …. 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is composed of, …
  - comprise 由…组成
    - → Whatever it comprises, …..
- in connection with … 关于… = about …
  - concerning … 关于…
  - respecting .. 关于…
  - regarding … 关于…
  - relating to .. 关于…
    - → I am writing to you in connection with your job application.
- reference book 参考书
  - bibliography 参考书目
    - biblio- 书
→ This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- have… bearing on .. 与…有关
  - → Exercise has a direct bearing on how healthy you’are. 锻炼和身体健康是有直接关系的
  - → His private life has no bearing on his competence as a manager.
  - 同义搭配
    - … which have some connection with it.
    - … which have some relationship with it.
meet v. get to know, get acquainted with 结识….
- → I’d like you to meet one of my best friends, Peter.
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food …
compare notes (with sb) exchange ideas or opinions 交换意见、交换观点、交流心得
- → We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.
article = item 件数
show off 卖弄, 炫耀
- → She raised her wrist, showing off a sparkling diamond bracelet. 她扬起了手腕子, 在炫耀一个金光闪闪的钻石手镯
find n. 发现的有价值的东西或人
- → My new secretary was a marvelous find.
- → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuabie find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
circle n. 圈子, 界
- in political circles 在政界
- in legal circles 在法律界
- in literary circles 在文学界
→ Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
- in search of :searching for … 寻找
  - → Scientists are in search of a cure for thie disease.
→ Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little catherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.
- may / might / could well : used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true 可能
  - → What you say may well be true.
  - → You could try the drugstore, but it might well be cosed by now.
    - drugstore n. 药妆店
- → Yuan Longping is a leading authority on hybrid rice.
- gathering n. a group of people meeting together 人群，聚会 (小范围的)
  - a social / family gathering
  - a gathering of religious leaders
- → Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if (he is) successful, to larger audiences.
- audience n. [C] 受众群
→ In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a surbject, then from being able to talk about it.
→ Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.

L60 Too early and too late ⭐️

## words

punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈæləti/ n.守时, 准时
- → Punctuality is the soul of business. 准时是做生意的灵魂 (谚语)
- → Procrastination is the thief of time. 拖延是时间的窃贼
  - procrastination n. 拖延, 延迟
- punctual adj. 守时的
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L1) We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.
- punctually adv. 守时地
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 15) Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening.
- “punct” = point
  - punctual
  - punctually
  - punctuality
  - puncture v. 刺破,
    - → A nail punctured our tyre(英) / tire.
      - nail n. 钉子
      - tire n. 轮胎
    - → a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 一个没气的车胎
  - acupuncture n. 针灸
  - punctuate v. 加标点符号
    - → The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
rural /ˈrʊrəl/ adj. 农村的 (中性词)
- rural adj. connected with or like the countryside 农村的
- rural areas / accents 农村地区/农村口音
- → (NCE3-60 P268-L3) Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- pastoral adj. showing country life or the countryside, especially in a romantic way 田园的 (褒义词)
  - a pastoral scene / poem / painting 一副田园风光/一首田园诗/一副田园画
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L11) This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
    - idyllic adj. 田园诗般的, 牧歌的
- urban adj. 城市的
- suburban adj. 郊区的
- metropolitan adj. 大城市的
- metropolis n. 大城市, 大都会
- cosmopolitan adj. 国际性大城市的
- cosmopolis n. 国际性大城市
intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ n. 知识分子; adj. 智力的
- intellectual development 智力发展
- intelligent adj. 聪明的, 高智商的
  - intelligent being 智慧生物
    - being 活物, 活的东西
- mental adj. 脑力上的
  - mental work
- spiritual adj. 精神方面的
  - spiritual civilization 精神文明
reproach /rɪˈproʊtʃ/ v. 责备 (应该做的事情没有做 for failling to do sth.)
- reproach v. criticize sb. or oneself, esp. for failing to do sth. 责备
- reproach sb. for sth.
  - → The General was reproached by his allies for failing to inform them of his plans.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L8) But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
- criticize sb. for sth. 一般的批评
- censure sb. for sth. 严厉的批评某人(话说的很重)
- reprimand/rebuke sb. for sth. 上级批评下属
- accuse sb. of sth. 气氛的批评
- scold sb. for sth. 大人批评小孩, 长辈批评晚辈
- blame sb. for sth. / blame sth. on sb. 归咎于某人, 强调是某人的责任
- condemn A for/as B 谴责
fraction /ˈfrækʃn/ n. 分数(e.g. 1/2); 一小部分, 些微
- a fraction of … …的一小部分
  - → I bought these shoes at a fraction of its original price.
- a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch… 不到一秒钟/ 一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering. 她犹豫了不到一秒钟
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L16) if you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- 大多数的表达
  - a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例对于….
    - proportion 比例
    - a small / tiny proportion of …. 一个比较低的比例
  - a high / large percentage of .. 一个很高的百分比
    - a small / tiny percentage of ..

## text 1

public affairs n. issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc. that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务
- affair n. 事情, 事务
→ Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world.
造句：礼节 (politeness / courtesy) 是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。
- → Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
→ Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
- without it 动词短语当条件状语来用
  - =→ If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L2) Without it we could not make a living.
    - = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- ever 从来
  - → Nothing ever seems to upset him. 从来没有任何事情能让他沮丧的
- bring sth. to a conclusion 使结束
  - conclusion 结束(在这个搭配里一定是结束);结论
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences— most of them wildly improbable.
  - 得出结论
    - draw / come to / reach a conclusion
  - 考研真题
    - This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
      - trend n. 趋势, 潮流
      - 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
- chaos: disorder; mess; confusion
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-421) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
  - in (a state of) chaos 处于一片混乱 (状态)
  - 造句：在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。
    - In the absence of their teacher, the class was in a state of chaos.
→ Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- 部分倒装
- sparsely / thinly populated 人口稀少的
  - densely / thickly populated 人口稠密的
- disregard v. 忽视, 没有意识到
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
living n. 1. 生计
- make / earn a living 维持生计, 谋生
- 2.生活；生活方式
  - plain / luxurious living 简朴的生活/奢侈的生活
  - the art of living 生活的艺术
tolerance n. 宽容
- → There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality.
  - brutality n. 暴行, 野蛮
如果英译汉不通顺, 可以考虑
- 名词换动词
- 被动换主动
- 无灵主语换人称主语
→ The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.
- 单数名词前加 the 表示类指, 指代一类人
- abstruse adj. 深奥的, 难以理解的
  - abstract adj. 抽象的
  - abstruse adj difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的
- work on sth./ doing 致力于.……. , 努力去做, 努力去完成
  - → John is still working on the new book.
  - → The couple need to work on improving their relationship.
- have sth. done
  - 1.请某人做某事 (esp. 付报酬的)
    - → I’m going to have my hair cut.
  - 2.不幸的某种经历
    - → He had his watch stolen.
  - 3.自己去做某事( 本文)
    - → (NCE2-66 P300-L6) By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.
- the job / task / matter in hand 手头的工作/手头的任务/手头的事情
  - → Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
  - → As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once. 因为手头的工作很紧急, 所以我们立刻就开始处理了
  - hand 相关的习语搭配
    - → I always keep a dictionary close at hand 我在手边常备一本字典
    - → My birthday is near at hand. 某个日子快到了(at)
    - → The signature must be made by hand. 用手
    - → They are always on hand whenever you need them.
      - on hand 有空; 有时间 = free/avaliable
    - → I can’t remember his phone number off hand.
      - off hand 立即 , 立刻
→ He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.
- 状语从句的省略
  - → Matals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled
  - → Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri
    - Jr. = junior 小…. (父子同名)
      - senior 老… (父子同名)
    - practice v. 拿着执照在工作
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L5) Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-11) While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
  - 如果状语从句的主语是虚主语 it, 这个时候即便和主句的主语不统一, 也可以把it 和其后的 be 动词一起省略
    - → We’ll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.
- cut things fine 时间不留余地，掐钟点 (习语搭配)
  - → He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
→ It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.
- be / feel tempted to do 很想….
  - tempt v. 诱惑, 引诱
    - → I feel tempted to take a day off . 我想请一天假
      - take sometime off 请一天假
    - → Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her to do so.
- set out to do : begin a job, task, etc • with a particular aim or goal 带着目的去做某事
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L9) The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L8) Dmitri at once set out to find the thief.
- appointment n. 约会(会面, 通常是公务)
  - have an appointment 有约
  - make an appointment 订约
  - keep an appointment 赴约
  - cancel an appointment 取消约会
  - break an appointment 爽约
→ If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of tratfic. surdden descent of fog, they will be on time.
- tire (车胎, 美) / tyre (车胎, 英)
  - a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 没气的车胎
- diversion n. 交通改道
  - diversion n. (BrE)=detour (AmE)a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are closed （交通）改道
  - → They turned back because of traffic diversions.
- fog n. 雾
- descent n. 下降, 下雾
  - come down / descend 下雾
    - → A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon.
  - 雾散8
    - lift / clear / disperse
      - → The fog had lift / clear / disperse by late morning.
the + adj. 表示一类人
- the poor
be a trial to sb. 令某人头疼讨厌
- → She was a trial to her parents when she was younger.
as much as … 和…… 一样：就等于……
- → That is as much as to say l am a liar.
  - liar n. 骗子
- → I hope you have as much fun as I did.
- → He is as much a bore as his father.
  - bore v. 使厌烦, 烦扰 n. 使人厌烦的人或事
- → She is as much a beauty as her mother.
….too early / soon 早了 …..
→ He arrived ten minutes too early. 他早来了十分钟
…too late 晚了⋯
- → He arrived ten minutes too late.
nuisance n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌的人或事
- → Idon’t want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
→ The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
- 动词不定式做表语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉 “to”
  - → All l have to do is dream.
  - → The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.
  - → All I wanted was to help him.
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L2) The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.
  - 动词不定式做”except / but“的宾语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉"to”
    - → They did nothing but / except complain.
    - → I’ve done everything you wanted but / except make the beds.
      - make the beds 叠被子
    - → We have no choice but / except to wait here.

## text 2

→ If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- catch a train / bus / plane 赶火车/赶巴士/赶飞机
- **a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch…**不到一秒钟 /一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
→ Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if vou miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
- → Although being early may mean wasting a litle time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; …
  - than 后面跟从句
    - → He’s never more annoying than when he’s trying to help.
      - → He’s never more annoying than (he is) when he’s trying to help.
    - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.
      - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the bad news.
- pull / draw out of the station 出站
  - pull / draw in / into the station 进站
    - → The train slowly drew in / drew into the station.
→ And even a harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.
- 动词不定式做表语
- in good time (for sth.) (BrE): 早早就 …
  - in time 及时
  - in good time 不仅及时, 而且早早就….
    - → There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time.
    - → He arrived in good time for dinner.
- betall (befell befallen) = overtake / happen to 不幸的事降临到….
  - → A great misfortune befell him.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.

## text 3

→ She entered the station 20 minutes betore the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that twould be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two ioureys to meet her.
- due: adj. 到期的，到时间的
  - → When is your baby due? 您的孩子什么时候生?
  - → The train is due (in) at 8:00.
  - 听力题
    - M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
    - W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.
    - Q: What does the woman imply?
    - Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
- impress sth. on / upon sb. 让某人铭记某事
  - → Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
  - → I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life.
- cause sb. to do 使得某人做某事
- make a journey 到某地去
→ She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
- feel for … 摸着找….
  - → She felt in her bag for a pencil.
  - → I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
→ He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take On mail, not passengers.
- 两个并排的宾语从句
- take on … 上（货/乘客等）
  - → The bus stopped to take on more passengers.
  - → The ship took on more fuel here.
- mail 不可数
→ The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
- timetable/schedule 时刻表
  - train / reailway(英) / railroad(美) timetable / schedule
  - college / school timetable / schedule
  - exam / examination timetable / schedule
→ The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic ‘o’ beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little ‘o’ indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
- produce v. 拿出来, 出示
- do sth. with a flourish 为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事
  - → The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
→ The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard’s van.
- van 车厢
- slip into 溜进去
break / violate rules 违反规章制度
- ignore / disregard rules 漠视规则
- make / formulate / establish / lay down rules 制定规章制度
- obey / comply with / abide by / observe rules 遵守规章制度
leave sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ behind 留下（不带走）
- → Don’t leave me behind! 别留下我

NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part E (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L50 New Year resolutions ⭐️

## words

formidable /ˈfɔːrmɪdəbl/ adj.令人望而生畏的
- = awesome
- a/an formidable/awesome task/challenge
- 形近字
  - forbidding adj.不友好的，冷冰冰的
    - a forbidding appearance / place
      - appearance 外表
inveterate /ɪnˈvetərət/ adj.根深蒂固的，积习难改的 (贬义词)
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler /liar 老烟鬼/老酒鬼/老赌棍/一个撒谎成性的人
- inveterate hatred / prejudice / distrust 根深蒂固的仇恨 / 根深蒂固的偏见 / 深深的不信任
- 同义词
  - deep-seated adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
  - deep-rooted adj. 根深蒂固的 (修饰事物) (中性词)
    - a deep-seated/deep-rooted bad habit / faith in god
      - faith n. 信心, 信仰
  - die hard adj. 积习难改的
    - Old habits die hard .
assiduously /ə’sidʒuəsli/ adv. 刻苦地
- assiduous adj. 刻苦的
  - an assiduous student / researcher
  - “sid” / “sed” = sit
    - sedulous adj. 勤奋的
    - insidious adj. 暗中危害的
      - → (NCE3-47 P216-L15) However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
    - preside v. 主持;掌管
      - → (NCE3-49 P224-L11) Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished.
    - president n. 总统; 主席
    - presidency n. 总统的职位
    - reside v. 居住, 定居
    - resident n. 居民
    - residence n. 住宅
    - consider v. 考虑
    - considerate adj. 体贴的
    - consideration n. 体贴
    - sedate adj. 沉着的
    - sedative n. 镇静
    - sediment n. 沉淀物
    - subside v. 平息, 强度减弱
      - → I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me subsides.
    - subsidy n. 补助, 津贴
    - subsidiary adj. 附带的, 附属的,
betray /bɪˈtreɪ/ v. 背叛；无意中暴露
- betray v. 1. 背叛
  - Judas betraved Jesus.
  - betray one’s beliefs / principles
- betray v. 2. 无意中暴露
  - → Her voice betrayed her nervousness.
- betraval n. 背叛
  - → Forgetting history means betrayal.
- cheat on sb. 背叛, 劈腿(背叛了自己的伴侣)
  - → He cheated on his wife.
- desert v. 当逃避(背叛了自己的部队)
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L16) As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment.
- be loyal / disloyal to .. 对某人忠诚的/ 对某人不忠诚的
- betrayer / traitor / Judas n. 叛徒
  - → You Judas!
good-humoredly adv. 心情好地
- good-humored adj. 好心情的
- ill-humored adj. 坏心情的
- humor = mood n. 心情, 情绪
  - → He is in a good / a bad / an ill humor.
- blood / choler / phlegm / melancholy 多血质(开朗, 积极)/ 黄胆汁质(脸色偏黄, 暴躁易怒)/ 粘液质(性格冷漠, 冷淡) / 黑胆汁质 (忧郁的, 悲伤的)

## text 1

New Year(’s) resolutions 新年的决心
- resolution n. 决心; 决意
- → “Have you made any New Year’s resolutions?” my es, I’m going to eat more healthily and give up smoking.”
- UN resolution
It’s time for sth. 该做某事的时候
- → It’s time for school / dinner / bed.
- It’s time to do sth.
  - → It’s time to get up.
- It’s (high / about) time (that)…. （虚拟） 早该做某事了 (一般过去式)
  - It’s time (that) 是时候该做某事了
  - → It’s (high / about) time (that) we went home.
  - 真题
    - → It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ____ ?
      - (A) we are going home (B) we go home (C) we went home (D) we can go home
    - → If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ___ my head in my hands for a cry.
      - (A) bury (B) am burying (C) buried (D) would bury
        
        bury vt. 埋葬, 沉溺于
        
        bury my head in my hand for a cry 掩面痛哭
memtally: at heart 在心里
compile a list: make a list
- compile v. 编辑 = edit
dos and don’ts 该做的和不该做的事
- 两个非名词的反义词, 当作名词用复数放到一块, 这是一种特殊的构词法
- likes and dislikes 喜欢的和不喜欢的
- ups and downs 沉浮, 起起落落
- highs and lows 兴衰
- ins and outs 来龙去脉
same old … 熟悉的, 司空见惯的 (贬义)
- → It’s the same old story. 还是老问题
- → It’s the same old excuse. 还是老借口
- → It’s the same old faces at the meeting. 还是老面孔
- → “How are you doing?” “Same old.”
occur 发生
- recur 重复发生
year in year out 年复一年
- = year after year
- day in day out = day after day 日复一日的
- week in week out = week after week 周复一周的
- month in month out = month after month 月复一月的
with monotonous regularity 老是发生
- monotonous adj. 单调的
- regularity n. 规律
- → The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity. 小男孩总尿床
- → History repeats itself with monotonous regularity. 历史总是在不停的重复
造句：这个老问题总是日复一日地重复出现。
- → The same old story recurs day in day out with monotonous regularity.
→ We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don’t like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day.
- resolve /rɪˈzɑːlv/ v. 决定, 决心
  - resolve to do 决心做某事
    - 同义搭配
      - decide to do 决定做某事
      - make up one’s mind to do ..
      - make a decision to do ..
      - determine / resolve to do … (书面)
        
        → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
      - be resolved / determined to do ..
  - solve vt. 解决
- a hundred / thousand / million and one = very many
- 家务活
  - housework
  - household chores
    - chore n. 家庭杂务
    - → I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
  - 洗衣服
    - do the laundry / washing
  - 洗碗
    - do / wash the dishes = do the washing-up
- 遛狗
  - take the dog for a walk
  - walk the dog
    - walk 散步
experience n. 经验[U] 经历[C] v. 经历
be beyond sth. 无法……；不容….. (后接事物)
- → The car is beyond repair. 这车没法修
- → The rumor is beyond belief. 这谣言无法相信
- → The situation is bevond my control. 情况意见无法控制
- → The results are beyond dispute / controversy. 这些结果无可争辩
  - dispute v. 争论争辩
  - controversy v. 争论争辩
- → Her beauty is beyond words / description. 她的美丽无法形容
- → His conduct is beyond reproach / criticism. 他的行为无可指摘
  - reproach v. 批评
  - criticism v. 批评
- → The pain is beyond human endurance. 这个疼痛人类无法忍受
- → Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams. 和你一起工作是我最狂野的梦也无法梦到的
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L1) We might say that justice has been done when a man’s innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt.
- be beyond sb. = be a mystery to sb. 是某人无法理解的
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-114) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L29) It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

## text 2

→ If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure.
- result from … 由… 产生的, 由…导致….
  - result from … = be caused by …
  - result in … = cause … 导致了….
- an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler 一个积习难改的抽烟者/喝酒者/赌博者
- old friend 老朋友
- regular(口) / patron(书面) 老顾客
- hardened smuggler 老牌走私犯
- maidservant 女仆
- 原因是 …
  - it is because … (T)
  - the reason is that … (T)
  - The reason is because … (X)
  - …, the only reason is that …
→ Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- fail to do 未能做成某事
  - fail in one’s efforts / attempts at … / to do 努力尝试做某事但是未能成功
    - effort 倾向于表示努力, attempt 倾向于表示尝试
  - 造句：Lathama 试图驾机飞跃英吉利海峡，但没有成功。
    - → Latham failed in his efforts / attempts to fly across the English Channel.
  - 造句：考古学家试图要确认被修复的女神像的身份，但没有成功。
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts to discover the identity of the reconstructed statue.
    - → The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts at the identification of the reconstructed statue.
- scheme n. 1. 计划，方案;2.阴谋诡计
  - schemes and intrigues 阴谋诡计
- 没时间做某事
  - never / not get round(英) / around(美) to sth. / doing
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L18) It had broken down the previous summer, and though I promised to repair it, l had never got round to it.
- **carry sth.= out ** 执行，实施
  - → We carried out her instructions precisely.
    - instruction n. 命令, 指示
    - precisely adv. 精确地
→ We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways.
- fundamental adj. 根本性的
  - fundamental error / mistake 根本性的错误
  - fundamental change / difference 根本性的改变, 根本性的区别
  - make the fundamental error of doing sth. 犯了做某事时的根本性的错误
  - 造句：他犯了轻政这个根本性的错误。
    - → He made the fundamental error of despising his enemy.
- so(that)作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以” 从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引号目的状语从句，译为 “以便”= in order that …，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should, would 等。
    - → (NCE3-43 P200-L10) It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair.
    - → (NCE3-57 P256-L7) In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve.
- slip v. 滑
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L10) He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
  - slip into … to gradually start to be in a bad state or situation 渐渐陷入某种不良状态
    - slip into debt / unconsciousness .. 慢慢陷入了债务之中/慢慢陷入了昏迷的状态
      - → He had begun to slip into debt.
      - → She slipped into unconsciousness aand died the next day. 她陷入了昏迷, 并在次日过世
aware of sth. 知道, 了解, 意识到
pitfall n. a likely mistake or problem in a situation 易犯的错误，易出现的问题, 陷阱
- the potential pitfalls of buying a house
  - potential adj. 潜在的, n. 潜力
keep sth. to oneself 保密
- = keep sth. secret
- → I keep my love for Helen to myself. 我把我对海伦的爱保密在我自己这里 (我没有跟任何人说我对海伦的爱)
limit oneself to sth. 给某人限定.…
- → I limit myself to 2 glasses of beer a day.
- → She limits herself to 1,000 calories a day to lose weight.
modest adj. 适度的(指物) 谦虚的(指人)
ambition n. 野心,雄心 v. 追求
do (physical) exercises 锻炼身体
- physical adj. 身体的; 物质的
- exercises n. 练习, v. 练习, 运动
of an evening / of a weekend(英式用法) = in the evenings / at weekends 在晚上,在周末
→ An all-night party on New Year’s Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.
- Eve 重要日期的前一天; 重要日期的前一夜
  - on … Eve
- provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物
- excuse n. 借口
  - an excuse for (doing) sth. 一个做某事的借口
- sth. provide sb. with a good excuse for (doing) sth. 某物提供给某人一个好借口
  - 造句：突然得病使他有借口没有参加会议。
    - → A sudden illness provided him with a good excuse for not attending the meeting.
    - 突然得病 a sudden illness
  - 造句：漫长辛苦的旅程使我有借口很早去睡觉。
    - → A long and arduous journey provided me with a good excuse for going to bed early.
  - 以某事为借口
    - plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity
- either of … 两个中任何一个…
  - each of…. 三个以上中任何一个…
  - neither of … 两个都不….
  - none of … 三个以上都不…
  - both of … 两个都….
  - all of … 三个以上都….
- apply oneself to sth. = work hard at sth. 认真勤奋的做某事
  - 造句：近来我一直在努力地学习英语。
    - → Recently I have been applying myself assiduously to studying English.

