NCE 3 Lesson Notes Part D (yanlong li)

[TOC]

L38 The first calender ⭐️

## words

• calendar /ˈkælɪndər/ n. 日历

  • solar calendar

    • solar adj. 太阳的

  • lunar calendar

  • Chinese calendar 农历属于阴历

  • perpetual calendar 万年历

    • perpetual adj. 永久的

  • desk calendar 台历

  • wall calendar 挂历

• unique /juˈniːk/ adj. 唯一的, 独一无二的

  • a unique position 独一无二的处境
  • → Each person’s DNA is unique.
  • be unique to … 对…来说是独有的

    • → Fingerprints are unique to every individual.

    • be peculiar to … 是…所独有的

      • peculiar adj. 奇怪的; 独有的
      • → Pandas are peculiar to China.

    • be confined to … 局限于…

      • → (NCE3-59 P264-L27)…, for collectors are not confined to any one country.

    • be limited to … 局限于…

      • → The air strikes are limited to military targets.

    • be restricted to … 局限于

      • → Access to the company files is restricted to management.

• solely /ˈsoʊlli/ adv. 唯一地

  • sole /soʊl/ adj. 唯一的

    • → He is the sole survivor of the car accident.

    • only adj. 唯一的

    • single adj. 唯一的

      • → (NCE3-28 P134-L22) … to this day it has never written a single word .

    • lone adj. 唯一的 (书面语)

      • → He scored the lone goal of the match.

    • solitary adj. 唯一的 (书面语)

      • → (NCE4-3 P17-L6) They had a single aim, a solitary goal, the top.

• bewilder /bɪˈwɪldər/ v. 令人眼花缭乱, 晕头转向 (表示同时出现大量的事物令人晕头转向)

  • → Big city traffic bewildered the country girl.

    • country 农村, 乡村

  • bewildering adj. 令人眼花缭乱的, 令人晕头转向的

    • → the bewildering amount of information
    • confuse v. 令人晕头转向
      • → They confused me with their contlicting advice.
      • confusing adj. 令人晕头转向的
        • → Many tourists were ___ by the city’s complicated traffic system.
          • (A) degraded (B) bewildered (C)evoked (D) diverted

  • → As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent.

    • scheme n. 方案; 阴谋诡计

  • 令人迷惑 动词 (某个东西难以理解导致的令人困惑)

    • puzzle

    • perplex

    • baffle

      • The murder case still puzzled / perplexed / baffled the police.

    • 形容词形式, 令人迷惑的, 令人不解的

      • puzzling
      • perplexing
      • baffling

• deduce /dɪˈduːs/ v. 推理, 推断

  • deduce … from …

    • → I can deduce his motives from his behavior.

  • deduction n. 推理, 推断的过程; 推理得出的结论

  • 推理… 得出结论的表达

    • conclude … from …

      • → What do you conclude from the evidence?
      • conclusion n. 结论; 结束

    • infer … from … 从后者推断出前者

      • → What can we infer from the passage?
      • inference n. 推理, 推断的过程; 推理得出的结论

• scanty /‘skænti/ adj. 不足的, 匮乏的

  • scanty clues

  • scanty evidence

  • 同义词

    • scant
    • insufficient
    • inadequate

  • 反义词

    • sufficient
    • adequate

  • scarce adj. 日常物资匮乏的,

    • → Food and clean water were becoming scarce.

  • rare adj. 罕见的, 不常见的

    • a rare disease / species

  • sparse adj. 稀疏的, 稀稀落落的

    • a sparse population
    • sparsely-populated regions

  • be deficient in .. 某种物质比较缺乏的

    • a diet deficient in vitamin C
      • diet 日常饮食

  • be few and far between 少见的

    • → People like John are few and far between.

      • like 在这里是介词, 因为后面有 are 这个谓语动词, 所以 like 在这里不是 动词

    • → Thank God people like John are few and far between.

• engrave /ɪnˈɡreɪv/ v. 雕刻 (浮雕)

  • → (NCE3-38 P174-L13) Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusks of mammoths.

  • inscribe v. 刻字

    • scribe 字根表示写字
    • → (NCE3-28 P134-L15) At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A’ had been neatly inscribed.

  • sculpt v. 雕刻 (雕刻雕塑)

    • sculpture n. 雕塑

  • etch v. 蚀刻

    • be etched / engraved on / in one’s memory 刻到了某人的记忆里 (某事难以忘记)
      • → The scene will be etched / engraved on / in my memory forever.

• correlate /ˈkɔːrəleɪt/ v. 使相互联系 (高级词汇)

  • → Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated. 压力的程度和心脏病是紧密相关的

    • relate v. 和某事有关系 (不表示双向)

      • → Cancer cases in the area are directly related to the new nuclear power station.

    • correlation n. 相互的关联联系

      • There’s a high correlation between … and … A 和 B 之间有紧密的关系
      • → There’s a high correlation between smoking and lung cancer .

## text 1

• 未来的丈夫(未婚夫)

  • Husband-to-be

  • fiance

  • 未婚妻

    • bride-to-be
    • fiancee

  • 后代子孙

    • posterity 不可数
      • → These works of art are preserved for posterity.

  • 不远的未来的表达

    • in the near / not-too-distant future
    • in the foreseeable future 在可以预见的未来
    • in the long run 从长期来看
    • in the short run 从短期来看
      • → Taking this decision will cost us more in the short run, but will be beneficial in the long run.

• modern historians 当代历史学家

  • 当代的其他表达
    • today’s historians
    • historians of today
    • contemporary historians

• position: situation 处境

  • → She’s in the enviable position of being able to choose who she works with.