## text 3

→ The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up.
- propose v. (fml.) 求婚; 建议; 打算
  - propose v. (fml.) to intend to do something 打算
    - propose to do sth.
      - → How do you propose to deal with the situation?
    - propose doing sth.
      - → How do you propose getting home?
→ The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable.
- self-discipline n. 自制力
- drag v. 拽
- considerable adj. 可观的
- 造句：连续数年 (for years on end)每天早晨锻炼身体需要很强的自制力。
  - → The self-discipline required to do physical exercises every moring for years on end is considerable.
nevertheless conj. 尽管如此, 然而
- 同义搭配
  - nevertheless / nonetheless / still / all the same / just the same 尽管如此，还是….
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L13)“You certainly did give me a surprise! said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.'
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走; 趴着走
- → (NCE3-56 P252-L18) One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
→ After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition.
- about / around adv. 各处，到处
  - → (NCE3-8 P42-112) As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
- twist v. 转动，扭曲，缠绕
  - twist…into…. 把…扭曲, 缠绕成…
    - → We twisted the bed sheets into a rope and escaped by climbing down it.
      - bed sheet 床单
        
        sheet n. 被单
- carpet n. 地毯
- human frame 人的躯干
  - frame n. 框架
  - frame n. human or animal body （人或动物的）身体 (a.k.a. 人框)
    - Sobs shook her slender frame. 她抽泣着，苗条的身体都在颤动.
      - sob v. 抽泣
      - slender 苗条的
      - shook shake 的过去式
- position n. 姿势, 位置,
- exhausted condition 精疲力尽的状态
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-19) Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
    - exhausted adj. 精疲力尽的
→ It was this that betrayed me.
- betray v. 暴露, 显露
troop v. to walk somewhere together as a group 成群结队而行
unsettling adj. = disturbing 令人不安的
- unsettle v. = disturb 令人不安
fend sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ off 挡开,躲避开, 抵御住
嘲笑
- taunt n. 嘲笑
- jibe /gibe n. 嘲笑
- 两个同义词连用来加强语气
  - taunts and jibes
  - aches and pains
  - schemes and intrigues
  - hustle and bustle
wane v. 逐渐变小, 变弱
- wax and wane 月亮的圆缺(月满和月亏)
  - → Dynasties waxed and waned throughout the history.
    - dynasties n. 朝代
- ebb(away) 退潮
  - flow 涨潮
  - ebb and flow 潮水的涨落 (ebb 短一些所以放前面)
  - ebb away 退去
- subside v. 退去, 逐渐变小
- → However, my enthusiasm ebbed (away) / subsided.
  - enthusiasm n. 热情, 热心

## text 4

gradually adv. 逐渐地
- 同义词替换
  - gradually / slowly / Iittle by little / bit by bit / by degrees adv. 逐渐地
diminish: reduce / decrease v. 下降
fall/drop to … 下降到
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L13) The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.
- plunge / dive to … 暴跌
be back to where … start from 前功尽弃
- bring … back to where … start from 使……前功尽弃
- 造句：一个根本性的错误使我们前功尽弃。
  - → A fundamental error brought us back to where we had started from.
- pick up where we left off 从中断的地方继续(习语搭配)
  - → After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
  - Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that , I’m so happy you’re going to be here.
  - Janice: Oh, me too
  - Chandler: Because … that way .. we can pick up where we left off.
  - Janice: Huh?
  - Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
→ l argued that if l spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when l got home from work.
- argu v. 争辩说
- fresh adj. 精神饱满
  - → (NCE3-44 P204-L28) However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
- keep one’s mind fresh 让某人保持精神饱满
  - → A cup of coffee will keep your mind fresh in class.
→ Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book.
- resist v. 抵御, 抵制
- hypnotize v. 催眠
- glue vt. 粘住 & n. 胶水
  - be glued to sth. 全神贯注于….
    - → We were glued to the television watching the election results.
- 造句：抵制着去睡觉的诱惑，我坐在书房全神贯注地看《新概念英语》。
  - → Resisting the temptation to go to bed, I sat in my study with my eyes glued to ‘New Concept English’.
→ One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read.
- pretend v. 假装
→ That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
- be one’s undoing 是某人失败的原因
  - → Slack defense was the team’s undoing. 松懈的防守是这个团队失败的原因
  - prove to be one’s undoing 被证明是某人失败的原因
  - 造句：缺乏经验被证明是他失败的原因。
    - → Lack of experience proved to be his undoing.
  - downfall n. 1. 垮台
    - → Greed led to his downfall.
      - greed 贪婪
    - → (NCE3-36 P166-L5) A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero’s downfall.
    - downfall n. 2. 失败，垮台的原因
      - be one’s downfall
      - → His vanity was his downfall. 他的虚荣是他垮台的原因
        
        vanity n. 虚荣
    - prove to be one’s downfall 证明是某人失败的原因
      - → An addiction to gambling proved to be her downfall 赌博上瘾被证明是他失败的原因
- doze off / nod off 打瞌睡 (顶不住, 所以白天睡一会儿)
  - take / have a nap 小憩一会儿 (主动的的白天睡一会儿)
    - → I usually take a nap after lunch.
entitle 名字叫做
get round / around to sth. / doing 有时间做某事
- → …, but I have never got round / gotten around to reading it.

L51 Predicting the future

## words

notoriously /noʊˈtɔːriəsli/ adv 臭名昭著地， (坏事）众所周知地
- notorious = infamous adj. famous or well-known for something bad 臭名昭著的,(坏事) 众所周知的
- a notorious criminal / area / bend in the road 一个臭名昭著的罪犯, 一个声名狼藉的区域, 一个臭名昭著的弯道
- be notorious for … 因为…而臭名昭著
  - → The city is notorious for its bumper-to-bumper traffic. 这个城市因为交通拥堵而臭名昭著
- → (NCE3-51 P232-L1) Predicting the future is notoriously difficult.
- → The local bus service is notoriously unreliable.
  - unreliable adj. 不可靠的, 不可信任的, 不稳定的
- notariety n. 臭名, 恶名
  - gain / achieve notoriety for / as … 因为某事而获得了恶名
    - gain n./v. 收获, 增加, 赚到, 赢得
    - → She achieved notoriety for her affair with the senator.
      - senator n. 参议员
      - affair n. 事情, 事务, 私事, (尤其指关系不长久的风流韵事)
    - → He gained a certain notoriety as a gambler.
- ‘著名的’ 同义词 adj.
  - well-known
  - famous
  - noted
  - notable
  - eminent
  - celebrated
  - renowned
- 不知名的 adj.
  - unknown
  - little-known
  - obscure 不起眼的, 默默无闻的
technician /tekˈnɪʃn/ n. 技术员，技师
- technician n. someone whose job is to check equipment or machines and make sure that they are working properly 技术员，技师
- a laboratory technician 一个图书馆技术员
- a hospital technician 一个医院的技术员
- “-ian” = specialist 这个字根表示专门人员, 专家
  - librarian 图书馆管理员
  - historian 历史学专家
  - musician 音乐方面的专家
  - electrician 电工
  - mathematician 数学方面的专家
  - physician 内科医生
  - pediatrician 儿科医生
    - pedia 儿童
user-friendly adj.易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- user-friendly adj. easy to use, understand, or operate 易用的，易理解的，易操作的
- a user-friendly interface / printer
- → Computer programs have become more user-friendly.
- -friendly 1. suitable for particular people to use 易用的
  - a user-friendly computer program
  - a family-friendly restaurant
  - a customer-friendly shopping mall
- -friendly 2.not harmful 无害的
  - environment-friendly products 环保产品
  - ozone-friendly fridges 臭氧层无害的冰箱
    - fridges 冰箱
alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/ adj. 另外的，其他的，别的
- alternative adj（只作定语(放在名词前修饰)）different from something else and able to be used instead of it 另外的，其他的，别的
- an alternative plan / route / way
  - route n. 路, 路线
- → Have you any alternative suggestions?
- alternative n. 其他的选择
  - → Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
    - viable 可行的, 行得通的
  - → I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
    - had no alternative but to … 别无选择
- alternate adj. 1. （常作定语）(f two things) happening or following one after the other 交替的，轮流的
  - alternate blue and red stripes 蓝色和红色交替的条纹
  - → Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days.
- alternate adj. 2. = alternative（只作定语）其他的，另外的，别的
  - → We can’t get home tonight, because there are no alternate flights.
relieve /rɪˈliːv/ v. 减轻，缓解或解除（痛苦，问题等）
- → Drugs helped to relieve the pain.
- → Reading helped to relieve the boredom while he was ill.
  - boredom n. 厌倦
- relieve sb. of.sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于….
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-L22) …, when they (computers) would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
  - find a temporary relief
  - permanent relief
  - to my great relief
  - give immediate relief from pain 立即缓解了疼痛
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L13) What a relief it was wheni the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.

## text 1

→ Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. 预测未来是众所周知的困难
- predict v. 预测
- 造句：众所周知，缓解(relieve)人口过剩问题非常困难。
  - → Relieving the problem of overpopulation is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，改掉 (give up)一个根深蒂固的 (deep-seated)坏习惯非常困难。
  - → Giving up a deep-seated bad habit is notoriously difficult.
- 造句：众所周知，北京的交通拥堵问题非常严重。
  - → The traffic congestion in Beijing is notoriously serious.
→ Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century, computers would be as common in people’s homes as TV sets?
- could have done: used to say that something was a possibility in the past, but did not actually happen (虚拟语气, 可以省略 if) 表示与过去事实相反, 表示本可以, 差点就..
  - → I could have been killed.
  - → He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
- mid 在某段时间的中间
  - from mid July to mid August
  - mid-morning coffee
  - Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋
  - a young woman in her mid-twenties
  - midsummer / midwinter 仲夏/仲冬 (孟表示开始, 仲表示中间, 季表示结束)
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L12) on Midsummer Eve 仲夏夜
  - 早期, 中期, 晚期
    - in the early 1970s
    - in the mid 1970s
    - in the late 1970s
- 造句：比方说, 有谁能在20世纪90年代中期想象到, 仅仅十年 (a mere decade) 之后, 手机在中国和手表一样常见？
  - → Who could have imagined, in the mid 1990s, for example, that after a mere decade, mobile phones would be as common in China as watches?
business 可以表示公司, 可数
- → They don’t know how to run a business.
- big business n. [U] large and powerful companies in general 大公司(不可数)
  - → The party receives most of its financial support from big business.
so-called adj. 1. commonly called 所谓的 (通常被称为的)
- → They ve found the flight recorder, the so-called black box.
- so-called adj. 2. incorrectly called 所谓的 (错误地被称为的)
  - → His so-called friends betrayed him.
mainframe n. a large powerful computer that can work very fast and that a lot of people can use at the same time 主机, 大型机
→ Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms, employing fulltime technicians and run on specially-written software.
- indeed adv. 确实, 的确 (加强语气)
  - indeed adv. used with ‘very and an adjective or adverb to emphasize a statement or description 的确，确实
    - → Most of the essays were rery good indeed.
    - → Thank you very much indeed.
- occupy vt. 占据, 占领
- air-conditioned adj. 装有空调的
  - air conditioner n. 空调
- run v. if a machine or engine runs or you run it, it is working (使)(机器等)工作，运转
  - → I often run the washing machine more than once a day.
  - → Most cars run on unleaded fuel.
    - fuel n. 燃料
    - unleaded 无铅的汽油或燃料
→ Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerfu personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
- take over sth. 接管. …… , 代替…..
- → Military leaders took over the government. 军队首领们已经接管了政府
- be known as .. 被称为是…..
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name’for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
  - **be commonly known as …**通常被称为…
    - commonly = usually 的升级版本
    - → The disease is commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.
      - disease n. 病

## text 2

primitive adj. 1. of or at an early stage of social development 原始的，上古的
- primitive culture / tribes 原始文化/原始部落
- primitive 2. adj. simple and not modern 简单的，简陋的
  - → The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
    - unreliable adj. 不可靠的
launch v. to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time 推出新产品，新书等
- → The new model will be launched in July. 新的型号将在 July 推出
- → He is going to launch his latest novel.
launch v. 船下水, 火箭发射
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L12) Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
properly adv. 适当地, 正确地, 恰当地
describe … as … 把前者描述称为后者
- → (NCE3-17 P154-L16) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
point the way (to …) v. to show how something could change or develop successfully 指明了(.…的)方向
- → Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
giant n. a very large and powerful organization 特大机构, 大公司, 巨头
- the multinational oil giants
- Japanese electronics giant Sony
DOS (Disk Operating System): the basic software in a computer that makes it work and allows you to use a program. lt is usually used only in older computers. 磁盘操作系统
then adv. 当时, 那时
windely adv. 广泛地
copy = imitate v. to behave or do sth. in the same way as sb. else 模仿
- → She copies everything her sister does.
- → Their tactics have been copied by other terrorists.
→ From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
- humble adj. 1. 谦卑的, 谦逊的
  - → He was a genuinely humble man. 他是一个真的谦虚的人
    - genuinely adj. 真的, 货真价实的 = truely
  - humble adj.2. 地位卑微的
    - men of humble birth
    - a humble occupation 一个卑微的职业
  - humble adj. 3. simple and with only basic equipment or features 简单的，简陋的
    - → They lived in a humble two-roomed apartment.
- be in common use today 今天司空见惯的
- be in use: a machine, place etc. that iis in use is being used（机器，场所等）在使用，得到使用
  - → Electric vehicles built in 1920 were still in use in the 1950s.
    - vehicle n. 车辆
  - → I’ll be glad to see the building in use again.
  - in common use
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L7) So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
    - in general use 广泛的使用

## text 3

→ Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s,an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
- considering prep. 考虑到, adv. 从各方面考虑
  - considering prep. & conj. in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration 考虑到 …. , 鉴于…..
    - → (NCE3-19 P86-L17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
    - → Considering (that ) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
- as long ago as 早在……时候
  - as long ago as … = as early as … 早在…. 就 ….
    - → (NCE3-14 P66-L5) As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
  - as long as… 1. 长达.
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) lt can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.
  - **as long as … **2. 只要 =so long as = provided = on condition (that)
    - → (NCE4-44 P257-L32) Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people’s minds.
    - → (NCE3-7P38-L15) So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back.
→ Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to ’think’ for themselves and would “rule the world”, which people liked to believe in those days.
- dismiss v. 不屑一顾, 嗤之以鼻
  - dismiss v. 1. to remove someone from their job 解雇，辞退(比 fire 显得文言和委婉)
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L29) The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
      - instantly = immediately =promptly = now = directly
  - dismiss v. 2. to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important 对. …不予理会，对..…不屑一顾
    - → The government has dismissed criticisms that the country’s health policy is a mess.
- do sth. for oneself 亲自做某事
  - do sth. for oneself 亲自..…，独立….
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L12) The following example of’sick humour’ will enable you to judge for yourself.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-11) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
- rule the world 统治世界
- in those days 在当年，在当初
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L2) In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
  - these days 当今，现如今
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L1) These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices.
→ Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic iams and suqgesting alternative routes, when thev would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when thev would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
- foresaw (foresee 的过去式, foreseen) vt. 预见
  - → Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply.
    - steeply adv. 险峻地,
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
    - unforeseen adj. 未曾预见到的
  - foresight n. 远见，先见之明
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L8) Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
  - forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
    - → With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
  - forecast n. 预测，预报
    - weather forecast
  - foretell / predict v. 预言….
    - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
    - → (NCE3-51 P232-L16) Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
    - foretell 还能表示预兆某事 , 也就是可以事物做主语
      - → Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 及时的雪预示着特大丰收
        
        bumper = great = awesome
        
        harvest n. 收获
  - **mark the prelude to sth. ** 预示…..
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
- 交通堵塞
  - traffic jams
  - traffic congestion
    - congestion n. 拥堵, 堵塞
- diagnose v. 诊断
  - → The test is used to diagnose a variety of diseases.
  - diagnosis n.诊断[U or C] [diagnoses]
    - → Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious problems.
- dull adj. 无聊的, 无趣的 = boring
- repetitive adj. 重复性的
  - repetitive adj. done many times in the same way, and boring 重复性的
    - repetitive work / tasks / jobs
- clerk n. 1. person employed in an office, a shop, etc to keep records, accounts, etc. 文书；办事员;事务员
  - clerk n. 2. (AmE) assistant in a shop 店员，售货员
  - clerical adj. of, for or made by a clerk or clerks 文书或办事员的
    - routine clerical work 例行的文书工作
    - administrative and clerical staff 管理人员和文书工作的人员
- relieve sb. of sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人免于
  - → Let me relieve you of some of your bags.
  - → The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
commonplace adj. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual 寻常的，司空见惯的，不足为奇的 (书面语)
- → Computers are now commonplace in primary classrooms.
  - primary classroom 小学课堂
    - primary adj. 主要的; 初级的, 基本的
→ Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world by using computers linked to telephone networks.
- can’t / couldn’t possibly … used to emphasize that you cannot do sth., or that sth. cannot or could not happen or be done （强调）不能或不可能.
  - → I can’t possibly allow you to go home in this weather.
  - → She couldn’t possibly have heard what was said.
  - possibly 经常与 can / cauld 连用以表示“尽全力〞的意思，后跟动词时常用 can / could possibly＋动词，后省略动词时常用 possibly can / could.
    - → (NCE3-39 P178-L7)No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
    - → She’s done everything she could possibly think of to help.
    - → We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign. (这里省略了 contributing)
    - → Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
- instant communication 即时交流沟通
  - IM (instant messaging): a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to quickly exchange written messages with people that you know 即时通讯
→ Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the lnternet to obtain information on every known subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to.
- → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
smaller and smaller
- cheaper and cheaper
- 如果是前面加 more 或者 most 的情况, 有以下三种方法
  - more and more powerful (多音节的形容词一般前面加 more)
  - increasingly powerful
    - increasingly adv. 日益, 越来越多地
  - ever more powerful
    - ever more 越来越….
→ This is what makes Leon Bagrit’ s predictions particularly remarkable.
- prediction n. 预言
- particularly adv. 尤其, 特别 = especially
- remarkable adj. 异常的, 引人注目的
→ If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
- “疑问词＋ to do〞可以视为名词性从句的缩路形式
  - 1、相当于宾语从句
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L2) They will hardly know which facts to select from …
      - = → They will hardly know which facts they should select from ..
    - → … ,he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
      - = → …, he might be able to tell us what we should expect in the next 50 years.
  - 2、相当于主语从句
    - → Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
      - = → Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
  - 3、相当于表语从句
    - → The problem she faces is which way to take.
      - = → The problem she faces is which way she should take.
  - 4、相当于同位语从句
    - → The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
      - = → The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.