    • envy n. 羡慕
      • enviable adj. 羡慕的

  • → When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position.

    • awkward adj. 尴尬的

  • in a delicate position 处于微妙的处境

  • in a dominating position 处于统治地位

  • in a favorable position 处于有利地位

  • in an adverse position 处于不利地位

  • China’s world position 中国的世界地位

• come to do sth.

  • 1（逐渐）开始

    • → I’ve come to like her over the months.
    • → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.

  • 2 偶然做某事

    • → A body came to be found under the bridge.

• 造句：在计算机的帮助下，当代的科学家在开始进行复杂运算的时候处于得天独厚的地位。

  • → with the assistance of computers, contemporary scientists are in a unique position when they come to make complicated calculations.

• → They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.

  • “疑问词 + to do”可以视为名词性从句的缩略形式

    • 名词性从句:

      • 主语从句
      • 宾语从句
      • 表语从句
      • 同位语从句

    • 示例

      1. 相当于宾语从句
         • → They will hardly know which facts to select from …
           • → They will hardly know which facts they should select from …
         • → I don’t know what to do.
           • → I don’t know what I should do.
         • → Have you settled where to go?
           • → Have you settled where you should go?
      2. 相当于主语从句
         • → Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
           • → Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
      3. 相当于表语从句
         • → The problem she faces is which way to take.
           • → The problem she faces is which way she should take.
      4. 相当于同位语从句
         • → The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
           • → The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.

  • mass: a large quantity or number 大量 (书面语 表达) (接不可数名词和可数名词)

    • a mass of … / masses of … = a lot of… / lots of …
    • the great mass of evidence
    • → (NCE4-44 P257-L3) Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.
    • → (NCE4-16 P92-19) This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

  • that steadily accumulates. 不断积累起来的

    • ever-doing adj. 不断…….的

      • → (NCE4-22 P127-L16) We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this two-fold use of knowledge with its ever-increasing power continues.

    • evidence that steadily accumulates

      • = the ever-accumulating evidence

    • the world that steadily changes

      • = the ever-changing world

    • the knowledge that steadily grows

      • = the ever-growing knowledge

    • the economy that steadily develops

      • = the ever-developing economy

    • the market that steadily expands

      • = the ever-expanding market

    • the reform that steadily deepens

      • = the ever-deepening reform

    • the resources that steadily dwindle

      • = the ever-dwindling resources

• what is more / what’s more 而且(表示递进)

  • → (NCE3-15P7O-L12) He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out.
  • 同义表达 (没有感情色彩, 更好更坏都行)
    • furthermore
      • Futhermore, ….
    • moreover
    • besides
    • in addition
    • sadditionally
  • 表示 ‘更好的是’
    • better still (句首)
      • still better (句中)
  • 表示 ‘更糟的是’
    • worse still
    • to make things worse
    • to make matters worse
  • 表示 ‘更奇怪的是’
    • stranger still
      • → (NCE4-4 P23-L9) During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child’s game of Lotto she was aable to describe the figures and colours printed on it; …

• rely on … 依赖

  • 同义表达
    • bank on …
    • hinge on …
    • build on …
    • depend on …
    • count on …
    • rest on …
    • ride on …
    • reliance on .. (词性的变化一般不影响介词搭配)

• the written word = written language ‘书面语’ 的意思

  • a written agreement / statement 书面协议,
  • the spoken word = spoken language ‘口语’ 的意思
  • oral/verbal n. 口头的, 非书面的
    • an oral exam 口语考试
    • a verbal agreement 口头协议

• as it were 可以说是, 仿佛是, 好像是 (前后用逗号隔开)

  • → He is, as it were, a wallking dictionary.

  • → Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on .

    • a kind of 好像是, 似乎是

      • a sort of hero 英雄般的人物

    • as it were 在这里用来替换 a kind of

    • In the light of(英) / In light of (美) 根据, 鉴于

  • → The Han nationality and the minority nationalities are all, as it were, members of the same family.

  • so to speak 可以说是, 好像是, 可谓是

    • → He is, so to speak, a walking dictionary.
    • → The Han nationality and the minority nationalities are all, so to speak, members of the same family.

  • as it is 看样子, 照目前情况来看(前后不加逗号, 直接做状语融入句中)

    • → I thought things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse. 我原以为情况会好转的

• in action 在行动中; 在战斗中;

  • → (NCE3-30 P142-418) His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action.

• → But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.

  • 单数前加 the 表示一类人,

  • reconstruct v. 恢复原貌

    • → (NCE3-3 P22-L14) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
    • piece together (piece 做动词) 拼到一起使复现原貌
      • → (NCE3-32 P150-L19) From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light.
      • → But the historian attempting to piece together the distant past ….

  • be faced with … 面临着…

    • → (NCE3-38 P174-L10) … for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
    • → (NCE3-45 P208-L12) They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic problems.
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L25) After buying a new chain I was faced with the insurmountable task of putting the confusing jigsaw puzzle together again.
    • be confronted with … 面临着…
      • → But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.

• → He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available.

  • -iable/-able 结尾的形容词, 可以放在名词前, 也能放在名词后. 如果它修饰的名词有其他修饰语, 那么它一般就后置
    • → (NCE4-33 P195-410) the most democratic form of ‘college’ imaginable
    • → the most civilized society conceivable
    • → the most talented person available
    • → the farthest star visible

• seemingly 表面上

  • → (NCE3-24 P118-L1) We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years.

• shed / throw/ cast light on sth. 揭示了… (常考)

  • shed interesting light on 揭示了有趣的….

  • 真题

    • → Figuring out how humans acquire language may shed light on why some children learn to read and write later than others.
    • → Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery.
      • groundbreaking 开拓性的, 开创性的
        • break new ground 开辟新天地

  • come to light 被发现

    • → (NCE3-32 P150-L19) From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light.

  • colorful 多姿多彩的

    • → (NCE3-21 P106-L6) One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.

  • pale in comparison with 相形见绌

    • pale adj. 苍白的, 暗淡的

    • comparison n. 比较, 对照

      • compare v./n. 比较

    • → The devastating floods of two years ago pale in comparison with last week’s storms.

## text 2

• → Up to now, historians have assumed that cailendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.

  • come into being 开始存在

    • be 存在, 活着…

      • → To be or not to be, that is the question. — William Shakespeare ‘Hamlet’

    • I think therefore I am. — Rene Descartes

    • come into fashion 开始流行

    • come into use 开始使用

    • come into effect 开始产生效果

    • come into blossom 开花

  • the advent of sth. / sb. 重大人物/ 事件的降生 (来自耶稣降临节…)

    • → The advent of the steam engine heralded the beginning of a new era.

    • → With the advent of the new chairman, the company began to prosper.

      • prosper v. 兴旺, 发达, 繁荣

    • with the advent of … 随着某些重要事件的到来

      • 替换

        • with the coming / arrival of
        • with the birth of … 随着….的诞生
        • with the genesis of … 随着… 的产生
          • genesis n. <圣经> 创世纪

      • 例句

        • → with the coming of spring 随着春天的到来

        • → with the approach of Christmas 随着圣诞节的临近

        • → with the outbreak of war 随着战争的爆发

          • outbreak 爆发

        • → with the progress of science 随着科学的进步

        • → with the evidence began to accumulate X

          • with 这里做介词, 后面只能跟名词或名词短语, 不能跟从句
          • → (NCE3-1 P14-4) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate, …
          • ‘随着…’ 跟句子的话, 用连词 as

• indicate v. 表示, 表明

  • → (NCE3-28 P134-L17) I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that Iwas willing to pay £5.

• → Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusks of mammoths.

  • be puzzled by … 对… 感到迷惑不解

    • be perplexed by …

      • perplexed adj. 困惑的; 糊涂的

    • be baffled by …

      • baffled v. 迷惑, 使迷惑

  • long adv. 始终, 长期地 (通常用于完成时)

    • …. have long been ….

    • 造句：医生们长久以来对这种罕见的皮肤病感到困惑。

      • → Doctors have long been puzzled by the rare skin condition.
        • 这里用 condition 做婉语 代替病(disease, sickness)
        • 老, 病, 死, 这些比较避讳的词, 英文中也用婉语代替

    • → (NCE3-38 P174-L18) It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.

      • 造句：人们长期以来相信猫有九条命。

        • → It has long been believed that cats have nine lives. (up)

      • → (NCE4-18 P104-L1) There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

        • 造句：中国人长久以来迷信看见喜鹊 (magpie)会有好运气。

          • → There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie will bring you good luck. (up)

          • → There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie is a good omen. (up up)

            • omen n. 兆头 (吉兆, 凶兆)
            • 书面语的词通常用那种个头大, 而且适用范围比较窄的词

          • → There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie is a auspicious omen. (up up up) (超过专八)

            • auspicious adj. 有前途的,有希望的,吉祥的,吉兆的

  • ivory tusks (可数)

    • ivory n. 象牙 (不可数)
    • tusks n. 长牙, 獠牙
    • ivory tower 象牙塔
      • a place or situation where you are separated from the difficulties of ordinary life and so are unable to understand them, used especially to describe a college or university.

• → The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.

  • nomad n. 游牧民族

  • live by doing sth. …. 以做某事为生

    • → lt has been said that everyone lives by selling something.

  • age 时代

    • the Ice / Stone Age
    • the modern age
    • the computer age
    • 其他替换

      • times

        • Roman times
        • in modern / recent / ancient / prehistoric times

      • era 时代时期

        • the end of an era
        • the beginning of a new era

  • B.C./ BC

    • Before Christ

  • A.D./AD

    • Anno Domini

  • 造句：传说中道教的创始人老子，生活在大约公元前6世纪至公元前5世纪春秋时代的晚期，靠掌管国家图书馆为生。

    • → Laozi, legendary founder of Daoism, lived by taking charge of the royal library during the late Spring and Autumn Period which began about 600 B.C. and ended about 500 B.C.

• → By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code.

  • in various parts of the world 世界各地

    • → (NCE3-23.P114-L9) Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
      • luxury 和 luxe 的区别
        • 两者都是名词, 与奢华和豪华有关，但 “luxe” 在英语中更具有时尚和设计感, 也常做 adj. 使用

  • code n. 密码

• → They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.

  • wax and wane 月亮的圆缺

    • wax n. 蜡, v. 给…上蜡; 月满,
    • wane v. 月缺

  • the phases of the moon 月相

  • 人有悲欢离合,月有阴睛圆缺,此事古难全,但愿人长久,千里共婵娟

    • 翻译:
      • With joy and woe people meet and part
      • With light and shade the moon waxes and wanes
      • Since time immemorial it’s been unchanged
      • Would that we could live a long life
      • And together share the moonlight though thousands of miles apart

• → It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.

  • scene n. 场景, 现场

  • depict vt. 1. 描绘, 绘画 2. 描写(用文字)

    • → a picture depiscting him as a clown

      • clown n. 小丑; 乡下人; 粗鲁笨拙的人

    • → The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.