L52 Mud is mud

## words

tint /tɪnt/ v. 染色, 微染
- tint v. to slightly change the colour of something 染色，微染
- → She’s had her evelashes tinted.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, …
- dye v. colour sth., esp by dipping in a liquid 染色，浸染
  - dye one’s hair
  - dye a white dress blue
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L15) lts wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
- stain v. colour (wood, fabric, etc) with a substance that penetrates the material 染色, 渍染, 着色
  - → He stained the wood dark brown.
  - → We’ve decided to stain the shelves blue.
- color v. put color on (sth.), e.g. by painting, dyeing or staining 着色
  - color a picture
  - color a wall green
dispel v. 驱散, 打消
- dispel v. to make sth. go away, esp. a bellet, idea,or feeling 驱散，打消
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations / preiudice … 打消了怀疑/ 恐惧/忧虑/流言蜚语/犹豫和踌躇/ 偏见
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L7) Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears.
- “per” = push
  - dispel v. 驱散, 打消
  - propel vt. 推进, 驱使
    - pro 字头表示向前
  - repel v. 排斥, 令某人讨厌
    - re 字头有多个含义, 其中一个表示 back
  - expel v. 开除
    - ex 表示外面
  - compel 迫使 (强调外力的压力或者动力)
  - impel 迫使 (强调内在的压力或者动力)
    - be / feel compelled to do 迫使去做某事 (外压)
    - be / feel impelled to do 迫使去做某事 (内压)
outlandish /aʊtˈlændɪʃ/ adj.稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
- outlandish = bizarre adj. extremely strange and unusual 稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
  - extremely adv. 极其, 非常
- an outlandish hairstyle
- dancers in rather bizarre costumes 舞者穿着相当怪异的道具服
- 表示奇怪的近义词
  - strange
  - unusual
  - odd
    - → (NCE3-37 P170-L11) At the time, this did not strike me as odd.
  - peculiar
    - → (NCE3-18 P82-L17) These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
  - weird 表示让人有些害怕的奇怪, 有些发怵的奇怪
    - → A really weird thing happened last night.
  - eccentric 强调人的行为举止古怪的
    - → His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L1) True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
outrageous /aʊt’redʒəs/ adj. 令人震惊的，极其不合理的; 非常奇怪的
- outrageous adj. 1. very shocking or unreasonable 令人震惊的，极其不合理的
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L17) Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £10.
- outrageous adj. 2. extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking 非常奇怪的
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L12) Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
freckle /‘frɛkl/ n. 雀斑
- freckle n. [C] one of the small light-brown spots on the human skin 雀斑
- → Ann’s face and back are covered with freckles.
- mole n. small permanent dark spot on the human skin 痣
- beauty spot / beauty mark n. a small dark mark on a woman’s face - used when you think it is attractive 美人痣
  - attractive adj. 吸引的
- acne n. 痤疮，粉刺 [U]
  - → Many adolescents suffer from acne.
    - adolescents n. 青春期的孩子 adj. 青春期的
- dimple n. 酒窝
- chin dimple n.下巴窝
  - chin n. 下巴
intoxicate /ɪnˈtɑːksɪkeɪt/ v. 使醉酒；使陶醉
- intoxicated adj. 1. (fml.) drunk 醉酒的
  - → The driver was clearly intoxicated.
- intoxicated adj. 2. feeling so excited or happy about something that you cannot think clearly 陶醉的
  - be intoxicated by / with .. 陶醉于…之中
    - → He was intoxicated by / with success.
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L25) Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud.
- toxic adj. 有毒的
- noxious adj. 有毒的
- poisonous adj. 有毒的
  - toxic chemicals / substances / gases 有毒的化学品/物质/气体
  - → Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas. 一氧化碳是无色无味的有毒气体
    - odor n. 气味

## text 1

mud is mud (习语搭配) 实事求是
- call a spade a spade (习语搭配) 实事求是 (把黑桃叫做黑桃)
  - spade 铁锹, 黑桃
  - heart 红桃
  - club 梅花
  - diamond 方片
- tell it like it is (习语搭配) 实事求是
- tell somebody straight (习语搭配) 实事求是
  - → I told her straight that she was wrong.
- to be honest / frank 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
- frankly 坦白的说, 实话实说(尤其是对方可能不太爱听的)
  - → To be honest / frank, George isn’t very good at the job.
  - → Frankly, George isn’t very good at the job.
keep v. have sth. in a particular place 在某处存放或放置某物
- particular adj. 特别的
- → Always keep your driving licence in a safe place.
- → George kept a bottle of whiskey under his bed.
curiously-shaped 奇怪形状的
- → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) oddly shaped forms
- → (NCE3-46 P212-L28) curiausly shaped bits of metal
- → She has a perfectly shaped figure.
- heart-shaped 心形的
- pear-shaped 梨形的
- V-shaped V 形的
on display =on show 展示，陈列
- → (NCE3-18 P82-12) Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places.
- on permanent display 长期的陈列
- → Her work is on temporary display at the gallery.
  - gallery n. 艺术馆, 画廊
- → The locomotive is kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
  - locomotive 火车头
造句：乔治在书房里一直陈列着一枚金牌。
- → George keeps a gold medal on permanent display in his study.
→ Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick greyish substance.
- despite the fact that … (fml.) 尽管如此
  - in spite of the fact that ….(fml.) 尽管如此
  - =though / although / even though / while …
  - 介词＋名词＋同位语从句 =普通从属连词 (一般在书面语里面用)
    - for the reason that … (fml.)
    - because of the fact that … (fml.)
    - due to the fact that .. . (fml.)
    - on account of the fact that … (fml.)
    - = because …
- delicate/light adj. 颜色淡的, 浅色的
  - dark / deep adj. 颜色浓的，深色的
  - bright adj. 颜色亮的，鲜艳的
- shade n. a particular type of red, green, blue etc. 色度
  - shade n. 阴影, 影子
  - shade of …
    - a delicate shade of green 一个浅色度的绿
    - a bright shade of pink 一个亮色度的粉
    - a deep shade of blue 一个深色度的蓝
- observant adj. perceptive; eagle-eyed 善于观察的，敏锐的
  - powers of observation 观察力
    - power 能力
- thick adj. 粘稠的
- greyish (BrE)/ grayish (AmE) adj. slightly grey 浅灰色的，灰了吧唧的, (灰色的, 但色不太正)
  - yellowish (黄色的, 但色不太正)
  - reddish (红色的, 但色不太正)
  - bluish (蓝色的, 但色不太正)
  - greenish (绿色的, 但色不太正)
  - blackish (黑色的, 但色不太正)
  - whitish… (白色的, 但色不太正)
→ If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- 与未来趋势相反的虚拟语气
  - If+ S. + should do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
  - If + S. + did / were to do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
    - → If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
    - → If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
  - 如果出现助动词还可以倒装, 把 if 省略并且把助动词提前
    - → Were you to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
- perfumed adj. pleasant to smell because perfume has been added or used 加香水的，有香味的
  - perfumed soap / candles 香皂/香芬蜡烛
→ If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin.
- rub v. 涂抹
  - rub sth. with sth. 把后者抹到前者上
    - → (NCE3-15 P70-L13) A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck.
  - rub sth. into sth. 把后者抹到前者上, 并且希望可以渗透进去
    - rub salt into the wound 往伤口上撒盐
      - wound n. 伤口 v. 使受伤
    - Rub the cream into your skin . 把膏状物涂抹到你的皮肤上
brief adj. 短暂的
dispel 打消某种念头
- dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors /preiudice
→ The bottle really does contain perfumed mud.
- does 表示的确
→ How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating.
- fond adj. 喜欢的
  - be fond of …: having a great liking for…. 非常喜欢⋯
    - → I’ve always been very fond of you.
    - → John**’s** extremely fond of pointing out other people’s mistakes.
- relate v. 使联系; 讲述
  - relate sth. (to sb.)（向某人）讲述某事
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
    - → (NCE4-28 P166-L20) History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.
- come into (the) possession of sth. = get sth. 得到某物 (人做主语或者物做主语都行)
  - → On her father’s death, she came into possession of a vast fortune.
    - vast adj. 巨大的
    - fortune n. 财富, 财产
  - → How did the painting come into your possession (= how did you get the painting)?
- stuff n. [U] (infiml.)(不太正式的书面语) things 东西，玩意儿
  - → I’ve got some sticky stuff on my shoe.
  - → Do you call this stuff beer?
→ Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.
- furthermore adv. 此外, 而且, 还
  - 同义词
    - further
    - what is more / what’s more (书面语中尽量不要用 ’s 这种缩写)
    - moreover
    - besides
    - in addition
    - additionally
- acquisition n. 获得
  - the acquisition of language 语言的习得 (获得了语言这种能力)
- cure v. 治愈
  - cure sb.
  - cure a disease 治愈了疾病
  - cure sb. of a disease 治好了某人的某个病
  - cure n. 疗法, 药物, 根治疗法
    - no cure for sth. 无药可救 (所有无法根治的病都可以用这个)
      - → There is no cure for AlDS.
- heal v. 治愈(to become sound and healthy again, 所以只能人做宾语)
  - heal sb.
  - heal sb. of a disease
  - heal a disease (X)
- 养成习惯的表达
  - develop / catch / acquire / form / cultivate / foster a habit
  - change / alter a habit 改变一个习惯
  - correct a habit 纠正一个习惯
  - abandon / give up / drop / discard / kick a habit 改掉一个坏习惯

## text 2

→ Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.
- consider v. 把..看作 ; 考虑
- expensive adj. 高档的
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L1) The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
- cosmetics n. [pl (习惯用复数)] 化妆品
  - → Lipstick and hair conditioner are cosmetics. 唇膏和护发素都属于化妆品
  - make-up / makeup n. [U] 化妆品(已经涂在脸上的化妆品)
    - girls in heavy make-up 画着浓妆的女孩
    - → She doesn’t wear makeup. 她没化妆
- make a … request for … 请求, 要求获得某个东西
  - → make repeated requests for help 一再的请求得到帮助
  - → They have made an urgent request for international aid. 他们紧急的得到国际的援助
    - urgent adj. 紧急的
    - aid n. 帮助
  - make a … appeal for … 恳请得到某物
    - appeal v. 恳请, 请求
    - → The girl’s family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.
- would 和 used to do 类似，都可以表示过去习惯性的动作，如：One day in a week he would spend a whole day in silence.但注意：would 不能用在故事开头，往往在故事开头用 used to do，而后面换为 would do，如：We used to work in the same office and we would often have coffee together.
  - → Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for “insoluble bath cubes’. If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-41) We are less credulous than we used to be. In the 19th century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.
- do sth. on the spot = do sth. immediately 当场就做某事, 立刻做了某事
  - → He had to make a decision on the spot.
→ On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called ‘Scented Shadow’ or for ‘insoluble bath cubes’
- on 可以表示刚一…., 但不能跟句子
  - on entering a shop 刚一进商店
  - on prep. as soon as 刚一
  - → What was your reaction on seeing him?
  - → (NCE3-22 P110-L11) The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
  - in prep. during the act or process of 在…. .过程中
    - → (NCE3-22 P110-L7) In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.
    - → (NCE3-27P130-L13) ln seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
- bath cube 浴皂
  - cube n. 正方体
- insoluble adj. cannot be dissolved; not soluble 不能溶解的
  - dissovlve v. 融化
  - soluble v. adj. 可溶解的
→ If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out.
- considerably adv. 相当地
- put out adj. Br.E. [never before noun] annoyed 气愤的，不悦的
  - → He seemed a bit put out at not having been invited. 他看上去有点不悦, 在没有被邀请
→ He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
- imaginary adj. 虚构的
  - imaginative adj. 富于想象力的
- temporarily adv. 暂时, 临时
  - permanently adv. 长期，永久
- in/ out of stock (商店中)有/无现货的
  - → Have you any grey pullovers in stock?
    - pullover 套头衫
  - → I’m sorry, that swimsuit is temporarily out of stock in your size.
- faithully adv. 忠诚地，诚恳地
  - → He had served the family faithfully for 40 years.
  - → Ann faithfully promised never to tell my secret.
- call v. to stop at a house or other place for a short time to see sb. or do sth. 在某处短暂停留以拜访某人或做某事
  - → She called for a chat. 她到这里拜访聊了一会儿
  - call in at sth. 短暂的在某处停留
    - → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead.
- at a … date : a time in the past or future 在过去或末来的某时
  - → The exact details of the plan will be worked out at a later date.
  - → The election is scheduled to take place at an unspecified date in the autumn.
    - unspecified adj. 未被说明的
    - specified adj. 确定的, 制定的
→ How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me.
- keep a straight face: stop oneself from smiling and laughing 板着脸，忍住不笑
  - straight adj. 直的,
  - → Brian looked ridiculous in leather trousers, and I was desperately trying to keep a straight face.
    - leather n. 皮革
- be beyond sb. to be too difficult for someone to understand 无法理解
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
  - be quite / completely beyond sb.
    - → It**’s quite beyond me** why anyone would want to marry him.
    - → The system was complicated and completely beyond the learners.
      - learner n. 初学者

## text 3

prompt v. to encourage sb. to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say 提问或提示以鼓励某人说
- → ’And then what happened?’ he prompted. 然后又发生什么事了? 他问道
- → The speaker was hesitant and had to be prompted occasionally by the chairman.
  - chairman n. 主席
exclusive adj. very expensive, and therefore available only to wealthy people 高级的，高档的 (暗示穷人都去不了的)
- an exclusive store / restaurant / neighborhood
  - neighborhood n. 社区, 街区
- exclusive adj. 独家的
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L19) Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs.
→ The shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable.
- puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的, 困惑的 (unable to understand; perlexed)
- syllable n. 单词的音节
- stress v. to pronounce a word or part of a word so that it sounds louder or more forceful 重读; 强调
  - → The word ‘machine’ is stressed on the second syllable.
→ When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that Myrolite’ was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles.
- in bewilderment = in confusion = in puzzlement = in perplexity adv. 迷惑地
  - → She looked at him in bewilderment.
  - → Matt stared at her in confusion.
    - stare v. 盯
  - → She frowned in puzzlement.
    - frown v. 皱眉
  - → Jane looked about in perplexity. jane 迷惑的四下张望
- amber-like 像琥珀一样的
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达或表达….
- → Please convey my good wishes to your parents.
- → The poem perfectly conveys to the reader the poet’s feelings.
  - poem n. 诗
  - poet n. 诗人
→ This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf.
- 这里的 who 在用途上类似于并列句, 属于形式上的定语从句
- = → This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman and she searched shelf after shelf.
- shelf after shelf 一个又一个地 (都用0冠词)
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L14) But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder.
  - sth. after sth.
    - Day after day
    - week after week
    - vear after year
    - time after time
  - → He fired shot after shot. 他开了一枪又一枪
  - → Shelley sent him letter after letter to explain the delay. Shelley 给他寄了一封又一封信来解释为什么迟到
  - → They sent regiment after regiment to attack us. 他们派了一个又一个团来进攻我们
  - → In factory after factory we were shown machines built by the workers themselves.
produce v. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示, 拿出
- Produce your ticket! 出示你的票
- → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever l produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
- 各种各样的, 各式各样的
  - all sorts / kinds / types of sth.
  - sth. of all sorts / kinds / types
    - → (NCE3-40 P182-411) all sorts of silly jokes
    - all sorts of weird concoctions
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L11) all sorts of indignities
    - → (NCE3-47 P216-L21) vehicles of all kinds
concoction n. sth. that has been made out of several things mixed together 调制品，混合物
- → a concoction of honey, yogurt, oats, and apples
满足某人的需要, 满足某人的要求
- comply with / fulfill / meet (with) / satisfy / suit one’s requirements
  - → The new computer system will meet (with) all our requirements.
put on an act 装模作样
- → He wasn’t really angry; he just put on an act.
- put on sth. 假装
  - put on a smile
  - put on airs 摆架子
    - airs 派头, 样子, 神态
  - put on an injured expression 装出一副受伤的表情
→ Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud
- intoxicate v. 陶醉于
blank adj. showing no feeling, understanding or interest 茫然的
- → Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about.
astonishment n. 惊讶,
blank astonishment (惊讶得）目瞪口呆
- a look of blank astonishment
→ However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman’s eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
- inspect v. 仔细的查看
- it is one’s turn (to do sth.) 轮到某人做某事
  - → It’s your turn.
  - → It’s our turn to drive the kids to school this week. 这个礼拜轮到我们开车送孩子上学了
- light up if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc.（因喜悦、兴奋等脸上或眼中）露出光彩
  - light lighted lit
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L14) Suddenly, I saw the Officer’s face light up.
- 这里的 which 类似于并列句的作用, 可以写成如下但稍显罗嗦
  - → … she fetched several bottles and she placed them on the counter for Harry to inspect.
(just) for once used to say that sth. unusual happens, especially when you wish it would happen more often 这一回，这一次
- → Be honest for once.
- → Just for once, let me make my own decision. 这次让我自己做决定吧
accept / admit / concede defeat 认输
- → She is very determined, and will never admit defeat.
- → The prime minister conceded defeat and resigned. 这个首相认输并且辞职了
discreet adj. careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by keeping something secret 言行小心谨慎的
- → The family made discreet enquiries about his background. 这个家族小心的打探他的背景
→ He was glad to get away with a mere 20 pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm.
- clutch v. 紧紧的攥着
  - clutch v. to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it紧紧抓住
    - → She was clutching a bottle of champagne.
- a mere …..仅仅…..
  - a mere 后跟单数名词时=only a / an
  - 在其他情况下 a mere = only
- beat a (hasty) retreat leave a place quickly in order to avoid an embarrassing or dangerous situation 赶紧走了
  - → The cat beat a hasty retreat when it saw the dog was coming.
→ From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
- from then on 从那以后
  - from now on 从今往后
- decide 不一定译为 “决定”，而常常译为〞（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为〞，尤其是其后加that 引导的宾语从句时。(L43)
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L22) I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L12) Her first impulse was to go rouind all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
→ The curious bottle which now adorns the bookcase in his study was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.
- adorn v. (fml.) to decorate sth. 装饰
  - → The walls were adorned with paintings.