  • expression n. 表示; 表达; 表露

  • form n. 形式, 形状; 表格; 方式

• → They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing.

  • definite adj. 明确的, 确切的, 没有歧义的

    • a definite meaning 一个确切的含义

    • a definite answer 一个明确的答案

    • definite article 定冠词 (the)

    • indefinite adj. 不确定的; 无期限的

      • indefinite article 不定冠词 (a, an)
      • an indefinite prison term 无期徒刑

    • definitive adj. 最终的, 最好的; 决定性的;

      • a definitive judgment 终审裁决
      • a definitive diagnosis 最终诊断
      • a definitive guide book 最好的导游书

    • finite adj. 有限的

      • → Human knowledge is finite.

    • infinite adj. 无限的, 无穷的

      • → The universe is infinite.

    • infinitive n. 动词不定式

  • get to doing sth. = start doing sth. 开始去做

    • → He got to thinking that it was all his fault.

• → It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.

  • accompany v. 伴随有…
    • → Having left the bag in the hall, I accompanied Robert into the living room.
    • → The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.

• → It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed. (姑且看成 表语从句)

  • suppose vt. 料想; 猜想; 以为

  • make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事

    • spare no effort to do sth. 努力做某事(不遗余力的做某事)
      • → China will spare no effort to realize peaceful reunification.

  • …. than what has been supposed. 看作省略了宾语从句引导词 what

    • → (NCE3-29 P138-L19) To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him.

      • The project requires mare labor than ___ because it is extremely difficult.

        • A. has been put in B. have been put in C. being put in D. to be put in

      • We often advise him not to drink more wine ___ is good for his health.

        • A. as B. than C. that D. but

      • The experiment requires more money than ___.

        • A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be put in

      • The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than ___.

        • A. is necessary B. being necessary C. to be necessary D. it is necessary

L39 Nothing to worry about

## words

• boulder /ˈboʊldər/ n. (风化的) 大圆石头

  • 其他表示 石头的词
    • stone n. 石头 (可以被抛掷的石块)
    • rock n. 岩石 (大块的岩石)
    • pebble n. 鹅卵石, 河卵石
    • fossil n. 化石

• perturb /pɚ’tɝb/ v. 使不安

  • disturb v. 使不安
    • perturb 比 disturb 更加正式
  • → The letter shocked and disturbed / perturbed me.
  • → It is disturbing / perturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
    • disturbing/perturbing adj. 令人不安的
  • 字根 ‘turb’ = stir v. 搅拌
    • disturb
    • perturb
      • 字头 per 彻底
    • turbine 涡轮机
    • turbid adj. 浑浊的
      • turbid water
    • turbulent adj. 汹涌的
      • turbulent waves 汹涌的波涛
      • → the turbulent times of the French Revolution

• underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ v. 低估

  • → Never underestimate the power of the press.
  • overestimate 高估
    • → He tends to overestimate his own abilities.
      • tend to … 往往倾向于
  • underrate 对.…评价过低
    • rate v. 评定等级
    • → As an actor, he is seriously underrated.
  • overrate 对…评价过高
    • → In my opinion, she is a hugely overrated singer.
  • understate v. 对.. .轻描淡写
    • state vt. 陈述, 规定, 声明
    • → It would be a mistake to understate the seriousness of the problem.
  • overstate 对…过分夸张
    • → He may have overstated his ability in the interview.

• swerve /swɜːrv/ v. 突然转向

  • 表示转向的词
    • swerve
      • → (NCE3-39 P178-L9) As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.
      • → The lorry swerved sharply to avoid the child.
    • turn
      • → (NCE3-10 P50-L10) After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision:
    • veer
      • → Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.
    • change course 改变航线 (轮船, 飞机)
      • → The plane changed course to avoid the storm.
  • unswerving 坚定的; 不动摇的(不拐弯的)
    • unswerving loyalty / belief / support …

• ominously /ˈ ɑmənəslɪ/ adv. 不吉利地, 不详地

  • → I went into the kitchen and found him lying ominously still on the floor.
    • still adj. 静止的, 一动不动的
  • ominous adj. 不吉利的, 不妙的
    • → There was an ominous silence at the other end of the phone.
      • ominous silence 不详的沉默
  • omen n. 兆头(吉兆, 凶兆)
    • a good /bad omen
      • → He was convinced that seeing the black cat was a bad omen.
  • auspicious adj. 吉利的
    • → It was an auspicious date for a wedding. 这对婚礼来说是一个吉利的日子
    • inauspicious adj. 不吉利的
      • → He made an inauspicious start to his career by breaking a leg in his first race.
    • → There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie is an auspicious omen.
    • → There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that hearing the crowing of a crow is an ominous omen.

• petrol /ˈpetrəl/ n. 汽油(英式)

  • gasoline / gas n. 汽油(美式)
  • 油箱
    • petrol tank (英) / gas tank (美)
      • tank 盛液体的容器
  • 加油站
    • petrol /service station (英) / gas station (美)
  • 石油
    • petroleum 石油
    • crude oil 原油
    • OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织

• obstacle /ˈɑːbstəkl/ n. 障碍物

  • → The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.
  • obstacle to … 通往…的一个障碍
    • obstacles to world peace 通往世界和平的障碍
    • 同义词
      • block 阻塞物
        • a block in the pipe / drain 下水道/水管 里的阻塞物
        • block to … 障碍
          • → The government’s stubborn attitude was a block to further talks.
      • hindrance to … 阻碍
        • hindrance n. 起妨碍作用的事物或人
        • → The higher interest rates have been a hindrance to economic recovery.
        • → To be honest, she was more of a hindrance than a help.
          • more … than 有一种特殊的翻译, ‘与其说是后者, 不如说是前者’
      • barrier n. 路障
        • → The crowd had to stand behind barriers.
        • the language barrier 语言障碍
        • barrier to … 阻碍
          • → Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success.
      • impediment n. 障碍 (本意: 小的残疾)
        • a speech impediment 语言障碍
        • impediment to … 阻碍
          • → War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress.

• renew v. 使更新, 换新; 使延期

  • → renew the water in the goldfish bowl
    • goldfish bowl 金鱼缸
  • → The window frames need to be renewed.
  • → I need to renew my passport this year. (使延期)
  • renewed adj. happening again with increased interest or strength [only before noun] 更强烈的….
  • renewed determination / enthusiasm 更强烈的决心/ 更强烈的热情
  • → (NCE3-39 P178-L15) In response to renewed pleadings, Bruce stopped.

• pleading /‘plidɪŋ/ n. 恳求; adj. 恳求的

  • pleading n. an act of asking for sth. that you want very much, in an emotional way
  • → He simply ignored my pleading.
  • plead v. 恳求, 请求; 以….为借口
    • plead for .. 恳求某物
      • → Civil rights groups pleaded for government help.
      • → He was on his knees, pleading for forgiveness.
    • plead with sb. to do sth. 恳求某人做某事
      • → She pleaded with him not to leave her alone.
    • plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity (以….为借口)
      • 以不知道为借口, 以得病为借口, 以头疼为借口, 以疲劳为借口, 以精神病为借口
      • → Ellie pleaded tiredness and went to bed very early.
      • → (NCE3-46 P212-L2) No one can plead ignorance of a subject any longer, for there are countless do-it-yourself publications.

## text 1

• → The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to the village we had come from.
  • get sb. to do 说服某人做某事
    • → He got his sister to help him with his homework.
    • → We couldn’t get him to sign the agreement.
    • persuade sb. to do / into doing 说服某人做某事
      • → I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
      • → Don’t let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don’t want.
      • → (NCE3-26 P126-L4) In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
    • talk sb. into doing 说服某人做某事
      • → We finally talked Father into buying the new car.
    • 劝阻某人做某事
      • get sb. not to do 说服某人不做某事, 劝阻某人做某事
      • persuade sb. not to do / out of doing 说服某人不做某事, 劝阻某人做某事
      • talk sb. out of doing 说服某人不做某事, 劝阻某人做某事
      • dissuade sb. from doing 说服某人不做某事, 劝阻某人做某事
• → Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least perturbed.
  • be littered with … 杂乱的堆满了某物
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L23) The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower.
    • litter 杂乱的堆满了某地
      • → (NCE3-34 P158-L5) There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.
    • be pitted with … 满是坑洞…
      • → (NCE3-39 P178-L3) The road was pitted with holes.
      • → His face is pitted with smallpox.
      • smallpox n. 天花; 满脸坑洞的
    • be dotted / scattered with 星罗棋布的, 散乱的分布的…
      • → The sky is dotted / scattered with stars.
      • → The lawn is dotted / scattered with pine trees. 草坪是 星罗棋布着松树
    • be covered with … 盖满了
      • → (NCE3-28 P134-L2) Before she had anchored, the men from thie boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, sillks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware.
    • be loaded with … 满载着 …
      • → (NCE3-28 P134-L1) Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour.
    • be filled with … 装满了;
      • → (NCE3-52 P236-L4) … it is filled with what looks like a thick, greyish substance.
      • → (NCE3-48 P220-L23) All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
    • be packed / crammed with … 挤满了, 堆满了
      • → The streets were packed / crammed with Christmas shoppers.
      • → (NCE3-17 P78-L14) It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.
    • be stuffed with … 填充满了
      • a pillow stuffed with feathers
        • feather 鸟的羽毛
        • pillow 枕头
      • duck stuffed with ’eight treasures’ 八宝鸭
      • → (NCE3-59 P264-L21) stuffed birds 鸟类标本
      • I’m stuffed. =I’m full.
  • 〞一点也不〞 “绝不〞置于句首部分倒装
    • by no means
    • not at all
    • on no account
    • not a bit
    • on no condition
    • not by any means
    • in no way
    • not on any account
    • not in the least
    • under no circumstances
    • 例句
      • → By no means can theory be separated from practice.
      • → On no account must you disturb me when I’m working.
      • → On no condition should untrained personnel use the equipment.
      • → Under no circumstances will we agree to splitting up the company.
    • not a little = more than a little = very 非常地, 极其地
      • → Graham was not a little / more than a little frightened by what he had seen.
  • perturbed = disturbed = worried
• → Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere 20 miles away.
  • inform v. 告知某人
    • inform sb. of / about sth.
    • inform sb. that 后跟从句
    • convince sb. of sth. 说服某人某事
    • convince sb. that …
  • glance at … 匆匆的看一眼
  • a mere … 仅仅….
    • a mere 后跟单数名词时=only a/ an
    • 在其他情况下 a mere = only
    • → Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere (=only) 20 miles away .
    • → (NCE3-37 P170-L10) It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere (=only an) hour and 17 minutes.
• → It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of danger at all.
  • It is/was not that …, but (that) … 不是因为…，而是因为….
    • → (NCE3-57 P256-L15) It was nat that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familliar territory.
    • 考研真题
      • → it is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
    • not that …, but that… 不是因为…，而是因为….
      • Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. 不是我不爱凯撒, 而是我更爱罗马 – Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
      • 造句：不是我不爱你，而是我更爱自由。
        • → Not that I love you less, but that l love liberty more.
      • 造句：吾爱吾师，但吾更爱真理。
        • → Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.
  • simply adv. used to emphasize what you are saying（用以加强语气）简直，实在，根本，就是
    • → He simply had no sense of danger at all.
    • → His pronunciation is simply terrible.
    • → That is simply not true!
    • → I simply refuse to go!
• → No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
  • No matter what … = whatever
    • Whatever the conditions were, …
  • possibly 经常与 can / could 连用以表示尽全力”的意思，后跟动词时常用can / could possibly + 动词，后省路动词时常用 possibly can / could。
    • → No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
    • → She’s done everything she could possibly think of to help.
    • → We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign. (省略了后面的动词)
    • → Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
    • 造句：无论在任何情况下，雷锋都认为一个人应该尽可能地为社会做出贡献。
      • → No matter what the conditions were, Lei Feng believed that a person should contribute as much as he possibly could to societv.
    • 造句：无论在任何情况下，雷锋都认为一个人应该为社会做出他能想到的尽可能多的贡献。
      • → No matter what the conditions were, Lei Feng believed that a person should make as many contributions as he could possibly think of to society.