L53 In the public interest

## words

evolve /iˈvɑːlv/ v.演变，逐渐形成; 进化
- evolve v. 1.to.develop and change gradually over a long period of time 演变，逐渐形成
  - gradually adv. 逐渐地
  - period n. 时期
  - → The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L2) Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers.
  - evolve from .. 从…演变来的
    - → Popular music evolved from folk songs.
      - folk adj. 民间的, 民众的, 通俗的
  - evolve into … 演变成…
    - → The group gradually evolved into a political party.
- evolve v. 2. an animal or plant changes gradually over a long period of time 进化
  - → Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
    - camouflage n./v. 伪装
    - predator n. 掠夺者, 肉食动物
  - evolve from … 由…进化来的
    - → Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
  - evolve into .. 前者演变成了后者
    - → Slowly, these tiny organisms evolved into multicelled creatures.
- evolution n. 进化：演变，逐渐发展
  - → Darwin’s theory of evolution
  - → the evolution of farming methods
- “volve” / “volu” =roll转
  - evolve
  - involve v. 卷入, 涉及
  - revolve v. 自转, 旋转
    - → The earth revolves around the sun.
  - volume n. 数量; 音量; 书籍的第几卷
    - an encyclopedia in 20 volumes 二十卷的百科全书
  - evolution n. 进化
  - revolution n. 革命
    - → in politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution. 在政治方面, 英国更倾向于偏右而不是偏左
over-zealously /‘zeləsli/ adv.过分热情地
- overzealous adj. excessively enthusiastic 过分热情的
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
  - overzealous movie fans
- zeal n. 热心, 热忱
  - zeal for .. 对…的热情 (表示感情的名词后面都加 for)
  - zealous adj. 热情的
- passion for … 对…的热情
  - passionate adj. 热情的
- enthusiasm for … 对…的热情
  - enthusiastic adj. 热情的
- zest for .. 对…的热情
  - zestful adj. 热情的
- ardor / ardour for .. 对…的热情
  - ardent adj. 热情的
qualified /ˈkwɑːlɪfaɪd/ adj. 有资格的，有资质的
- qualified adj. having finished a training course, or having particular skills, etc. 有资格的，有资质的
- → Tim is now a qualified architect.
- be qualified for … 对某个职位有资质的,
  - → What makes you think that you are qualified for this job?
- be qualified to do
  - → I**’m** not qualified to give advice on such matters.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L16) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
- qualify v.(使) 有资格或能力
  - qualify as
    - → He qualified as a doctor last year.
  - qualify sb. to do sth.
    - → The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
  - quality sb. for sth.
    - → This training course will qualify you for a better job.
    - → Membership qualifies you for a discount on purchases.
- qualification n. (某工作需要的) 资格，能力；文凭，资质证书
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L20) In addition to all her other qualificatioris, Bessie was an expert cook.
secretive /ˈsiːkrətɪv/ adj. 爱保密的, 守口如瓶的, 讳莫如深的
- secretive adj. liking to keep things secret or to hide one’s thoughts, feelinigs, etc.爱保密的，守口如瓶的
- be secretive about … 对于某个事总是遮遮掩掩, 顾左右而言他
  - → He’s being very secretive about his new girlfriend.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L15) There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman’s work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.
- secrecy n. keeping secrets, or state of being secret 保密
  - in secrecy / in secret / secretly 机密的, 秘密的
    - → Many civilians were slaughtered and buried in secrecy / in secret / secretly.
  - in the secrecy of one’s heart 在某人的内心深处
    - → The personable young man is Mary’s true love in the secrecy of her heart. 这位风度翩翩的小伙子是玛丽心中的真爱
  - be veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy 处于机密状态(蒙在秘密之中)
    - veiled 面纱
    - shrouded n. 寿衣, 裹尸布
    - clock 斗篷
    - → The president’s exact itinerary was veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy for security reasons.
      - itinerary n. 行程
ascertain /ˌæsərˈteɪn/ v.查明，弄清，确定
- ascertain v. (fml.) discover sth. so that one is certain 查明，弄清，确定
- → The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
- ascertain whether / what / how etc.
  - → We need to ascertain whether the project is feasible.
    - feasible 可行的
- ascertain that …
  - → The police have ascertained that he knew the victim.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L25) The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.
prejudiced /‘prɛdʒədɪst/ adj.有偏见的
- prejudiced adj. showing an unreasonable dislike for sth. or sb.有偏见的
- → The media has been accused of presenting a prejudiced view of people with disabilities.
- prejudiced against … 对某人有偏见
  - → The early Christian church was prejudiced against the Jews.
    - church n. 教会
    - Jews n. 犹太人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L26) The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- be biased against … 对某人有偏见
  - → He seemed a bit biased against women in my opinion.
- be biased in favor of / toward(s) 偏向某人
  - → The judge is biased in favor of the plaintiff.
- be partial to / toward(s) .. 偏心眼的
  - → The referee was clearly partial to the other side.
- prejudice (against …) n. 偏见,
- bias (against…) n. 偏见
- bias (in favor of / toward(s) ..) n. 偏向某人
- partiality (to / toward(s)..) n. 偏向某人
  - (词性的变化通常不影响介词搭配)

## text 1

Scandinavian n. & adj. (native) of Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland) 斯堪的纳维亚半岛 (北欧)
much常与过去分词构成的形容词连用，表示“广为…” “广受”….
- → The money will buy much needed boaks for the school.
- → Education is a much discussed government service.
- much-used 广为使用的
- much-travelled 广受到访的
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L1) In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists.
- much-respected 广受尊敬的
- much-discussed 广为讨论的
- much-acclaimed 倍受赞誉的
  - acclaimed adj. 称赞的
- much-needed 广受需要的
- much-loved 广受喜爱的
- much-admired 广为倾佩的
- much-criticized 倍受批评的
世界各地的表达
- all over the world
- throughout the world
- around the world
- in various parts of the world
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
- the world over
enlightened adj. 开明的
- → (NCE3-49 P224-114) Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.
Sweden n. 瑞典
- Swede n. 瑞典人
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that,
- Swedish adj.瑞典的，瑞典人的，瑞典语的；n.瑞典语
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) the Swedish Parliament
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L20) a Swedish village
- Switzerland n. 瑞士
  - Swiss n. 瑞士人（单复同型） ad.瑞土的，瑞士人的，瑞士方言的
protect … from ..
- → The cover protects the machine from dust.
high-handed adj. using authority in an unreasonable way, without considering the opinions of other people 专横的, 颐指气使的, 高压的
adopted v. 领养, 采用
work v. to have a particular effect or result 有某种效果
- → The strategy seems to be working.
- → Criticizing your former employers works against you in the interview.
- → (NCE4-28 P166-L16) Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor’s house.

## text 2

→ The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants. police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
- public official n. 公职人员（以官方的身份行事的人）
  - civil servant n. 政府文职人员
- health inspector n. someone who works for the government whose job is to visit restaurants and make sure that they are clean and obeying laws about preparing food 卫生检查员
- in the belief that … = because sb. believe that ，因为某人相信。
  - → She wrote to him in the belief that he would help her.
  - “in the + 表示感觉的名词” 在句中作原因状语 (书面语)
    - in the thought that … = because sb. think that
    - in the discovery that … = because sb. discover that
    - in the hope of doing / that … = because sb. hope to do / that …
    - → The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that (=because they believe that) they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects’in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reasonto fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on luinch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that) her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
as long ago as … = as early as … 早在..….就….
- parliament n. group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important national affairs 国会，议会 (英)
- Parliament n. the.main law-making institution in the UK, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords 英国国会（包括下议院和上议院）
- parliamentary adj.议会的，国会的
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) a parliamentary committee
- Congress n. the group of people elected to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 美国国会（包括参议院和众议院）
  - Senate n. 参议院
  - House of Representatives n. 众议院
  - congressional adj. 美国国会的
    - a congressional committee 一个美国国会的委员会
introduce v. 开始推行，开始采用
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L7) The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
scheme n. 1.计划，方案; 2.阴谋诡计
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L9) Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.
- schemes and intrigues
safeguard v. to protect sth. from harm or damage 保护，保卫
- → We hope that world leaders can agree on a plan to safeguard the environment.
→ A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private arievances against the State.
- appoint v. 任命
  - appoint v. to choose someone for a position or a job 任命，委任
  - → They have appointed a new manager.
  - appoint sb. (as) sth.
    - → They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
- grievance n. a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly 委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → People know who to go to if they have a grievance.
  - → There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances.
    - air v. 公开的表达
把 A 称为 B
- refer to A as B
- call A B
- address A as B
- know A as B
- 常与副词 commonly, usually, generally, frequently, often 等连用
  - → The official title of the person is Justiteombudsman’. but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the ‘J.O.’ or ‘Ombudsman’.
  - → (NCE3-51 P232-18) Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
  - → (NCE3-4 P26-L2) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
be subject to sth. likely to be affected by sth.,especially sth. bad 可能或易于受到.…的影响
- → Flights are subject to delay because of the fog.
  - fog n. 雾
- → Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers.
→ He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
- 两个含义相反的形容词连用时，常位于被修饰名词之后。
  - → A man with a noble heart never bows before difficulties great or small.
    - bow v. 弯腰, 鞠躬; 屈服
    - noble adj. 高贵的
  - → We should be fair to all people, big and small, young and old. 我们应该对说有的人都公平
- level n. relative position in rank, class orauthority 级别, 阶层
  - → These are subjects for discussion at management level.
make / bring / file / lodge / submit / a complaint about sth. / against sb. 发起投诉
- → I’d like to make a complaint about the noise.
- → He brought a complaint against his former manager.
- → (NCE3-37 P170-L18) I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
- → (NCE3-53 P240-L29) … if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
in writing 以书面形式
- → All bookings must be confirmed in writing.
- in speech 以口头形式
  - → He expressed his opinions both in speech and in writing.
- in 表示以某种形式
  - speak in English
  - pay in cash
  - a short note scribbled in pencil
  - write a message in code 用密码写了一个信息
  - The title was printed in capital letters.
    - captial letter 大写字母
an average of .. 平均…
- → Parents spend an average of $220 ayear on toys for their children.
- → Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year.
every single 每一…. (加强every的语气）
- → We eat rice every single day!
- → Don’t write down every single word I say.
There is nothing secretive about … 没有什么可保密的
- → There is nothing secretive about it.
- → There is nothing secretive about Christianity.
correspondence n. [U] the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business letters 信件, 信函
- → She has a lot of correspondence to deal with.
- mail n. [U] the letters and packages that are delivered to you 邮件
  - → There isn’t much mail today.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L26) He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.
open adj. public, not limited 公开的，开放的，没有限制的
- be open to sb. / sth. 对某人/某事开放
  - → The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen.
  - → I’d like to think l am open to any reasonable suggestion.
justified adj. having an acceptable explanation or reason 合理的
- justify v. to show or prove that sb./sth. is right or reasonable 表明或证明….. 是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 管他黑猫白猫, 抓到老鼠就是好猫
    - means 方法, 手段
- justification n. [U & C] a good and acceptable reason for doing sth. 正当的理由
  - justification for (doing) sth.
    - → There is no justification for holding her in jail.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-L1)In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
on behalf of sb./ on sb.’s behalf / in behalf of sb. / in sb.’s behalf
- 1.代表，代替…….
  - → Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so l am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
- 2.为了某人的利益
  - → The legal guardian must act on behalf of the child. 法定的监护人必须为了孩子的利益而行事
→ The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
- take action: do sth. in response to what has happened 采取行动
  - → Immediate action must be taken to stop the fire spreading.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L23) It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, …
- vary according to … 根据后者而有所不同
  - → Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L8) Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
→ He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
- 建议, 命令, 要求后的从句必须使用 should do 型的虚拟语气
- reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth. 上下级之间因为某事而批评某人
  - → I was reprimanded / rebuked by my manager for being late.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.

## text 3

→ A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been illtreated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
- write to sb. = write a letter to sb.
- ill-treat v. to treat sb. in a cruel or unkind way, abuse 虐待
  - abuse v. 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
  - ill-treat one’s dog
  - ill-treated animals
  - ill adv. badly
    - ill-bred 没有收到良好教养的
    - ill-advised 不明智的
      - advise v. 劝告, 建议
    - ill-mannered 没有礼貌的
      - manner n. 方法; 礼貌, 规矩, 态度
  - will adv. 很好地
    - well-bred 有良好教养的
    - well-advised 做事明智的
    - well-informed 消息灵通的
    - well-intentioned 目的善良的
- 只不过是因为
  - simply because … = for the simple reason that …
    - → (NCE3-4 P26-12) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
    - → (NCE3-46 P212-L27) I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to fit anywhere.
  - bacause 的连用短语
    - **simply because ..**只不过因为..
    - partly because…. 部分是因为….
    - **mainly because ….**主要是因为….
      - → Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.
        
        candidate n. 候选人
      - → I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.
      - → Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly intelligent.
→ The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.
- 名前动后: 名词重音在前, 动词重音在后
- Chief of Police n. the most senior ppolice officer in a city who is in charge of all the police there 警察局长
→ There was nothing in the record to show that the foreioner’s complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
- justified adj. 合情合理的
- accusation n. 指责, 指控
  - accuse v. 指责, 指控
- deny an accusation / a charge 否认指控/指责
- accuse sb. of sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
- charge sb. with sth. 因为某事指责某人, 因为某事指控某人
→ It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
- for 可以引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
deal dealt dealt
- deal well / badly etc. by / with sb. (fml.) treat sb. well, badly etc. 对某人好、坏等
  - → He has always dealt well by me.
  - → You’ve been badly dealt with.
  - → The police dealt roughly with the rioters.
    - rioter n. 暴动者, 暴民
  - → He deals fairly with all people.
  - → I consider he has been dealt with leniently.
    - leniently adv. 仁慈地
→ The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- the fact that … 固定句型
→ It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.
- representative n. 代表, 代理人 adj. 代表的
→ The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
- prosecute v. 起诉, 控告某人
  - prosecute vt.检举，起诉，对…. 提起公诉
    - → Trespassers will be prosecuted.
      - trespasser n. 非法侵入者
        
        trespase v. 擅自闯入, 非法进入
    - → Shoplifters will be prosecuted.
      - 专门在商店里偷东西的贼
- in question: being discussed 正在被讨论的，提到的，谈到的
  - → The woman in question is sitting over there. 我们刚刚谈到的那个女人就坐在那呢
  - → The job in question is available for three months only.
- lodge a complaint against sb. 针对某人提起投诉
→ The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
- put / bring an end to sth.: stop sth. from happening any more; abolish sth.终止，废止.
  - abolish v. 终止 … , 废止…
  - → The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.
  - → It’s hoped the talks may bring an end to the violence.
    - 我们希望这个谈判可以终止暴力行为
- practice n. 习惯性的做法
- go / pass unnoticed 不为人知的过去了
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L13) If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
- 用了与过去事实相反的虚拟, 不过省略了 if, 原文如下
  - → The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed if there had not been the Ombudsman’s prompt action.

L54 Instinct or cleverness? ⭐️

## words

wage /weɪdʒ/ v. 发动（战争/战役/运动等）
- wage n. 工资
- wage war / a campaign / a struggle / a battle on/against . 发动一场战争/发动一场战役,运动/发动一场斗争/ 发动一场战斗与 sb.
  - → The US waged war on Irag without UN authorization.
  - → The government determined to wage a campaign against official corruption. 政府发动了一场反腐倡廉运动
- declare war on … 对某国宣战
- be at war with .. 与某国处于战争状态
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L11) Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
- at the slightest provocation 稍一激惹就做某事
  - → He’d fly into a rage at the slightest provocation.
    - fly into a rage 发脾气
- without provocation 无缘无故(没人招惹)
  - → The soldiers fired without provocation.
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L4) They sting and bite without provocation.
- 字根 “voc” =“voke” 喊叫
  - provoke v. 挑衅, 激怒
    - pro 在前面
  - provocative adj. 挑衅性的
  - evoke v. 唤起某种情绪, 激起人的某种情绪
    - e/ex 向外
  - evocation n. 情绪的激起
  - revoke v. 废止, 取消
    - re back; again
  - revocation n. 废止
    - → Her license was revoked.
revulsion /rɪˈvʌlʃn/ n. 厌恶
- revulsion = disgust n. [U] a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike 厌恶
- → She looked at him with revulsion. 她厌恶的看着他
- → He expressed his revulsion at / against / towards the whale hunting. 他表达了对于捕鲸这种行为的厌恶
- revolt v. to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted 令人厌恶
  - be revolted by …
    - → We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.
- revolting adj. extremely unpleasant 令人庆恶的
  - Picking your nose is a revolting habit. 挖鼻孔是一个令人厌恶的习惯
  - v. 令人厌恶 > adj. 令人厌恶的
    - revolt > revolting
    - repel > repellent
    - repulse > repulsive
    - disgust > disgusting
      - → I was repelled by the smell.
      - → The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
      - → He claimed to be disgusted by the amount of violence in the film.
luscious /ˈlʌʃəs/ adj. 美味的，甘美多汁的
- luscious adj. having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice 美味的，甘美多汁的
  - the luscious taste of ripe peaches 成熟的桃子甘美多汁的美味
    - ripe adj. 成熟的
- delicious adj. 美味的
- appetizing adj. 美味的
- heavenly adj. 美味的 ( 仿佛天堂上才有)
  - 名词 + ly 一般是 adj. , 而不是 adv.
- tasteful adj. 美味的
- tasty adj. 美味的; 有吸引力的
- yummy adj. 美味的(儿童会用这个词)
  - yucky adj. 难吃的(儿童用词)
- delicacy n. 好吃的菜
  - delicious 派生
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L2) If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ n. 机灵，善于发明创造
- ingenuity n. [U] the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways 机灵，心灵手巧，善于发明创造
- ingenious adj. having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things 机灵的，心灵手巧的，善于发明创造的
  - → She’s very ingenious when it comes to finding excuses. 当找借口的时候, 她真是心灵手巧
  - → Johnny is so ingenious — he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
- 字根 “gen”=创造;生育
- gene n. 基因
- gender n. 性别
- general n. 普遍的
- generate v. 产生
- generation n. 产生; 一代人
- genesis n. 创世纪
- genius n. 天才
- genuine adj. 真诚的, 由衷的
- pregnant adj. 怀孕的, 怀胎的

## text 1

bring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 拉扯大
- have been brought up to do 从小就⋯
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L7) The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
  - → I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
  - → And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
do more harm than good 弊大于利
- harm n. 损害
- → Raising speed limits may do more harm than good.
- do … harm / do harm to … 对…有害
  - → The occasional piece of candy doesn’t do you any harm.
    - sweets (英) / candy (美)
  - → Exhaust fumes has done considerable harm to the environment.
    - exhaust fumes 尾气
      - fume n. an amount of gas or vapour that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale: clouds of exhaust
      - exhaust n. 排出的气 v. 用完, 耗尽
- do sb. good 对.. 有好处
  - → I think a trip to the beach would do us all a lot of good.
- in more ways than one 有不只一方面的含义
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 17) Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
continue 的同根副词
- continually adv. 老是, 总是, 间歇但持续的
  - → (NCE2-38 P174-L4) Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
- continuously adv. 持续的, 不停歇的
  - → (NCE3-18 P82-L14) These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
- be continually / always doing 老是做某事
contaminate v. to make sth. dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection 污染….., 玷污
- → Flies contaminate food 苍蝇会把食物弄脏
  - fly n. 苍蝇
- → Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches. 工业废物继续在玷污/污染美丽的海滩
carry v. if a person, animal, or insect carries a disease, they can pass it to other people or animals even if they are not illthemselves 携带病菌，传播疾病
- → Many serious diseases are carried by insects.
- carrier 带菌者，病媒
- an AIDS carrier
- transmit v. 传播
  - mit 表示 send
  - contagious adj. 传染的
  - infectious adj. 传染的
  - catching adj. 传染的 (通常做状语, 不做定语)
- catch … 染上了, 被传染了
  - → He caught a cold.
devour v. 狼吞虎咽的吃
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
- → (NCE4-2 P11-L2) Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insecteating animals.
→ They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows.
- 分号可以代替连词的功能,
- sting v. 蚊虫钉
- bite v. 咬
- provocation n. 招惹
- uninvited adj. 未被邀请的
  - an uninvited guest / visitor 不速之客, 不请自来的客人
  - → A few people showed up / turned up uninvited at the party.
- 如果 morning/noon/night 前面有修饰语通通用介词 on
- beat v. 打, 撞
- heart beat 心跳
- lighted adj. 1.a lighted window, room etc. is bright because there is a light on inside 亮着灯的
  - a lighted window / room
  - lighted adj. 2. a lighted candle, match etc. is burning at one end 点着的
    - a lighted candle / match
→ We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.
- dread v. 害怕
  - dread sth. / doing 害怕做某事
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L14) He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
  - dreadful adj. 可怕的，糟糕的
    - → (NCE3-11 P154-416) All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
  - live in dread of .. 一直害怕….
    - → I live in dread of losing her love.
    - stand in awe of .. 对…充满敬畏
      - → You can’t help standing in awe of powerful people.
        