## text 2

• bump v. 碰撞
  • bump over / across / along / down … 颠簸前进
  • → As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.
  • → A police car bumped down the track.
    • the track 小路(走出来的路)
      • track n. a narrow path or road with a rough uneven surtace, esp. one made by vehicles, people or animals
• scoop n. a tool with a deep bowlshaped end which is used to dig out and move a soft or powdery substance 小铲, 小勺 (名词动用)
  • a measuring scoop
  • an ice-cream scoop
    • a scoop of ice-cream
  • scoop (up / out) sth. 舀出, 舀起; 抱起
    • → He scooped water from the stream and splashed it on his face.
    • → She bent down and scooped up the little dog.
    • → Carefully scoop out the pulp with a AA small spoon.
      • pulp n. 果肉
• hammer / thunder(雷) 砸, 重击 (名词动用)
  • → He hammered / thundered at the door.
  • → (NCE3-1 P14-18) It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
    • cornered n. 角落 v. 绝境 (名词动用)
  • → He elbowed his way through the crowd.
    • elbow n. 胳膊肘, v. 推挤(不一定真用胳膊肘) (名词动用)
  • → I am fogged by the issue.
    • fog n. 雾 v. 迷糊 (名词动用)
  • → The lady housed the homeless.
• → We felt sure that sooner or later a stone would rip a hole in our petrol tank or damage the engine.
  • sooner or late 迟早, 早晚有一天
    • → You should tell her, because she’ll find out sooner or later.
  • rip/tear a hole 扯出一个洞
    • rip v. 撕, n. 裂口
    • tear v. 扯破, 撕破 n. 眼泪, 裂口
    • → The nail ripped / tore a hole in my jacket.
• → Because of this, we kept looking back, wondering if we were leaving a trail of oil and petrol behind us.
  • leave a trail of … behind … 留下了一串的….
    • trail n. 足迹
    • → The bus left a trail of black smoke behind it.
    • → He left a trail of muddy footprints behind him.
      • muddy adj. 泥泞的
    • → (NCE3-1 P14-L11) Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.

## text 3

• → What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.
  • relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
    • find a temporary relief 找到了暂时的解脱
    • permanent relief 永远的解脱
    • to my great relief 使我大为宽慰的是
    • give immediate relief from pain 立即缓解了疼痛
  • give way to sth. 1. 被（更新更好的事物）代替
    • → Steam trains gave way to electric trains.
    • → Winter gave way to spring.
    • → The storm gave way to bright sunshine.
    • give way to sb./sth. 2.让路，向 … 屈服
      • → Drivers must give way to cyclists.
      • → We must not give way to their demands.
  • stretch n. an area of land or water, esp. one that is long and narrow (狭长的）一片或一段地或水域 v. 舒舒筋骨
    • **stretch of … **
      • a stretch of plain
      • 有量词的名词的形容词 放在量词前
        • a narrow stretch of water
        • a beautiful stretch of field
  • clump n. a group of trees, bushes, or other plants growing very close together 丛
    • a clump of trees / bushes / flowers / grass
• worse n. [U] something worse (不可数)
  • → I’m afraid there is worse to come. 更糟的还在后面
  • → We thought the situation was bad, but worse was to follow.
  • → “What about the bride’s dress - wasn’t it appalling ?” “I don’t know, I’ve seen worse.”
• fissure n. long deep crack in rock or in the earth（岩石中或土地中的） 深长裂缝
  • in response to … 作为对…的反应
    • → The president stepped down in response to public pressure.
    • → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.
• renewed adj. happening again with increased interest or strength [only before noun] 更强烈的
• get out (站不起来的交通工具)
  • get out of a car / taxi
  • get in
    • get into a car / taxi
• **get on **(站的起来的交通工具)
  • get on a bus / train / ship / plane
  • get off
    • get off a bus / train / ship / plane
• extend v.（时间或空间）延伸
  • → The Sahara Desert extends for miles.
  • → The show has been extended for another six weeks.
• → Bruce went into a low gear and drove at a terrifying speed, keeping the front wheels astride the crack as he followed its zigzag course.
  • gear n. 变速档
    • automatic gear 自动档
    • manual gear 手动档
      • manual adj. 体力的, 手工的
    • → Helen changed gear / gears as she approached the intersection.
    • go/ move / shift into … gear
      • shift v. 变换
      • → I went / moved / shifted into fourth gear when I got onto the highway.
  • speed
    • speed 做不可数名词时，与at, with搭配均可
      • e.g. at / with great speed
    • speed 做可数名词时，只能与at搭配
      • e.g.at a speed of 60 mph
  • astride prep. with one leg on each side of sth. 跨在…..上
    • → She sat proudly astride her new motorbike. 她得意的跨在她的新摩托车上
    • → The town lies astride a river.
  • zigzag adj. a pattern that looks like a line of z’s joined together
    • → a zigzag path along the cliff
• → Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again .
• → Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only 15 miles away.
  • consult v. 请教; 查阅
• 在有量词情况下的 形容词应该放在量词前
  • a nice cup of tea
  • a beautiful stretch of field
  • a stagnant pool of water
  • → (NCE3-15P70-L6) For most of them, 50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
• shallow adj. 浅的
• charge at … 朝..… ……猛冲
  • → Suddenly the bear charged at us.
  • → He charged at me with his fists flying.
• come to a stop / halt / standstill 停了下来
  • → (NCE3-6 P34-L10) It came to a stop outside the jeweler’s.
  • grind
    • come to a grinding halt 支的一声停下来
  • come to an end / a close 结束
  • come to a decision / conclusion / agreement 作出决定; 作出结论 ;达成协议
    • come to 表示到达某个状态
• → A yellow light on the dashboard flashed angrily and Bruce cheerfully announced that there was no oil in the engine!
  • flash angrily 刺眼的强光
    • → (NCE3-18 P82-L15) Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.