        can’t help 不禁, 忍不住 (无法避免)
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-l15) Who has notstood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- not only … but else …. 搭配
  - → (NCE3-45 P208-L20) Gifts poured in not only trom unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products.
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L8) Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L23) This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- dispel v. 驱散，打消
  - pel = push
  - dis 表示向一面八方
  - dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations .
    - → (NCE3-52 P236-L8) This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
      - further 进一步

## text 2

→ Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch.
- horde 一伙 (略带贬义)
- crawl v. 爬, 缓慢的移动
- 单数名词前面加 the 可以表示类指
  - the industrious ant 那些勤劳的蚂蚁
- industrious: diligent adj. 勤劳的
  - industry n. 工业
  - → (NCE3-49 P224-L19) Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie’s industriousness and efficiency.
  - industrial adj. 工业的，产业的
    - industrial revolution
    - industrial workers
- do nothing to do sth. / not do anything to do sth. (语气更强) 在某方面根本没用
- 造句：这些预防措施在阻止这种疾病蔓延方面没有任何作用。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, …
  - prevent … from … 阻止某物做某事
  - → The precautions did nothing / did not do anything to prevent the disease from spreading.
- do little to do sth. 在某方面没多大作用
- do much / a lot / a great deal to do sth. 在某方面有很大作用
  - → (NCE3-21 P106-L8) Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
- be filled with .. 容器里装满了东西; 充满了某种情绪
  - be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion / admiration / remorse … 充满了.. 情绪
    - alarm 惊恐 (又惊又恐)
    - → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) All at once, Inoticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
→ No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung.
- sting v. 叮, 咬
- sense of direction / humor / danger / jiustice / pride / accomplishment / honor / responsibility / superiority / inferiority …. 方向感/ 幽默感 / 危险的感觉 / 正义感/ 自豪感 / 成就感 / 荣誉感 / 责任感/ 优越感/ 自卑感, 劣等感 ….
  - direction n. 方向
  - → (NCE3-29 P138-L2) The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.
  - → (NCE3-39 P178-L6) He simply had no sense of danger at all.
- have a horror of … = be afraid / frightened / scared of … 害怕某物
  - → She has a horror of cockroaches.
  - → She is afraid / frightened / scared of cackroaches.
Unreasonable adj. 非理智的
erase v. 擦掉, 抹去
- eraser n. 擦除器(橡皮擦)
形容词后面用动词不定式一定用主动
造句：我害怕开车是没有道理的，但这种感觉无法消除。
- → My fear of driving is unreasonable, but it is impossible to erase.
fascinating adj. 迷人的
- fascinate vt. 迷住.…
  - → (NCE3-9 P46-L1) Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
- fascination n. 魅力，吸引力
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L1) Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.
- → At the same time, however, insects never fail to fascinate us.
- → At the same time, however, insects exert a peculiar fascination on us.
→ We enjay reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives.
- mantis n. 螳螂
- perfectly adv. 完美地
  - perfectly adv. completely — used to emiphasize what you are saying （用于加强语气）完全，非常，极其
    - → It’s perfectly normal to feel like this.
    - → To be perfectly honest, I didn’t want to go anyway.
→ We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- entrance vt.令人着迷，陶醉
  - → I’m completely entranced by / with the music.
  - → The children sat silent on the carpet, entranced by the puppet show.
    - puppet n. 木偶, 傀儡
- go about one’s business 做自己的事
  - → The villagers were going about their business as usual.
  - → go about sth. 着手做某事
    - → I want to learn German but I don’t know the best way to go about it.
- be (un )aware of ..
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- presence n. 出席, 在场
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
  - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
  - 造句：我在场时请别抽烟。
    - → Please don’t smoke in my presence.
  - absence n. 不在场，缺席
    - in the absence of sb.
    - in sb.’s absence
      - → in my absence he will be in charge.
    - 造句：在老师不在的时候，学生们都在忙自己的事。
      - → In the absence of their teacher, the students were all going about their business.
→ Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
- beetle n. 甲虫
- stand in awe (of …) （对.. ）充满敬畏
- pounce on .. 猛扑向…
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-415) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
- column n. a long moving line of people or things（人或事物的）队伍; 柱子; 专栏
  - a column of soldiers / refugees / tanks
- bear v. 背着
- triumph n. 胜利，成功（的喜悦）；v. 获得成功，取胜
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L20) There was a note of triumph in my voice when | told him that it was there in black and white.
  - Arch of Triumph
- 修辞疑问句, 答在问中, 通常在文章或者段落的末尾
  - rhetorical question 修辞疑问句
  - → (NCE3-27 P130-L19) We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
  - → O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? — P. B. Shelley “西风颂”
  - → Who among us has not dreamed of that?
  - → What is the use of our studying grammar if we can’t put the grammatical rules into practice?

## text 3

spent sometime doing sth.
watch sb. doing sth.
prize: valued; treasured; cherished 珍爱, 喜爱, 心爱的
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L2) One of Mary’s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L13) The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, 1 happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
sheltered adj. 可避风雨的
- → We found a sheltered spot to have a picnic.
  - picnic n. 野餐
  - spot n. 地点
survive vt. 经历 … 而幸存
- → (NCE3-9 P46-L7) A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
severe adj. 严重的，严酷的，严厉的
- a severe injury
- a severe winter
- → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
produce v. 1. make, create 制造
- → (NCE3-47 P216-L2) When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it iinto something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
- produce V. 2. to grow sth. or make it naturally 出产（农场品），产（仔）
  - → The tree produces fruit. 这种树产水果
  - → A cow produces milk. 牛产奶
  - → A hen produces eggs. 母鸡下单
- produce v. 3. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示，拿出
  - Produce your ticket! 请出示你的票
  - → (NCE2-78 P362-L7) They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
  - → (NCE3-52 P236-L23) She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry’s requirements.
wither v. 枯萎, 干枯, 消亡
cluster n. a group of things of the same kind that are very close together （密密匝匝的）一筷，一团
- a cluster of red berries 一簇红色的浆果
be to be found / heard / seen 能够被找到/ 看到/ 听到
- → Such books are to be found in the library.
- → Not a sound was to be heard.
- → Not a soul was to be seen.
- be to do (fml.）的四种用法 (L40)
  - 1.打算
  - 2.命令
  - 3.能够
  - 4.应该
colony n. a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together （住在一起的）一群动物或植物
- a colony of ants
- a seal colony
→ They were visited by a large colony of ants because the ants obtained a sort of honey from them.
- 这里的 because the ants 如果直接换成 which 就更加简洁了
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L1) We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
    - → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (稍显罗嗦)
  - → Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
    - → Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
  - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time.
    - → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
- a sort of = a kind of … 有些像…的；……般的
  - → (NCE3-12 P58-L2) We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. 天堂般的
  - → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) In spite of this, the Htalians regarded him as a sort of hero. 英雄般的
  - → (NCE4-22 P127-L6 Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
→ l immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twentyfour hours.
- embark on / upon sth. 从事, 着手; 上船
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L3) Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes.
- get rid of … 赶走….……，打发走…..
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L13) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
- at the base of …
  - → (NCE3-28 P134-L15) At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A’ had been nearly inscribed.
scurry v. run with short quick steps 小步快跑
- → The mouse scurried across the floor.
bewilder v.令人迷惑，令人晕头转向
- bewidering adj. 令人迷感的，令人昏头转向的
  - → (NCE3-38 P174-L5) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
  - in + 名词做副词含义
    - in bewilderment / confusion 晕头转向地
    - in surprise
    - in horror
    - in despair
    - in a panic …
→ I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satistaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it.
- tape n. 带子, 狭布条
- with satisfaction = satisfiedly adj. 满意地
  - with + n. = adv.
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L9) After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven.
  - with ease = easily 简单地
    - → (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease
  - with delight = delightedly 高兴地
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
  - with a smile = smilingly 微笑着
    - → (NCE3-11 P54-L18)‘But it isn’t perfume,‘1 said. It’s hair gel Then i added with a smile, ‘it’s a strange mixture I make myself
  - with pride = proudly 自豪地
  - with attention = attentively 专心地
  - with confidence = confidently 自信地
  - with reluctance = reluctantly 勉强地
- swarm v. When insects swarm, they come together in a large group 昆虫聚集
- do something about … to do something in order to deal with a problem or difficult situation 解决，处理（问题或困难）
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L29) When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass qrow.
  - → there is nothing … can do about … 对某问题某人无能为力
    - → (NCE3-2 P18-L15)‘That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. “t’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.’
→ I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
Instead of …., however, …. 本该… …，结果却….
- → (NCE3-24 P118-L13) lnstead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.
- **instead(,) …**结果却…..
  - → (NCE3-15 P70-L10) I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
on to … = onto … 到.. 上面去
be quick to do: to react quickly to what someone says or does 很快就
- → He was quick to notice the mistake.
- → (NCE3-21 P106-L12) He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
an answer to sth: a solution to sth.
- → There is no easy answer to the problem.

L55 From the earth: Greetings

## words

astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/ n.天文学
- “astr” / “aster” = star
  - astronomy n. 天文学
    - -nom- 通常表示规律
  - astronomical adj. 天文学的; 天文数字的
  - astrology n. 占星术
    - -(o)logy 通常表示研究
  - astronautics n. 航空学
    - -nau- 通常表示船舶
  - astronaut n. 宇航员
  - disaster n. 灾星, 灾难
  - asterisk n. 星号
  - asteroid n. 小行星
- “stell” = star
  - stellar adj. 星星的
    - stellar light 星光
    - stellar system 星系
  - interstellar adj. 星际的
    - inter- 可以表示 between
    - interstellar travel
- constellation n. 星座; 一群了不起的人物
  - a constellation of famous scientists and artists
solar /ˈsoʊlər/ adj.太阳的
- solar energy 太阳能
- solar system 太阳系
- solar radiation 太阳辐射
- solar calendar 阳历
- a partial / total solar eclipse
  - eclipse 日食/月食
- lunar adj. 月亮的
  - lunar calendar 阴历 (根据月亮的圆缺制定的律法)
  - a partial / total lunar eclipse
Venus /ˈvinəs/ n. 金星 (来自罗马神话)
- Mercury (水星，商贸之神墨丘利）
- Venus（金星，美神维纳斯, 朱庇特的女儿）
- Mars（火星，战神马尔斯, 朱庇特的儿子）
- Jupiter（木星，众神之王朱庇特）
- Satum（士星，农神萨图恩）
- Uranus (天王星，天空之神乌拉诺斯）
- Neptune (海王星，海神尼普顿）
- Pluto (冥王星，冥王普路托）
bacteria /bækˈtɪriə/ n. 细菌 (习惯用复数)
- bacterium (单数) > bacteria (复数)
- datum (单数) > data (复数)
- medium (单数) > media (复数)
- stratum (单数) > strata (复数) 岩层; 社会阶层
- curriculum (单数) > curricula (复数) 课程
realm /relm/ n. 王国;范围,领域
- the realm of literature / science 文学领域/ 科学领域
- the political / military realm 政治领域, 政治界/ 军事领域, 军界
- the realm of necessity 必然王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
- the realm of freedom 自由王国 (哲学概念) (马克思主义哲学)
  - → The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom.
- domain n. 领域, 范畴; 贵族领土
  - the political domain
  - the domain of natural science
- field / area / world / sphere 领域. 范畴, 范围
  - the field of politics 政治界, 政治领域
  - the world of art 艺术领域, 艺术界
  - the area of education 教育界, 教育领域
  - the diplomatic sphere 外交领域
  - the ideological sphere 思想领域

## text 1

→ Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
- Milky Way n. 银河系
  - the Milky Way = the Galaxy 银河系
- galaxy n. 星系
  - the Galaxy n, 银河
- detect v. to discover or notice sth, especially sth that is not easy to see, hear, etc. 发现，觉察
  - → The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
  - → an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation
    - radiation n, 辐射
in relative terms: compared with other, similar things 相对来说
- → Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on books.
emit v. 散发, 发射, 发出
prove (to be) + adj. /n. 被证明是…..
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L9) The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place 20 miles away in the evening.
infinitely adv. very much — used esp. when comparing things（尤其与比较级连用） ..得多; 无限地
- → Your English is infinitely better than my German.
- → Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
- 其他表示 … 得多的搭配
  - far / much / even / still / yet + 比较级
support v. to provide the right conditions, such as enough food and water, for life （提供合适的条件以）维持生命，使活下去
- → The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops.
  - crop n. 庄稼, 作物
- → Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.
  - acid adj. 酸的
→ Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than 4 billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
- evolve v. 进化
- it takes … (for …) to do sth. sb. 做某事需要有……
  - take 表示需要
  - → It took a few minutes for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L9) It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.

## text 2

→ Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its’sun’.
- that is 引出同位语 , 表示’也就是说’, ‘确切的说’
  - that is (to say): or more exactly 也就是说，确切地说
    - → The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.
    - → Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the student’s own language.
    - → (NCE4-2 P11-L9) One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6.000.000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
  - 同义表达
    - i.e. 也就是说
      - → The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.
    - to be exact 准确的讲
      - → She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact:
    - in other words 换句话说
      - → He was economical with the truth — in other words, he was lying.
    - to put it another way 换句话说
      - → It’s fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don’t try this at home.
→ Imagine a star up to 20 times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
- Imagine
  - → Imagine life without hot water. 想象一下没有热水的生活
  - → Imagine that you have just won a million pounds.
  - → (NCE3-7 P38-L12) Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
- up to sth.: 1. 多达 …
  - → The Olympic Stadium will hold up to 80,000 spectators.
  - up to sth.:2.=up till 直到…. = until
    - → (NCE3-31 P146-L6) Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town.
    - → (NCE3-38 P174-L10) Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
→ Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- orbit n. 天体星体的轨道
- form n. 种类, 类型, 形式
- alternatively adv. used to introduce a ssuggestion or to mention sth. different to what has just been stated 或者
  - → The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.
- 复合形容词
  - the life-supporting planet = the planet which supports life
  - animals which eat insects = insect-eating animals 吃昆虫的动物 (主动)
    - insect n. 昆虫
  - silverware which is made by hands = hand-made silverware (被动)
  - state-owned enterprises 国有企业
  - flower-selling girls 卖花女
  - epoch-making masterpieces 开创新时代的大师作品
  - cancer-causing substances 致癌物质
- → Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and (would) also (have to) provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
- for 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语
  - → He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
  - → Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized.
→ But how would we find such a planet if there were such a planet?
→ At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 这里 telescope 有两个后置定语
- in existence 存在
  - → The organization has been in existence for 25 years.
  - come into existence 开始存在 = come into being
    - → Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence.
  - presence n. the existence of sb. or sth. in a particular place 存在
    - one’s presence 某人某物的存在
      - → (NCE3-54 P244-414) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business; unaware (we hope) of our presence.
    - the presence of … 某人某物的存在
      - → Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.
- detect the presence of … 寻找.
  - → The dogs were trained to detect the presence of explosives. 这些狗狗被训练去寻找爆炸物
develop v. to design or make a new idea, product, system etc. over a period of time 开发，研制
- → Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis.
  - treat v. 处理
  - arthritis n. 关节炎
- development n. the process of creating a new product or method 开发，研制
  - → His work is mainly in software development.
  - → The funds. will be used for product development.
中文中倾向于用动词, 英文中倾向于用名词
- → The resolution of some problems of today is urgent and critical for the survival of a society.
- → Overemphasis upon some existing problems could cause harmful effects.
- → His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
- → My arrival coincided with his departure.

## text 3

→ It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
- -based: 1. combines with nouns referring to places to mean sth. positioned or existing mainly in the place mentioned, or operating or organized from that place 位于….
  - a Washington-based organization
  - land-based missites 陆基导弹
  - -based: 2. used with some names to make adjectives describing the main substance in a product 主要成分为….
    - lead-based paints 主要成分为铅的涂料
      - lead 引导; 铅
    - carbon-based fuels 主要成分为碳的燃料 (碳基)
    - nitrogen-based fertilizer 主要成分为氮的肥料 (氮基)
→ Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets if we looked for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
→ Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
- 可以看作省略了一个 if 从句 , 由于上下文的存在
  - → Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system if we looked for life using a telescope in orbit round the earth.
- Hubble Space Telescope (HST) The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth.
particle n. [C] a very small piece of sth. 微粒
- article n. 冠词
- dust particles
- tiny particles of soil 非常细小的土壤的微粒
- elementary particle n. one of the types of pieces of matter including electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms 基本粒子
  - proton 质子
  - neutron 中子
  - atom 原子
  - electron 电子
→ A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for iie in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edoes of our own solar system.
- 省略一个 if 从句
  - → A telescope would have to be as far aaway as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space if we looked for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
- 越…就越….. 的表达
  - → The harder they worked the hungrier they became. (第一种语序, 先翻译前半句, 再翻译后半句)
  - → They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked. (第二种语序, 后半句是从句, 前半句是主句, 先翻译后半句, 再翻译前半句)
  - → (NCE4-37 P218-L13) We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (第二种语句)
→ Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to ‘see’ the planet properly and analyze its atmosphere.
- 从句用一般现在时, 主句用 would, 还是虚拟语气
- way of doing sth. 做某事的方法
  - → a new way of storing information.
  - way to do sth. 做某事的方法
    - → What is the best way to clean this?
- blot n. a mark or dirty spot on sth., esp.made by ink 污点，墨迹
  - ink blots 墨水的污迹
    - → This is a serious blot on your career. 这是你职业生涯中一个严重的污点
  - blot out: to cover sth. so that you can no longer see it 遮住
    - → Dark clouds overhead had blotted out the sun.
- so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
  - 1.引号结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
  - 2.引导目的状语从句，译为“以便〞=in order that…，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should,would 等。
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented.
    - We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented.
- properly adv. (BrE) completely, fully, thoroughly 完全地，彻底地
  - → Is the chicken properly defrosted?
    - defrost v. 除霜, 融化, 解冻
  - → He got properly beaten by the world champion.
→ If we looked for life on a planet, in the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than ‘ittle green men’.
- 这句也可以看作前面省略了一个 if 从句
- in the first instance (fml.) as the first part of a series of actions 首先，第一
  - → in the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company.
  - → Anyone wishing to join the society should apply in the first instance to the secretary.
- little green men
  - Little green men is a popular expression used to describe extraterrestrial life. 地外生命
→ The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
- form n. 形式
- 这里一样省略了 if 从句
  - → The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria if the planet could support life.
→ It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth. (强调句)
- 强调句强调句子的主语
- breathe v. 呼吸
  - breath n. 呼吸
→ As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
- dweller n. 居住在某个地方的人 (正式用语)
  - dwell v. 居住于某地
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L22 The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort.
- cherish v. to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure 长期怀有某种感情
  - → (NCE3-34 P158-L10) Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.
  - → He cherished the hope of winning an Olympic medal.
  - → He cherished the memory of his late wife.
  - → He cherished the illusion that the girl was in love with him.
realm n. 王国, 范畴, 领域
- an idea that belongs in the realm(s) of science fiction
- → I suppose it’s not beyond the realm(s) of possibility.
- → This is not really within the realm(s) of my experience.
science fiction (also informal sci-fi) n. [U] a type of book, film/movie, etc. that is based on imagined scientific discoveries of the future, and often deals with space travel and life on other planets 科学幻想 (科幻)
→ If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
- lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - → He was a lowly assistant gardener.
  - low adj.& adv.低的（地）
    - bow low to the Queen 深深的向女王鞠躬
    - → That plane’s flying too low!
    - → (NCE3-56 P252-L19) We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
→ As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, ‘Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.’
- tenur n. 长期雇用
- NASA n. National Aeronautics and Space Administration a Us government organization that controls space travel and the scientific study of space（美国）国家航空航天局 / 美国太空总署
- observe v. (fml.) to make a written or spoken comment about someone or something （评论）说
  - → “I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he observed.
  - → She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch.
  - observation n. a spoken or written remark about something you have noticed 言论，评论
    - → (NCE4-39 P228-L18) A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
- elsewhere adv. in, at, or to another place 在別处，到别处
  - → The answer to the problem must be sought elsewhere.
  - → Our favourite restaurant was full, so we had to go elsewhere.
  - → Finding life elsewhere would change everything if life were found elsewhere.
  - → If life were found elsewhere, no human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.

L56 Our neighbour, the river

## words

boundary /ˈbaʊndri/ n.分界线，边界
- → The river forms a natural boundary of our farm. 河流形成了我们农场的天然边界
- → The fence marks the boundary between my property and hers.
  - fence n. 篱笆
  - mark 标志
  - property n. 不动产
- 表示虚拟的边界
  - → Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias.
    - blur v. 使模糊
- 国境, 国界的表达
  - border / frontier n. 国界
    - the ltalian border / frontier
    - the border / frontier between China and Russia
overtake /ˌoʊvərˈteɪk/ v. （坏事）突然降临
- overtake overtook overtaken
- → A sudden illness overtook him.
- 完美同义词
  - visit / befall (befell befallen)
    - → A sudden illness visited / befell him.
  - happen to
    - → A sudden illness happened to him.
predecessor /ˈpredəsesər/ n. 前辈，前任
- 完美反义词
  - successor n. 继任者,
- 祖宗, 祖先 n. [C]
  - ancestor
  - forefather
  - forebear
- 后代子孙
  - descendant [C]
    - → He is a direct descendant of Confucius.
      - Confucius n. 孔夫子 (音译), 孔子
  - offspring n. 后代 (单复数同行)
    - → the conflict between parents and their offspring
  - posterity n. [U]
    - → These works of art are preserved for posterity.
meadow /ˈmedoʊ/ n. 草地; 牧场
- lawn n. 草坪
- pasture n. 放牧的牧场
- prairie n. 北美洲的大草原
- savanna(h) n. 热带/亚热带的大草原 (无树无风)
- grassland n. 草原(泛指)
  - → the Inner Mongolina Grassland
occurrence /əˈkɜːrəns/ n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
- occur v. 发生
- happening n. 事情, 事件 (发生的事)
  - happen v. 发生
- trifle n. 一件小事, 琐事, 微不足道的事
- incident n. 小事; 暴力性冲突性的事件
  - a border incident 一起边境事件
  - a shooting incident 一起枪击事件
- affair n. 公众性的&政治性的事件; 风流韵事, 桃色事件
  - current affairs 时事
  - China’s internal affairs 中国内政
  - love affairs 风流韵事
- event n. 重大的事件
- accident (通俗版本) / contingency (文言版本) n. 意外的事故
- coincidence n. 巧合的事件,
proportion /prəˈpɔːrʃn/ n. 比例
- the proportion of sth. to sth. 某事物对另一个事物的比例
  - → What s the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
- in proportion to sth. 和某物成比例 (正比/反比)
  - → Payment will be in proportion to the work done.
- out of (all) proportion to sth.
  - → They earn salaries out of all proportion to their ability.
- a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例 (多数)
- a small / tiny proportion of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a high / large percentage of … 很高的比例的某人某物 (多数)
  - a small / tiny percentage of … 很小比例的某人某物 (少数)
  - a / the majority of … 多数
  - a /the minority of … 少数
site v. 使位于
- 同义词
  - locate
  - situate
- → The house is sited / located / situated on the hill.
- 名词形式 n. 位置
  - site
  - location
  - situation n. 位置, 情况
juncture /ˈdʒʌŋktʃər/ n. 时刻, 关头, 节骨眼
- → At this juncture it’s too late to say anything.
- → The battle had reached a critical / crucial juncture.
  - critical / crucial adj. 关键的
- 时刻的同义词
  - time
  - moment
  - point n. 时间点
  - instant n. 时刻 adj. 立刻的, 立即的
unduly adv.过分地，过度地
- unduly =excessively adv. 过分地，过度地
  - → The levels of pollution in this area are unduly high.
- undue = excessive ad. 过分的，过度的
  - → The work should be carried out without undue delay.
- due adj. proper, suitable 适当的
  - → After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr. Davis to the job.

## text 1

同位语/ 同位格的前置, 为了突出和强调这个同位语
- man’s best friend, the dog
- God Almighty, Jesus Christ 耶稣基督, 我们全能的主
→ The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
- play a … role/part in … 发挥某种作用
  - 造句：西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。
    - → The city of xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
  - 造句：政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。
    - → The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
  - → (NCE4-7 P41-L1) Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L5) The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
  - → (NCE4-44 P257-L10) John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
→ Without it we could not make a living.
- = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- If +S. +did / were .., S. + would / should / could / might + do ..
- If 从句的虚拟语气, If 从句经常可以藏起来, 用介词短语引导
  - → There would be no living things without air.
    - =→ There would be no living things if there were no air.
  - → In his position, I would commit suicide.
    - =→ If I were in his position, I would commit suicide.
- make/earn a living 谋生, 活下去
spring n. 春天; 泉; 弹簧
英文通常用地点指代住在那里的人
- → Be quiet or you’ll wake the house. 安静点, 不然你会把一家人都吵醒了
- the village 全村人
- the town 全镇人
- the city 全城人
- the country 全国人
- the world 全世界人
  - entertain the world 娱乐全世界人
  - → The whole country was / were shocked at the news. (这里用单复数表示主语都可以)
→ …. we have to pump from the river for irrigation.
- → … we have to pump from the river to irrigate the fields.
→ We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
- instinctively = by instinct adv. 本能地 = 介词 + n.
  - particularly = in particular
  - accidentally =by accident
  - carefully = with care
  - delightedly.=with delight
  - angrily = with anger
- .. misfortune might visit / befall us …
  - …. misfortune might happen to us….
- relate sth. to sb. 对某人讲述
  - relate v. 讲述; 联系, 连接
  - → She related the events of the previous week to the police.
  - relate A to / with B
  - report / recount / relate sth. to sb. 将某事讲述给某人听
  - tell sb. (about) sth. 给某人讲述某事
长短句穿插,

## text 2

→ Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
- go / row / sail upstream
go / row / sail upstream 走/划船/航向前往上游
- → Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back. 学习如逆水行舟, 不进则退
  - drop back 被超过
  - go / row / sail downstream 顺流而下
a predecessor of ours
- = one of our predecessors 我们的一位前辈
hard by … (fml.) very near to …
- → The cafeteria stands hard by our dormitory.
heat wave 酷暑时期, 三伏天
- cold spell 严寒时期, 三九天
  - spell n. 一段时间
- → It’s a boiling / scorching / sizzling hot day. 这是一个很热的天气 (的表达)
  - boil v. 沸腾
  - scorch v. 烤焦了
  - sizzle v. 烤肉的时候肉在铁板上滋滋作响
- → It’s a bitterly / biting / freezing cold day.
  - bitterly adv. 残酷的, 剧烈的
  - bite v. 咬
  - freeze v. 冻牢, 凝固
→ We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holdinga summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
- → We celebrate the arrival of the seasons.
- Thanksgiving Day: the fourth Thursday in November
  - the Puritans 清教徒
  - the Mayflower 五月花号
  - Columbus 哥伦布
  - American Indians / Native Americans
  - the Pilgrims 朝圣者, 香客(最早的 102 个清教徒)
  - the Pilgrim Fathers
  - 特色食物
    - roast turkey 烤火鸡
    - apple pie 苹果派
  - → I give thanks to my mother for supporting me all the time.
  - → I give thanks to my math teacher for not flunking me.
    - flunk (俚) 挂科

## text 3

文言可以考虑尽量用名词来描述, 而不是用很多的动词形式
- a rare / common / regular / evervday occurrence
  - → Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.
  - → Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence.
  - → Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
go to extremes 走极端
- → (NCE3-5 P30-L1) Editors of newspapers anid magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
- → Our climate is usually moderate.
→ We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
- in that 复合连词
- disaster n. 大灾难
- a high / large proportion / percentage of.. 很高的一个比例
  - a small / tiny proportion / percentage of ..
  - a majiority of …
  - a vast / great / overwhelming majority of…
  - a minority of …
  - a small / tiny minority of …
- spell v. 构成, 拼写
  - spell v. to cause sth. bad to happen in the future 招致，导致
  - spell disaster / trouble / danger for …..
  - → The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.
  - → This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners.

## text 4

creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走
- → (NCE3-50 P228-L19) Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found me out.
托物以抒情, 用事物做主语
- Curiosity swallowed him.
  - swallow v. 吞咽, 吞没
- → A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.
cattle n. 牛们 (本身就是复数, 类似于 people)
stall n. an enclosed area in a building for an animal such’as a horse or cow 牲口棚，马厩，牛棚
stand to do sth: to be likely to do or have something 可能…
- stand to gain / lose / win … 有可能会获得, 有可能会失去, 有可能会赢得
  - → Many small companies stand to lose financially if the new law is introduced
→ We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
- low adj./adv. 低
  - → The plane flew low.
  - lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
  - a lowly servant
  - → (NCE3-55 P248-L28) If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
put … out of order 使 sth. 出故障
- put … in order 把某物修好
- put … right 把某物修好
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L14) When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
- be out of order 某物坏了, 失灵了
  - → The bell had been out of order for many years.
- put .. . out of business 使某人破产
- put … out of work 使某人失业
→ From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
- attic n. 阁楼
- … get a sweeping view 获得一览无遗的视野 (俯视, 登高望远)
  - .. get a bird’s eye view
- …,when the flood was at its height … 在洪水最为猛烈的时候
  - ., at the height of the flood
  - the height of … sth./sb. 的顶峰状态,全盛时期
    - → August is the height of sumimer.
    - → The storm is at its height.
- take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
  - take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
    - → There is only one computer, so we have to take turns (in) using / to use it.
迹象, 征兆
- sign
- indication
- omen 兆头
  - a good omen
  - a bad omen
→ Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
- before 除了翻译成 ‘之前’, 也可以翻译成 ‘直到’
- 全部倒装语句 (L10) 部分倒装 (L5)
  - 全部倒装 - 把全部谓语置于主语之前, 主系表 变成 表系主
    1. 表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。 1-主语不是代词。2-谓语动词不是及物动词
    2. 表语置于句首。
  - 例子
    - → Now comes your turn.
    - → On the hill stands a temple.
    - → Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body .
    - → Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
- → ….. prevent its landing anywhere …. (动名词 + 属格用法)
  - = → … prevent it from landing anywhere ….
  - → He always insisted on its being written out in full. (insisted + its 属格)
→ Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah’s ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
- Noah’s ark 诺亚方舟
  - ark n. 方舟(圣经), 平底船
- hen n. 母鸡
- cage n. 笼子
- the Genesis 创世纪 (圣经)
  - the New Testament (Christians) 新约
  - the Old Testament (Jews) 旧约
  - 新约和旧约圣经的分水岭在于上帝耶稣降临
  - deluge n. 大洪水(圣经); 暴雨, 洪水
→ We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
- unduly adv. 过度地, 不恰当地
- stoutly adv. 结实地, 粗壮地
  - stout = sturdy adj. strong and thick 粗壮的，结实的
    - stout boos for climbing
    - a stout walking-stick
- sound adj. in good condition and not damaged in any way 完好的
  - → The floor was completely sound.
  - → Is the building structurally sound?
→ The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
- wade v. 蹚水, 涉水
- trek v. 艰苦跋涉
- in the hope of / that ….
  - → …. in the hope that they would be able to ….
  - → Police are carrying out a house-tohouse search in the hope of finding the missing girl.
  - in + 名词表示原因状语
    - → The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
    - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or taxcollectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L3) In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery (=because she suddenly discovered) that her front door was open.
    - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
    - → (NCE4-11 P65-42) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought (=because they think) that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
- grapple v. to take a firm hold of sb./sth. and struggle with them 紧紫抓住，扭住，扭打
  - → They managed to grapple him to the ground.
→ We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.

L57 Back in the old coun

## words

alien /ˈeɪliən/ adj.外国的；外星的
- alien cultures 外国文化
- alien beings 外星人
- be alien to …. 对sth./sb. 是格格不入的, 不兼容的
  - → The idea is alien to our religion. 这种挂念和我们的教义是格格不入的
    - religion n. 宗教
  - → Luxury is alien to her nature. 奢侈和她的本性是格格不入的
    - nature n. 本性, 自然, 天然
- foreign adj. 外国的
  - be foreign to … 对 sth./sb. 是格格不入的,
    - → Jealousy is foreign to his nature. 嫉妒和他的本性是格格不入的
- exotic adj. 外国的, 新奇漂亮的 (褒义词)
  - exotic tropical plants 新奇漂亮的外国热带植物
  - → I am charmed with her exotic beauty. 我被她异国情调的美所迷住
    - charm v. 使陶醉
emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt/ v. 移居国外
- 形似词解析
  - migrate v. 迁徙, 移居
    - → People migrate to cities in search of work.
    - → Swallows migrate south in winter. 在冬天时, 燕子会迁徙到南方去
  - emigrate v. 移居国外
    - emigrate from 从某国移民出去
  - immigrate v. 移进某地, 移入
    - immigrate to 移民到某国里来
  - → Europeans emigrating from their homelands after World War I were encouraged to immigrate to Australia.
  - v. n.行为 n.人
    - migrate migration migrant 移民的人
    - immigrate immigration immigrant 移民入某地的人
    - emigrate emigration emigrant 移民出去的人
absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ v. 使全神贯注
- 全神贯注于某事
  - be absorbed in …
  - be engrossed in …
  - be wrapped up in …
  - be immersed in …
    - → He is totallv immersed in the novel.
- 忙于某事
  - be busy (in) doing
  - be up to one’s neck /ears in …
    - 听力题
      - M: Can you come over for dinner tonight?
      - W: I**’m up to my ears in** work, so I’ll have to take a rain check.
      - What does the woman mean?
      - Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
      - take a rain check 择期再约
embedded /ɪm’bɛd/ adj. 嵌入的(深深地扎根在… 里面)
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L10) His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.
    - land n. 土地, 国家
  - → (NCE4-21 P121-16) He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.
- deep-rooted / deep-seated 根深蒂固的, 不可动摇的
  - a deep-seated faith in god 对上帝不可动摇的信仰
  - a deep-rooted bad habit 一个恶习难改的坏习惯
- inveterate hatred / preiudice / distrust (贬义词)
  - an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler / liar
    - liar n. 撒谎成性的人
milestone n.里程碑；划时代事件
- be a milestone in .. 是 … 的里程碑
  - → October 1st, 1949 was a milestone in the history of China.
- crossroads n.十字路口；抉择关头 (本身就是单数)
  - at a crossroads in …
    - → He was at a crossroads in his career.
territory /ˈterətɔːri/ n. 领土, 领域
- territory n. 1. [U]&[C] 领土 enemy / disputed / foreign territory
  - → They refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory.
- territory n. 2.[U] (知识或经验的）领域
  - familiar / unfamiliar territory
    - → The company is moving into unfamiliar territory with this new software.
    - → Social work is familiar territory to her.
stumble /ˈstʌmbl/ v. 绊脚
- stumble v. strike one’s foot against sth. and almost fall 绊脚**=trip**
- stumble over / on … = trip over / on… 在…..上绊了一下
  - → Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.
  - → Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.
- stumble across / on / upon … to find sth. or meet st. by accident 偶然发现或遇到 = come across …
  - → We stumbled across him at the mall.
  - → History relates that they stumbled on a magnificent waterfall.
- stumble into .. . to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入….
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-424) 1 felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.

## text 1

→ I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.
- stop doing 和 stop to do
  - stop to do 停下来, 去做某事
  - stop doing 停止做某事
- cool off v. to return to a normal temperature after being hot 冷却下来，凉爽下来
  - → Cool off with an iced drink.
  - → By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days.
- study v. examine (sth) very carefully 仔细察看（某事物）
  - study the map / menu …
  - → Scientists are studying the photographs of Mars for signs of life.
expect (sb.） to do: 以为；料想
- → He didn’t expect to see me.
- → We expected him to arrive yesterday.
objective n.目标，目的 = goal
- → Everest is the climber’s next objective.
  - Everest n. 珠穆朗玛峰
- → Let justice be our objective
by now
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L17) After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
be alien to …. 对… 感到陌生, 格格不入
recover from … 从⋯恢复
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L29) You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
- recover sth. 1. 恢复.. = restore sth. / regain sth
  - recover / restone / regain + one’s health / one’s sight / one’s consciousness / one’s balance / one’s composure
- **recover sth.**2.重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿
  - → (NCE3-43 P200-L8) But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
presence n. 1. 出席, 在场, 存在
- → (NCE3-54 P244-L14) We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
- → (NCE3-55 P248-L16) At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
- 某人在场的表达
  - in the presence of sb.
  - in sb.’s presence
    - → Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
    - → l asked you not to smoke in my presence.
- presence n. a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is with you in a place 似乎在场
  - → His daughter’s presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
continually 反复地, 一再地和 continuously 持续地, 一刻不停地
→ (造句) Everything around me is full of his / her presence, continually reopening the wound.
make a new life for sb. 为. ..开创新生活
- → I was determined to make a new life for myself in Australia.
- → After the divorce she moved to Buckingham to make a new life for herself.
  - Buckingham n. 白金汉郡
turn over a new leaf 弃恶从善，洗心革面重做人
- → The thief was determined to turn over a new leaf once he was released from prison.
cease to do 不再……
- → (NCE3-35 P162-L7) There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
grieve v. to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died 悲伤
- grieve (over/for) ….
  - → They are still grieving over / for their dead child.
  - → She grieved the death of her husband.
- grievance n.委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L9) A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
→ He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman’s care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.
- bring up sb. 把… 抚养成人
- lack sth. 缺乏
  - lack for sth. (fml.)=need sth. 需要……
  - lack for nothing 应有尽有
- 语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词
  - father and mother
  - → Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
  - → We are brother and sister.
  - → Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.
  - → Please pass me pencil and paper.
→ He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay.
- meant to do sth. 打算…
  - → Whoops! I didn’t mean to step on your toe.
    - toe n. 脚趾头
  - → I mean to leave that meeting with a new contract.
  - mean n. 平均, 中等 v. 意思是 adj. 低等的, 卑贱的; 吝啬的, 小气的
‘扎根于’ 的表达
- be (firmly) embedded in …
- be (firmly) rooted in …
- be (firmly) entrenched in ..
- be (firmly) ingrained in …
folk (BrE) / folks (AmE) n. people 人们
- ordinary working-class folk
- → I’d like a job working with old folk or kids.
- → Young folk these days don’t know the meaning of work.
→ He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
- make sb. do 让某人做某事
- mortally = fatally adv . 致命地
  - mortally / fatally ill / injured / wounded
  - a mortal / fatal illness / injury / wound
  - immortal adj. 流芳百世的
    - → (NCE3-17 P78-L4) Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him.
- do sth. on one’s own 某人自己做某事
  - alone / on one’s own / by oneself
    - → She was sitting alone on a park bench.
    - → I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
    - → Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
  - all(alone / on one’s own / by oneself) 加强语气
    - → Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.

## text 2

→ I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which l found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
- 这里有两个定语从句, 并列修饰 map, 并且在第二个定语从句中还有一个嵌入式的定语从句
- 同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 两个定语从句修饰同一个名词或短语，中间用并列连词 (and, or 或 but) 连接，此时关系词往往不可省去。
    - → This book is intended for foreign students who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of language to read books on their own subjects.
      - 两个定语从句都是修饰 foreign students, 关系词都不能省 (省了就难以辨认结构了)
    - → The past progressive is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose exact limits are not known.
- 不在同一层次上的双重定语从句
  - 第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语＋第一个定语从句”，两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词（一般是关系代词作宾语）可省略。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L11)The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very pound of the fact.
    - → .. but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
      - 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
        
        → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
        
        → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
It is/was not that …, but (that)… 不是因为………而是因为.
- → It was not.that actually remembered anything at all, but (that) my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L5) It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all.
  - = → It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of danger at all.
- **not that., but that …**不是因为….., 而是因为….
  - → Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. — Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
over and over (again) 一再地，屡次地，三番五次地
- → I’ve told you over and over (again) not to do that.
- again and again
- time after time
- time and (time) again
- many times
- repeatedly
be positive (that).. 对….…确定
- → Are you absolutely positive you locked the door?
- 同义搭配
  - I was sure / certain / confident / convinced (that)…
  - I had no doubt (that) …
  - I bet (that) … 我敢肯定 (我打赌….)
familiar / unfamiliar territory 熟悉/不熟悉 (的领域)
- → Social work is familiar territory to her.
- → All this is familiar territory to readers of her recent novels.
well interj.(语气词) used for expressing a feeling such as doubt, surprise, or anger 用以表达怀疑、惊讶或愤怒等感情
- → Well, they have a lot of nerve! 他们的胆子真不小
  - nerve n. 勇敢
- → Well, she could at:least have phoned to say she wasn’t coming!