L40 Who’s who ⭐️

## words

• hoax /hoʊks/ n.恶作剧（骗人相信某事）
  • hoax n. a kind of practical joke in which someone makes people believe something that is not true 恶作剧 （骗人相信某事）
  • play a ioke / trick on sb. 对某人恶作剧
  • make a fool of sb. 捉弄某人
  • cheat sb. out of sth. 骗某人的钱财
    • → He cheated the old lady out of her fortune.
      • fortune n. 一大笔钱
  • trick / deceive sb. into doing 欺骗某人去做某事
    • → I was tricked / deceived into believing his story.
• indulge /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/ v.沉迷于 ；尽情享受.; 宠爱, 溺爱某人
  • indulge in …
    • indulge in bad habits
    • → I indulged in a hot bath / an expensive dinner after a day’s hard work.
  • indulge / spoil / pamper sb.
    • → I don’t agree with indulging children.
    • a spoilt / pampered child
  • indulgent / self-indulgent adj. 放纵的/ 自我放纵的
    • indulgence / self-indulgence n. 放纵/自我放纵
• advance /ədˈvæns/ adj. 提前的（定语）
  • advance party 先遣队
  • advance notice / warning / planning 提前的通知/告警/计划
  • advance payment 预付款
    • What a job! Good work, Richard! I’m so glad you like them so much. Like them? They represent your best work. Really? Absolutely. Well … what do you think? Do I have my book? You do. You do. There’s a book here. I’ll have a contract and an advance payment waiting for you, first thing in the morning.
      • contract n. 合同
  • in advance 提前做某事
    • → Rent must be paid one month in advance.
      • rent 租金
  • in advance of … 在…之前, 提前于…..
    • → Galileo’s ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived.
  • advanced adj.高级的，先进的
    • advanced technology
    • an elementary / intermediate / advanced English course 一门初级的/中级的/高级的 英语课程
      • elementary 初级的
      • intermediate 中级的
      • advanced 高级的
      • elementary / intermediate / advanced English learners
• remonstrate /rɪˈmɑːnstreɪt/ v.抗议，规劝，告诫
  • remonstrate with sb. (fml.）向某人抗议
    • → The coach angrily remonstrated with the referee.
      • coach n. 教练
      • referee n. 裁判
    • → (NCE3-40 P182-L16) Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.
  • 形近词
    • demonstrate v.展示，表明
  • 近义词
    • protest against … 聚众抗议…
    • complain (to sb.) of / about sth.
      • → (NCE3-1 P14-L12) Several people complained of cat-like noises at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
      • → (NCE2-38 P174-L4) Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
    • nag sb. to do .. 唠叨数落某人让他去干某事
      • → (NCE3-46 P212-L29) When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass grow.
    • pester sb. to do … 缠着某人非让某人做某事
      • → (NCE3-29 P138-L13) From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.
• ironically /aɪ’rɑnɪkli/ adv. 讽刺地 (可以表示人的语言文字是讽刺的, 也可以表示其他的事情)
  • = sarcastically(只能表示人的语言文字是讽刺的)
  • → (NCE3-40 P182-L19) At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.
  • → (NCE3-11 P54-L16) ‘Perfume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.’
  • ironic / sarcastic adj. 讽刺的
    • → (NCE2-92 P418-L4) I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night '
    • irony / sarcasm n. 讥讽, 讽刺
      • with heavy irony / sarcasm 伴随着弄弄的讥讽
      • → " Good of you to arrive on time,’ George said, with heavy irony / sarcasm.
      • hint / trace / touch of irony / sarcasm 讽刺的意味
        • → There was a hint of irony / sarcasm in her voice.
  • the irony of fate 命运的讽刺
  • → It’s ironic that she became a teacher —she used to hate school
  • → lronically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday. 讽刺的是, 他的感冒在他假期的最后一天痊愈了