## text 3

→ I looked at the map and then at the milometer.
- milometer 里程表
  - -meter 表示仪器, 读数表
  - thermometer 温度表
  - barometer 气压计
  - odometer / milometer 里程表
  - speedometer 速度计
→ I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
- according to …. 根据某人的看法/说法
- spire n. 尖顶
- come = travel
  - → Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.
- 独立主格
  - (with +)n. + 非谓语
    - → (NCE3-6 P34-L9) The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
    - → (NCE4-18 P104-L9) It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
decide 不一定译为 “决定” ，而常常译为”（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为” ，尤其是其后加 that 引号的宾语从句时.
- → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to tranisport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
- → (NCE3-52 P236-L30) From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
turning (BrE) / turn (AmE) n. 道路转弯处
- → He must have taken a wrong turning in the dark.
- → Take the first turning on the left.
→ So l drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.
- retrace v. repeat (a journey, route, etc.)exactly 重走
  - → We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.
  - → They are haping to retrace the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus.
- take / shoot / throw / cast a glance at .. 扫视…..
  - → The couple at the next table cast quick glances at us.
  - → The other people shot sidelong glances at me.
land up = end up = finish up: to finally be in a particular place or situation 最终；最后.
- → He’ll land / end / finish up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that.
- land up / end up / finish up doing
  - → Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he landed up / ended up / finished up becoming a successful writer of detective stories.
→ I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
- as if /as though从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与末来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L4) It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-L10) As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
  - → It looks as if it might rain.
  - 注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing的形式。
    - → (NCE3-24 P118-L21)‘Oh, that,’ he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
    - → Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)
    - → It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.
- stumble into … to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入 …
  - → I stumbled into acting when I left college.
  - → I felt as if l had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes stumble into a nightmare country in dreams.
→ And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
- 连词as引导的方式状语从句中常省略主句中出现过的成分而只残存“as+ 状语”结构。
  - = → And, as there is nobody in sight to help me in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
  - → In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
    - = → In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
→ Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my dlirection.
- 全部倒装
  - 把全部谓语置于主语之前。
    - 1、表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动
    - 2、表语置于句首。
  - → …., there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, ….
    - = → …,a man on horseback appeared there on the horizon; …
- on horseback 骑着马的人, 骑着马的
  - a solidier on horseback
  - → They travelled over the mountains on horseback.
- in sb.’s direction
  - → Tony glanced in her direction and their eyes met.
ask / tell / show sb. the way to .. . 告诉某人去某地的路
- → He asked me the way to London.
- → Could you tell me the way to the station?
- → Could you please show me the way to the temple?
→ The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley had been submerged too.
not … but …. 不是, 而是

L58 A spot of bother

## words

composure /kəmˈpoʊʒər/ n.镇静, 沉着 [U]
- keep / maintain one’s composure
- lose one’s composure
- recover / regain one’s composure
- compose/collect v. 使安定, 使平静, 使镇静
  - compose / collect oneself 让自己平静下来
    - → He took a deep breath to compose / collect himself.
- composed / collected adj. 镇定的
  - → He appeared composed / collected despite the stress.
    - stress n. 压力
hinder /ˈhɪndər/ v. 妨碍, 阻碍
- hinder v. to make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 妨碍，阻碍
- 同义词
  - hinder
  - hamper
  - impede
- → Higher interest rates could hinder / hamper / impede economic growth.
- → Social unrest will hinder / hamper / impede economic development.
- 同义词
  - put sand in the wheels of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (往轮子里面扔沙子)
  - put obstacles in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (在路上设置障碍)
  - stand in the way of … 妨碍, 阻碍 (站在路中间挡住了去路)
    - → (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
veritable /ˈverɪtəbl/ adj. 真正的，货真价实的
- veritable adj. a word used to emphasize a description of st.or sth. 真正的，货真价实的= real
- → The area is a veritable paradise for those who love walking and swimming.
- 字根 “ver” = true
  - very adj. 正是的
    - → He died in this very room. 他就是在这个房间去世的
    - → At that very moment the phone rang.
  - verify v. 证实, 核实
    - → His story has been verified by other witnesses.
      - witnesses n. 目击者; 证人
  - verdict n. (陪审团的) 裁决
    - → After a week the jury had still not reached a verdict.
  - veracity n. = truth 真实，真实性
    - → Some people questioned the veracity of her story.
magpie /ˈmæɡˌpaɪ/ n. 喜鹊；饶舌者；喜欢收藏物品的人
- → (NCE3-58 P260-L18) She had lived in the flat for 30 vears and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; …
  - hoard v. 聚积财富, 囤积货物
- 比喻用法
  - → He is a bear. (他是一个粗鲁的人)
  - → He is a beast. (他是一个野蛮的人)
  - → He is a fox. (他是一个狡猾的人)
  - → He is a snake. (他是一个阴险的人)
  - → He is a dark horse. (注意不要用 black horse)
  - → He is a lucky dog. (他是一个幸运的人)
  - → He is a big fish. (他是个大人物)
  - → He is a lame duck. (他是一个任期将满的总统或领袖)
  - → He is an old goat. (他是一个老色狼)
  - → He is an eager beaver. ( 他是一个勤奋努力且一心想出人头地的人)
    - beaver 海狸
    - eager adj. 热心的, 渴望的
toss /tɔːs/ v.抛掷，扔 ; 搅拌
- toss v. to throw sth., esp. sth. light, with a quick gentle movement of your hand 抛掷，扔 (比较轻的东西, 轻抛)
  - → She crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
  - → (NCE3-58 P260-L19) …. it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- toss v. 搅拌
  - → Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
  - tossed green salad
  - → “Let’s go into the kitchen, and maybe you can help me set the table”
    - → “Sound’s good to me. What are we having?”
    - → “I prepared lamb chops, mashed potatoes, and a tossed green salad to begin with.”
    - → “Grandpa, you are a territic guy!”
- toss and turn 辗转反侧
  - → I was tossing and turning all night.
fussy /ˈfʌsi/ adj.神经过敏的，小题大做的; 挑剔的
- fussy adj. 1. nervously active or excited about small things (对小事）神经过敏的，小题大做的
  - fussy parents
    - → (NCE3-58 P260-L27) The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, …
- fussy adj. 2. giving too much close attention to detail, etc. and therefore difficult to please 挑剔的
  - → A lot of small children are fussy eaters.
- 表示’‘挑剔的’’ 的同义词
  - be fussy / picky / choosy / particular about …
    - → He is very fussy / picky / choosy / particular about the clothes he buys.

## text 1

a spot of … = a small amount of … 少量的某物
- → Shall we stop for a spot of lunch? 要不我们停下来吃点午饭?
- a spot of bother = some trouble
  - → I’m having a spot of bother with my car / one of my teeth.
→ The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived.
- glad adj. 高兴的, 开心的
- block n. a large building divided into separate parts 大楼
  - block n. 街区
  - a block of flats 一栋公寓 (英式)
    - → (NCE2-29 P138-18) Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.
  - an office block 一个办公楼, 一个写字楼
  - an apartment block 一栋公寓楼 (美式)
tire vt. 使疲劳
grow linking-v.(系动词) become different quite slowly 慢慢变得
- 造句：我对英语的兴趣随着每一堂课慢慢增长。
  - → My interest in English grew stronger with every class of the course.
- 造句：他的自信心随着每一次取得的成功渐渐增长。
  - → His self-confidence grew greater with every success he achieved.
→ In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open.
- lift (BrE) =elevator (AmE) n. 电梯
- 中文中, 动词占有统治地位, 英文中, 名词占有统治地位
  - → In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest;
    - → In the lift she was thinking about lunch and a good rest. (动词写法)
    - one’s thoughts are / were on .. 正在想着某事, 思绪在某事上面
      - → On my way to the school, my thoughts were on the final examinations.
- in the + noun. 句中多作原因状语 (书面语)
  - = → …,both were forgotten because she suddenly discovered that ….
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L5) They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief (=because they believe) that they may one day need just those very things.
→ She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, when she remembered that she had gone shopping after the home help had left and she knew that she had turned both keys in their locks.
- 主句如果出现进行时或者 be about to do , 后面的 when 要翻译成这时../突然… , 并且这种句型的主要信息在 when 从句里
- reprimand … (for …) 责备, 批评某人(上下级之间)
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-116) Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely.
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L17) He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
  - → She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, …
- home help n. (BrE) someone who helps ill or old people in their homes with cleaning, cooking etc. 家务助手
- negligence n. [U]疏忽，粗心大意
  - → The accident was due to her negligence.
    - due to 由于
- 钥匙相关的搭配
  - 插钥匙进去
    - turn the key in the lock
    - insert the key in the lock
  - 钥匙拔出来
    - remove / take out the key from the lock
→ She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following her regular practice she had shut them before going out.
- hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
- follow one’s regular practice 按照某人通常的做法,
  - practice v. 练习, 习惯性的做法
  - → Following my regular practice I write once a month to my son in the States.
drawing room = living rome
- drawing room n. (formal or old-fashioned) a room in a large house in which people relax and guests are entertained 客厅，起居室
  - hall n. 衣帽间/ 门厅
  - living room / sitting room / drawing room 前两个较为常见, 客厅, 起居室
  - dining room 餐厅
  - kitchen 厨房
  - bathroom 浴室
  - guestroom 客房
  - study
  - bedroom 卧室
  - master bedroom 主卧
  - storeroom 储存室
  - attic / loft 阁楼
  - basement(可住人的) / cellar(地窖) 地下室
  - balcony 阳台
look into sth: investigate or examine sth.调查或仔细查看
- → I wrote a letter of complaint and the airline has promised to look into the matter.

## text 2

confusion n. mess; disorder; chaos 混乱
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
over adv. across a distance in a particular direction or at a location 在那边
- → He lives over in England.
as clear as day / daylight / crystal 像大白天一样清楚 = very clear
- → It was as clear as daylight then that ….
  - = → It was very clear then that … (不佳)
- 类似的比喻
  - as clear as mud 不明显(就像泥巴一样明显)
  - as dark as pitch 一片漆黑 (就像沥青一样黑)
  - as easy as ABC 非常简单 (就像 ABC 一样简单)
  - as switft as lightning 非常快 (迅捷的如闪电一般)
  - as cold as ice 很冷 (像冰一样冷)
  - as straight as an arrow 笔直 (像箭一样直)
  - as strong as a horse 像马一样强壮
  - as brave as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛
  - as cunning as a fox 像狐狸一样狡猾
  - as greedy as a wolf 像狼一样贪婪
  - as stubborn as a mule 像骡子一样倔
  - as poor as a church mouse 像教堂的老鼠一样穷
force an entry = break in 强行闯入
- → The police forced an entry into the building.
- → There is no signs of forced entry.
  - 强行闯入 forced an entry 当动词用
  - 强行的闯入 forced entry 当名词用
‘当她不在的时候’ 的表达
- while she was away. (不佳)
- in/during one’s absence. (佳, 使用名词做中心词)
  - absence n. 不在, 缺席
  - in/during the absence of sb.
- 某人在场的情况下
  - in one’s presence
  - in the presence of sb.
→ Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.
- impulse n. 冲动
- 表示目的通常用 to do
  - one’s aim/purpose is to …. 某人的目的是去做某事
  - one’s dream is to …. 梦想是去做….
  - one’s plan is to ..
  - one’s hope / wish is to …
  - one’s advice / suggestion is to …
  - one’s first impulse / reaction is to ..
- prudent adj. sensible and careful, esp. by trying to avoid unnecessary risks 审慎的，明智的
  - prudent house buyers 明智的房屋购买者
  - it is prudent (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说是明智的
    - → It would be prudent to save some of the money.
    - → It might be prudent to get some expert advice first.
  - 反义：rash adj. 轻率的，魯莽的，不计后果的
    - → Don’t make rash promises.
    - → (NCE3-8 P42-L9) Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.
- have (got) sb. with you: if you have someone with you, they are present with you 某人与自己在一起
  - → Luckily I had a friend with me who spoke German.
- fetch sb. from sth. 从把某人接来，叫来或找来
  - → Would you mind going to fetch the kids from school?
  - → I have to fetch my mother from the railway station.
- porter n. 1. (BrE)= doorman (AmE) someone whose job is to take care of a building and be present at its entrance in order to help visitors 门房
  - porter n. 2. a person whose job is to carry things, especially traveler’s bags at railway stations, airports, etc. 脚夫，搬运工
    - → (NCE3-60 P268-L24) She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
→ By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
- by this time 截至到这个时候
- be beginning to do sth. 慢慢的开始, 逐渐开始
  - → It was beginning to get dark. 天色慢慢开始暗下来了
  - → (NCE3-54 P244-L20) During the summer, l noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
    - wither vi. 枯萎
- tremble v. 颤抖
  - → (NCE3-10 P50-L12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
- strong adj. （饮料、酒等）浓的，烈性的
  - strong coffee / tea / beer ….
  - 反义：weak 淡的, 度数低的
    - weak coffee / tea / beer..
→ Then, her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter’s assistance to search for any intruders who might still be lurking in her flat.
- Her composure regained 写法
  - keep / maintain one’s composure 保持了镇定
  - lose one’s composure 失去了镇定
  - recover / regain one’s composure 恢复了镇定
  - 原本的写法:
    - → Then, her composure was regained, and she was ready to … 主次稍不分明
  - 独立主格写法
    - → Then, her composure regained, she was ready to ..
- 动身出发的表达
  - set off / out
    - → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  - start off / out
- intruder n. someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal sth. 非法入侵者（尤指为行窃）
  - → The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.
  - intrude v. to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs in an annoying and unwanted way 打扰，侵扰，千涉（隐私等）
    - → I don’t wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment?
    - → Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.
- lurk v. to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do sth. wrong 潜伏
  - → She didn’t see the figure lurking behind the bushes.

## text 3

→ They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the police in their search for fingerprints.
- go through sth.: to search sth. in order to find sth. in particular 搜寻
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The Officer went through the case with great care.
- the search for …
  - → Bad weather is hampering the search for survivors.
- in search of … = searching for …
  - → go in search of a cheap hotel
  - → (NCE3-59 P264-L25) Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
→ She had lived in the flat for thirty years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; and it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
- possess v. 拥有
→ At least sorting out the things she should have discarded years ago was now being made easier for her.
- sort out v. 从一堆东西中把某物挑出来
  - sort out: 1. to separate one type of thing from another 从….中挑出来
    - → I’ve sorted out the papers that can be thrown away.
  - sort out: 2. to arrange or organize sth. that is mixed up or untidy, so that it is ready to be used 将.……分类整理好
    - → We need to sort out our camping gear before we go away.
- should have done 应该做的却没有做 (情态动词完成时)
  - → (NCE3-11 P54-L16) You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.
police inspector n. a police officer of middle rank 巡官
- constable n. a British police officer of the lowest rank 警察
tell sb. of sth. (fml.) describe an event to sb. 向某人讲述某事
- 比 tell sb. about sth. 更加文气和正式
- → He told us of his extraordinary childhood.
ransack v. to search a place, making it untidy and causing damage, usually because you are looking for sth. 洗劫
- → The house had been ransacked by burglars.
→ The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or entered over the balcony.
- while 做连词, 当某人在做 A 事的时候 , 另一个人在做 B 事
  - → (NCE3-6 P34-L10) One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
- check v. make sure of sth. by examining or investigating it （用检查或调查的方法）印证、确认某事物
  - → Go and check (that) I’ve locked the windows.
- force / pick / break a lock 撬锁
- thereby adv. (fml.) with the result that sth. else happens 因此，由此 (五星级结果状语的精彩表达)
  - thereby doing sth.
    - → Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.
  - 替换
    - thus doing 从而, 因此 (完美替换)
      - thus adv. 如此, 因为
      - → They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness.
        
        dilute v. 加水稀释, 懈开
      - → The merchants began to import corn, thus forcing farmers to cut their prices.
- skeleton key / passkey 万能钥匙
→ There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
- bundle n. 包裹
  - bundle n. parcel, package 包裏
- trace n. a small sign that shows that sb. or sth. was present or existed 痕迹，踪迹，迹象
  - there is no trace of …
    - → There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.
- 嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语。
  - → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
  - → (NCE3-48 P220-L30) Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
  - → (NCE3-57 P256-L14) I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey; but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
**entry (into ….)**进入（…..) (可以尝试用名词 entry 来表示进入)
- 造句：老师突然进来把孩子们吓了一跳。
  - → The children were surprised by the sudden entry of their teacher.
- 造句：天色昏暗，谁也没有注意到他们进入了军营。
  - → It was dark and their entry into the camp had gone unnoticed.
job n. (infml. (口语 )a crime, esp. stealing 作案，罪行 (活儿)
- an inside job 内部作案
- → He got six months for that last job he did.
→ The inspector then asked the old lady to try to check what was missing by the next day and advised her not to stay alone in the flat for a few nights.
→ The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, but since the porter agreed with him, she rang up her daughter and asked for her help in what she described as a little spot of bother.
- creature (esp. following an adjective) a person, considered in a particular way (尤其用于形容词后）有某种特点的人
  - creature n. 生物
  - a fussy / strange / pathetic … creature 一个小题大做的家伙/ 一个奇怪的家伙/ 一个可怜的家伙
- ring sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up 给某人打电话 (英式)
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L14) As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire-brigade.
  - 给某人打电话的表达
    - ring / phone sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (BrE) = call sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ up (AmE)
    - telephone / phone / call sb.
    - give sb. a call = give sb. a ring (BrE)
- help in sth. 在某方面的帮助
  - → Local teachers provided invaluable help in dealing with the problem.
    - invaluable adj. 非常珍贵的, 宝贵的
- describe … as …
  - → (NCE3-17 P78-L2) He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river’

L59 Collecting ⭐️

## words

amass /əˈmæs/ v. 积累，积聚
- → How had he amassed his fortune? 他是如何积累他的财富的?
  - fortune n. 财富
  - fortunate adj. 幸运的
- → For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
- 同义词
  - accumulate v. 积累, 积聚
    - accumulate knowledge / possessions 积累知识, 积累财富
    - → (NCE3-1 P14-44) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
  - collect / gather v. 积累, 积聚,
    - → Dust had collected / gathered on the window-sill.
    - → | didn’t know what to do with it, so it just sat there collecting / gathering dust.
      - collect dust 积灰
  - pile up / build up v. 越积越多
    - → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
    - → He piled up / built up huge debts.
indiscriminate /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/ adj.不加选择的
- be indiscriminate in … 在某方面不加选择
  - → He is indiscriminate in his choice of friends.
- discriminate v. 区别, 分辨, 辨别
  - discriminate against … 歧视
    - discriminate against women
    - discriminate against ethnic minorities
      - ethnic adj. 民族的
      - minority n. 少数
- discrimination n. 分辨, 辨别; 歧视
  - racial discrimination 种族歧视
  - sexual discrimination 性别歧视
  - religiaus discrimination 宗教歧视
mania /ˈmeɪniə/ n. 狂熱，癖好；躁狂症
- mania = craze n. 狂热
  - soccer mania / craze
    - soccer n. 足球
  - fitness mania / craze 健身热潮
- maniac n. 狂热的人; 疯子, 狂人
- kleptomania 偷窃癖
  - kleptomaniac 偷窃狂
- pyromania 纵火癖
  - pyromaniac 纵火狂
- megalomania 自大癖
  - megalomaniac 自大狂
- dipsomania 酗酒癖
  - dipsomaniac 酗酒狂
- bibliomania 藏书癖
  - biblio- 书的
  - bibliomaniac 藏书狂
strong-minded adj.意志坚强的(褒义词)
- 同义词
  - iron-willed adj.意志坚强的 (钢铁般的意志的) (褒义词)
    - will n. 意志, 自制力, 毅力
  - resolute adj. 坚定的, 坚决的(褒义词)
  - determined adj. 坚定的, 坚决的, 已下定决心的(褒义词)
- 同义但贬义的词
  - stubborn adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
  - obstinate adj. 倔强的 (贬义的意志坚强)
- 反义词
  - hesitant adj. 犹豫不决的, 迟疑的
verify /ˈverɪfaɪ/ v.证实，核实
- ver- 字头表示真正的,真实的
  - verify data / details 核实数据/核实细节
- testify v. 出庭作证
  - testity against sb. / in favor of sb.
- justify v. 证明…是合理的
  - → The end justifies the means. 结果是证明手段是合理的
contented /kənˈtentɪd/ both satisfy and happy adj. 心满意足的
- a contented heart 一颗满足的心
- a contented smile 一个满足的微笑
- → Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
- content adj. 满足的, 满意的 (只能做表语, 不能做定语)
  - be content with …
    - → He is content with his present job.
  - be content to do …
    - → He is content to stay in his present job.

## text 1

collecting n. 收藏这种行为
- collection n. 收藏品, 藏品; 收集品
tend v. 倾向于, 易于, 往往会 ….
- tend to do
  - = have a tendency to do 有…的趋势
  - = **be inclined to do ** 倾向于做某事
  - = be apt to do 倾向于做某事
    - apt adj. 易于…., 有…的倾向
- intend to do 打算做某事
  - = mean to do 打算做某事
  - = be going to do
  - = plan to do
  - = have every intention of doing 打算做某事, 有意要做某事
    - have no intention of doing 无意做某事
      - → (NCE3-28 P134-L9) I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
amass possessions 积累财富
- = accumulate belongings
  - belongings 动产
aware = conscious adj. 意识到的
- … without being conscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
- = …without knowing so.
- = … without realizing so.
- = … (being) unaware / unconscious of doing so.
  - → (NCE3-30 P142-L21) He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley.
- 造句：人们变老时往往睡得更少，有时候自己都没有意识到。
  - → People tend to sleep less when they get older, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
→ Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned.
- delightful surprise 惊喜交加的感觉 (又惊又喜)
  - 一种情绪的形容词可以修饰另一种情绪的名词
    - painful joy 痛苦的欢乐 (苦乐交织)
    - sweet sorrow 甜蜜的忧伤
    - hating love 爱恨交织的情绪
    - mixed feelings / emotions 杂糅的情绪
→ Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter.
- clutter 废品, 破烂货 = junk
- move house / home 搬家 (BrE)
  - → We’re moving house / home next week.
  - move (AmE) 搬家
    - → We’re moving next week.
  - move to … 搬家到某地
    - → We’re moving to Shanghai.
  - move in / move out 搬进来, 搬出去
    - → They ve bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
    - → Her landlord has given her a week to move out.
- described as … 的同义表达
  - be called …
  - be regarded as …
  - be classified as … 被归为…一类
  - be branded as …. 被打上 …. 的烙印 (贬义)
→ They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one dav need iust those very things.
- drawer n. 抽屉
- cupboard n. 橱柜
- attic 阁楼
- unwanted: undesirable / unwelcome 不想要的, 不受欢迎的, 要抛弃的
- in the belief that… = because they believe that …
  - → (NCE3-53 P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
  - → (NCE4-11 P65-L2) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have been cheated the best things that life has to offer.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L27) The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able fo grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
  - 造句：他每天都吃维生素药丸，相信这样对健康有好处。
    - → He takes vitamin pills every day in the belief that they may benefit his health.
  - 造句：他给这个女孩子写了一封又一封信希望能赢得芳心。
    - → He wrote to the girl one letter after another in the hope of winning her heart.
just adv. 正是 / very adj. 正是
- → He is just the man wanted by the police.
- → He is the very man wanted by the police.
- → He is just the very man wanted by the police.
→ As they grow old, people also aaccumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.
- lack v. 缺少
- sentiment n. 感情
  - sentiment n. [U] (usu. derog.) tender feelings of pity, nostalgia, etc. which may be exaggerated or wrongly directed (contrasted esp. with reason) (对怜悯、怀日等的）情感，多愁善感，感情用事（尤与理智相对）(通常用作贬义用法)
    - → There’s no room for sentiment in business.
    - → (NCE3-49 P224-L5) She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
- “名词＋介词＋关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句
  - → He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.
  - → She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.
  - → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuable find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read
→ Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.
- … full of connections with the past, …
- relative 亲戚
  - a close relative 一位近亲
  - a distant relative 一位远亲
  - a direct / straight relative 一位直系亲属
  - a blood relative 一位血亲
  - 亲 : 父亲一系
  - 戚: 母亲一系
  - one’s own flesh and blood 某人的亲骨肉
    - flesh n. 肉, 人肉
- nostalgia v. 怀旧
- and so = and therefore (习语搭配)
  - → Gold Coast has an ideal climate, and so it is not surprising that it has become a tourist paradise.
- appreciate v. 增值; 欣赏
  - → The value of our house has appreciated by 50%.
- depreciate v. 贬值
  - → The value of our house has depreciated by 50%.

## text 2

deliberately adv. 有意地, 故意地 (L27)
- intentionally adv. 有意地
- on purpose 故意地
- 反义词 - 偶然地
  - accidentally adv. 偶然地
  - by accident
  - by chance
in an attempt to ….. = in order to … 为了做某事, 目的是…
- attempt v. 企图,
- → They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city. 他们关闭了这条路, 目的是为了减少交通堵塞
→ Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened, to save buying these two requisites.
- brown paper n. 牛皮纸
- string n. 细线
- list v. 列数
  - list one’s faults 列举某人的过失
  - list one’s achievements 列举某人的成就
- save = avoid
  - save sth./doing
    - → Setting down clear rules from the start will save arguments later on. 从一开始就制定好明确的规章制度, 避免日后起冲突
    - → A stitch in time saves nine. 及时的缝一针, 避免之后缝九针
  - save sb. sth./doing sth.
    - → f you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
    - → If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.
    - → (NCE3-41 P192-L15) They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.
→ I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money.
- sketch n. 素描
- model clothes 时装 (模特穿的衣服)
- know 表示认识一个人
  - 听说过的表达
    - know of / about ..
    - hear of / about …
    - learn of / about ..
      - → (NCE3-17 P78-L1) Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
- …. if she could afford them.
  - • if she could afford such purchases.
→ As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
- chances that … / of … are remote/ slight / slim / small 可能性很小/渺茫
  - chances that… / of … are high / good 可能性很高
    - → (NCE3-29 P138-L17) The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
  - there is little chance of … 几乎没有可能性
    - → There is little chance of her being able to afford such purchases.
- strong-minded enough 足够意志坚强的
- practice n. 常规, 惯例
  - → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
→ It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it, loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.
- litter(up)….
  - → (NCE3-46 P212-L23) The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower.
- in all directions 向四面八方

## text 3

quite different 截然不同
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L12) In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
leisure hours 闲暇时间
- leisure time 闲暇时间
house v. 收容, 给房子住; 储存
- → The refugees have been fed, clothed and housed by welfare organizations around the world.
- → The Palace Museum houses the biggest collection of antiques in China.
  - antique adj. 古代的 n. 古董
→ Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of books china glass, antique furniture, pictures, model cars. stuffed birds. toy animals, there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the riaht place for the latest addition. to veritying facts in reference books.
- sutffed birds 鸟类标本
- addition n. 加, 附加
- consist of 由…组成
  - be made up of … 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is made up of, ….
  - be composed of …. 由…组成
    - → Whatever it is composed of, …
  - comprise 由…组成
    - → Whatever it comprises, …..
- in connection with … 关于… = about …
  - concerning … 关于…
  - respecting .. 关于…
  - regarding … 关于…
  - relating to .. 关于…
    - → I am writing to you in connection with your job application.
- reference book 参考书
  - bibliography 参考书目
    - biblio- 书
→ This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it.
- have… bearing on .. 与…有关
  - → Exercise has a direct bearing on how healthy you’are. 锻炼和身体健康是有直接关系的
  - → His private life has no bearing on his competence as a manager.
  - 同义搭配
    - … which have some connection with it.
    - … which have some relationship with it.
meet v. get to know, get acquainted with 结识….
- → I’d like you to meet one of my best friends, Peter.
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food …
compare notes (with sb) exchange ideas or opinions 交换意见、交换观点、交流心得
- → We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.
article = item 件数
show off 卖弄, 炫耀
- → She raised her wrist, showing off a sparkling diamond bracelet. 她扬起了手腕子, 在炫耀一个金光闪闪的钻石手镯
find n. 发现的有价值的东西或人
- → My new secretary was a marvelous find.
- → (NCE3-32 P150-L18) The most valuabie find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
circle n. 圈子, 界
- in political circles 在政界
- in legal circles 在法律界
- in literary circles 在文学界
→ Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
- in search of :searching for … 寻找
  - → Scientists are in search of a cure for thie disease.
→ Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little catherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.
- may / might / could well : used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true 可能
  - → What you say may well be true.
  - → You could try the drugstore, but it might well be cosed by now.
    - drugstore n. 药妆店
- → Yuan Longping is a leading authority on hybrid rice.
- gathering n. a group of people meeting together 人群，聚会 (小范围的)
  - a social / family gathering
  - a gathering of religious leaders
- → Over the years, one may well become an authority on one’s hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if (he is) successful, to larger audiences.
- audience n. [C] 受众群
→ In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a surbject, then from being able to talk about it.
→ Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.

L60 Too early and too late ⭐️

## words

punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈæləti/ n.守时, 准时
- → Punctuality is the soul of business. 准时是做生意的灵魂 (谚语)
- → Procrastination is the thief of time. 拖延是时间的窃贼
  - procrastination n. 拖延, 延迟
- punctual adj. 守时的
  - → (NCE3-37 P170-L1) We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.
- punctually adv. 守时地
  - → (NCE3-19 P86-L 15) Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening.
- “punct” = point
  - punctual
  - punctually
  - punctuality
  - puncture v. 刺破,
    - → A nail punctured our tyre(英) / tire.
      - nail n. 钉子
      - tire n. 轮胎
    - → a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 一个没气的车胎
  - acupuncture n. 针灸
  - punctuate v. 加标点符号
    - → The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
rural /ˈrʊrəl/ adj. 农村的 (中性词)
- rural adj. connected with or like the countryside 农村的
- rural areas / accents 农村地区/农村口音
- → (NCE3-60 P268-L3) Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- pastoral adj. showing country life or the countryside, especially in a romantic way 田园的 (褒义词)
  - a pastoral scene / poem / painting 一副田园风光/一首田园诗/一副田园画
  - → (NCE3-41 P192-L11) This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
    - idyllic adj. 田园诗般的, 牧歌的
- urban adj. 城市的
- suburban adj. 郊区的
- metropolitan adj. 大城市的
- metropolis n. 大城市, 大都会
- cosmopolitan adj. 国际性大城市的
- cosmopolis n. 国际性大城市
intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ n. 知识分子; adj. 智力的
- intellectual development 智力发展
- intelligent adj. 聪明的, 高智商的
  - intelligent being 智慧生物
    - being 活物, 活的东西
- mental adj. 脑力上的
  - mental work
- spiritual adj. 精神方面的
  - spiritual civilization 精神文明
reproach /rɪˈproʊtʃ/ v. 责备 (应该做的事情没有做 for failling to do sth.)
- reproach v. criticize sb. or oneself, esp. for failing to do sth. 责备
- reproach sb. for sth.
  - → The General was reproached by his allies for failing to inform them of his plans.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L8) But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
- criticize sb. for sth. 一般的批评
- censure sb. for sth. 严厉的批评某人(话说的很重)
- reprimand/rebuke sb. for sth. 上级批评下属
- accuse sb. of sth. 气氛的批评
- scold sb. for sth. 大人批评小孩, 长辈批评晚辈
- blame sb. for sth. / blame sth. on sb. 归咎于某人, 强调是某人的责任
- condemn A for/as B 谴责
fraction /ˈfrækʃn/ n. 分数(e.g. 1/2); 一小部分, 些微
- a fraction of … …的一小部分
  - → I bought these shoes at a fraction of its original price.
- a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch… 不到一秒钟/ 一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering. 她犹豫了不到一秒钟
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
  - → (NCE3-60 P268-L16) if you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- 大多数的表达
  - a high / large proportion of … 一个很高的比例对于….
    - proportion 比例
    - a small / tiny proportion of …. 一个比较低的比例
  - a high / large percentage of .. 一个很高的百分比
    - a small / tiny percentage of ..

## text 1

public affairs n. issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc. that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务
- affair n. 事情, 事务
→ Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world.
造句：礼节 (politeness / courtesy) 是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。
- → Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
→ Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
- without it 动词短语当条件状语来用
  - =→ If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L2) Without it we could not make a living.
    - = → If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
- ever 从来
  - → Nothing ever seems to upset him. 从来没有任何事情能让他沮丧的
- bring sth. to a conclusion 使结束
  - conclusion 结束(在这个搭配里一定是结束);结论
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences— most of them wildly improbable.
  - 得出结论
    - draw / come to / reach a conclusion
  - 考研真题
    - This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
      - trend n. 趋势, 潮流
      - 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
- chaos: disorder; mess; confusion
  - → (NCE3-33 P154-421) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
  - in (a state of) chaos 处于一片混乱 (状态)
  - 造句：在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。
    - In the absence of their teacher, the class was in a state of chaos.
→ Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
- 部分倒装
- sparsely / thinly populated 人口稀少的
  - densely / thickly populated 人口稠密的
- disregard v. 忽视, 没有意识到
  - → (NCE3-31 P146-L2) They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
living n. 1. 生计
- make / earn a living 维持生计, 谋生
- 2.生活；生活方式
  - plain / luxurious living 简朴的生活/奢侈的生活
  - the art of living 生活的艺术
tolerance n. 宽容
- → There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality.
  - brutality n. 暴行, 野蛮
如果英译汉不通顺, 可以考虑
- 名词换动词
- 被动换主动
- 无灵主语换人称主语
→ The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.
- 单数名词前加 the 表示类指, 指代一类人
- abstruse adj. 深奥的, 难以理解的
  - abstract adj. 抽象的
  - abstruse adj difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的
- work on sth./ doing 致力于.……. , 努力去做, 努力去完成
  - → John is still working on the new book.
  - → The couple need to work on improving their relationship.
- have sth. done
  - 1.请某人做某事 (esp. 付报酬的)
    - → I’m going to have my hair cut.
  - 2.不幸的某种经历
    - → He had his watch stolen.
  - 3.自己去做某事( 本文)
    - → (NCE2-66 P300-L6) By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.
- the job / task / matter in hand 手头的工作/手头的任务/手头的事情
  - → Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
  - → As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once. 因为手头的工作很紧急, 所以我们立刻就开始处理了
  - hand 相关的习语搭配
    - → I always keep a dictionary close at hand 我在手边常备一本字典
    - → My birthday is near at hand. 某个日子快到了(at)
    - → The signature must be made by hand. 用手
    - → They are always on hand whenever you need them.
      - on hand 有空; 有时间 = free/avaliable
    - → I can’t remember his phone number off hand.
      - off hand 立即 , 立刻
→ He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.
- 状语从句的省略
  - → Matals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled
  - → Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri
    - Jr. = junior 小…. (父子同名)
      - senior 老… (父子同名)
    - practice v. 拿着执照在工作
  - → (NCE3-35 P162-L5) Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.
  - → (NCE3-36 P166-11) While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
  - 如果状语从句的主语是虚主语 it, 这个时候即便和主句的主语不统一, 也可以把it 和其后的 be 动词一起省略
    - → We’ll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.
- cut things fine 时间不留余地，掐钟点 (习语搭配)
  - → He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
→ It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.
- be / feel tempted to do 很想….
  - tempt v. 诱惑, 引诱
    - → I feel tempted to take a day off . 我想请一天假
      - take sometime off 请一天假
    - → Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her to do so.
- set out to do : begin a job, task, etc • with a particular aim or goal 带着目的去做某事
  - → (NCE3-5 P30-L9) The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
  - → (NCE3-16 P74-L8) Dmitri at once set out to find the thief.
- appointment n. 约会(会面, 通常是公务)
  - have an appointment 有约
  - make an appointment 订约
  - keep an appointment 赴约
  - cancel an appointment 取消约会
  - break an appointment 爽约
→ If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of tratfic. surdden descent of fog, they will be on time.
- tire (车胎, 美) / tyre (车胎, 英)
  - a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire 没气的车胎
- diversion n. 交通改道
  - diversion n. (BrE)=detour (AmE)a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are closed （交通）改道
  - → They turned back because of traffic diversions.
- fog n. 雾
- descent n. 下降, 下雾
  - come down / descend 下雾
    - → A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon.
  - 雾散8
    - lift / clear / disperse
      - → The fog had lift / clear / disperse by late morning.
the + adj. 表示一类人
- the poor
be a trial to sb. 令某人头疼讨厌
- → She was a trial to her parents when she was younger.
as much as … 和…… 一样：就等于……
- → That is as much as to say l am a liar.
  - liar n. 骗子
- → I hope you have as much fun as I did.
- → He is as much a bore as his father.
  - bore v. 使厌烦, 烦扰 n. 使人厌烦的人或事
- → She is as much a beauty as her mother.
….too early / soon 早了 …..
→ He arrived ten minutes too early. 他早来了十分钟
…too late 晚了⋯
- → He arrived ten minutes too late.
nuisance n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌的人或事
- → Idon’t want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
→ The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
- 动词不定式做表语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉 “to”
  - → All l have to do is dream.
  - → The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.
  - → All I wanted was to help him.
  - → (NCE4-1 P5-L2) The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.
  - 动词不定式做”except / but“的宾语时，若前面出现了实义动词"do”，则常去掉"to”
    - → They did nothing but / except complain.
    - → I’ve done everything you wanted but / except make the beds.
      - make the beds 叠被子
    - → We have no choice but / except to wait here.

## text 2

→ If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
- catch a train / bus / plane 赶火车/赶巴士/赶飞机
- **a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch…**不到一秒钟 /一分钟 /一英寸
  - → She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
  - → The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
→ Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if vou miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
- → Although being early may mean wasting a litle time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; …
  - than 后面跟从句
    - → He’s never more annoying than when he’s trying to help.
      - → He’s never more annoying than (he is) when he’s trying to help.
    - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.
      - → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the bad news.
- pull / draw out of the station 出站
  - pull / draw in / into the station 进站
    - → The train slowly drew in / drew into the station.
→ And even a harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.
- 动词不定式做表语
- in good time (for sth.) (BrE): 早早就 …
  - in time 及时
  - in good time 不仅及时, 而且早早就….
    - → There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time.
    - → He arrived in good time for dinner.
- betall (befell befallen) = overtake / happen to 不幸的事降临到….
  - → A great misfortune befell him.
  - → (NCE3-56 P252-L5) We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.

## text 3

→ She entered the station 20 minutes betore the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that twould be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two ioureys to meet her.
- due: adj. 到期的，到时间的
  - → When is your baby due? 您的孩子什么时候生?
  - → The train is due (in) at 8:00.
  - 听力题
    - M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
    - W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.
    - Q: What does the woman imply?
    - Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
- impress sth. on / upon sb. 让某人铭记某事
  - → Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
  - → I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life.
- cause sb. to do 使得某人做某事
- make a journey 到某地去
→ She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
- feel for … 摸着找….
  - → She felt in her bag for a pencil.
  - → I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
→ He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take On mail, not passengers.
- 两个并排的宾语从句
- take on … 上（货/乘客等）
  - → The bus stopped to take on more passengers.
  - → The ship took on more fuel here.
- mail 不可数
→ The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
- timetable/schedule 时刻表
  - train / reailway(英) / railroad(美) timetable / schedule
  - college / school timetable / schedule
  - exam / examination timetable / schedule
→ The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic ‘o’ beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little ‘o’ indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
- produce v. 拿出来, 出示
- do sth. with a flourish 为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事
  - → The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
→ The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard’s van.
- van 车厢
- slip into 溜进去
break / violate rules 违反规章制度
- ignore / disregard rules 漠视规则
- make / formulate / establish / lay down rules 制定规章制度
- obey / comply with / abide by / observe rules 遵守规章制度
leave sb. / sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ behind 留下（不带走）
- → Don’t leave me behind! 别留下我