## text 1

• who’s who 谁是谁 （名字、职务等）
  • → You’ll soon get to know who’s who in the company. 很快你就知道谁是谁了
  • who’s who 名人录
  • which is which 强调能分辨开谁是谁 (比方说双胞胎)
    • → The twins are so alike that I can’t tell which is which.
      • twins 双胞胎
    • → When Scarlet returned to the farm, the old maidservant began to tell her who married whom, who had what children and so on. — gone with the wind
• → It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.
  • nobody can explain why … (中式英文)
  • it has never been explained why … 谁也无法解释
  • 造句：谁也无法解释玛雅 (Maya）文明为什么会突然从地球上消失 (vanish)。
    • → It has never been explained why Maya civilization vanished from the earth.
  • I can’t understand / explain why …. (不使用 I 做主语的话)
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-414) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
    • why … is beyond me 我不能理解(地道)
    • 造句：我无法理解Jane 为什么愿意 (be prepared to do) 嫁给这样一个懒汊 (lazy-bones)。
      • → Why Jane was prepared to marry such a lazy-bones is beyond me.
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L29) It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.
      • it has always been a mystery to me why …. 我一直无法理解(地道)
      • 造句：我一直搞不懂 John 为什么偏要假装 (obstinately pretend) 喜欢古典乐 (classical music).
        • → It has always been a mystery to me why John obstinately pretends that he would prefer classical music.
        • 听力题
          • M: I was shocked when I heard you’d finished your research project a whole month early.
          • W: How I managed to do it is still a mystery to me.
          • Q: What does the woman mean?
          • Answer: (A) She’s not sure how she was able to finish so early.
      • People still have different opinions about whether … (不佳) 人们有不同的观点关于..
      • → (NCE4-37 P218-L20) Whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present. 是否整个宇宙都是这样, 目前尚无定论
        • whether … is a moot point at present 人们对于某事尚有争议
        • 造句：人们对是否建造更多公路会减少交通堵塞 (tratfic congestion) 尚有争议。
          • → Whether building more roads reduces traffic congestion is a moot point at present.
  • 造句：谁也无法解释为什么住在地中海地区的人看似比任何人都更爱吃章鱼 (octopus)。
    • → It has never been explained why people who live in the Mediterranean seem to enjoy eating octopus more than anyone else.
• **specialize in ….**专门研究.
  • specialized adj. 专业的….
  • specialized knowledge 专业知识
  • specialized labour / labor 专业劳动力
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L1) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
• a particular type of practical joke
  • 如果前面有量词的话, 名词可以当作不可数名词来用
  • practical jokes of a particular type
  • → (NCE3-34 P158-L2) The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place.
    • → Antique shops of the more expensive kind where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust are usually forbidding places.
• → Inviting the fire brigade to put out a non-existent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.
  • crude adj. 粗糙的; 未加工的; 粗野的
    • → (NCE3-21 P106-L4) However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
  • form n. a type of sth.
    • form of ….
    • a severe form of cancer 一种严重的癌症
    • different forms of government 不同种类的政府
  • deception n. 欺骗
  • put out = extinguish 扑灭, 熄灭
    • put out / extinguish the fire / cigarette / light
    • smother v. 灭火(强调把火闷熄); 使窒息
    • quench v. 解渴; 灭火(强调用水把火浇灭)
    • blow out v. 把火吹灭
• no self-respecting … would do sth. 没有任何有自尊心的 某人 会做某事
  • 造句：没有有白尊心的医生会置病人于不顾。
    • → No self-respecting doctor would refuse to treat a sick person.
  • 造句：没有有自尊心的政府会向恐怖分子低头。
    • → No self-respecting government would yield to tcrrorists.
  • 造句：考试中作弊是一种很不光彩的行为 (disgraceful behavior)，任何有自尊的学生都不会去做。
    • → Cheating in examinations is disgraceful behavior which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.
• → Students often create funny situations which are amusing to / amuse everyone except the victims.

## text 2

• → When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.

  • telephone the police 报警
    • → (NCE3-16 P74-L11) He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
    • → (NCE3-19 P86-L11) At first, she decided to go to the police, but …
    • → Mrs. Ramsay was not to inform the police and had to pay £1,000.
      • inform vt. 通知
  • inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
    • inform sb. that … 通知某人某事
  • dress (sb.) up as .. 把某人装扮成
    • → (NCE3-13 P62-L4) She intended to dress up as a ghost
    • → (NCE3-40 P182-L11) He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman.
    • → They dressed him up as a gorilla.
    • disguise sb. as … 把某人装扮成
      • → He disguised himself as a dustman.
      • **disguised as … ** (非谓语)
        • → (NCE4-9 P53-L1) Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.
        • → … informed them that two students disguised as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
  • tear up sth. 挖开, 开凿; 撕碎了
    • → The plumbers tore up the road to lay a new water main.
      • main n. 干管, 主干水管
    • → He tore up the letter with anger.
    • tear v. 撕, 扯;
      • → The child’s misery tore my heart.
      • tear sth. in half / two 把某物撕成两半
      • tear sth. to pieces 把某物撕成碎片
      • tear sth. away 扯掉, 撕掉, 卷走
      • → (NCE3-25 P122-L13) In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
        • torn away 撕掉了

• → As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously.

  • 一…就…
    • as soon as …
    • immediately / directly …
      • Immediately / Directly he had hung Up, …
    • the moment….
      • The moment he had hung up, ….
    • no sooner … than …
      • → He had no sooner hung up than he went over to …
      • → No sooner had he hung up than he went over to …
    • hardly / barely / scarcely …. when / before …..
      • → He had hardly hung up when he went over to …
      • → Hardly had he hung up when he went over to …
    • On / Upon hanging up, …
  • hang up
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-49) You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc.
    • put the phone down
    • slam the phone down 气愤的挂电话
    • get cut off 电话断线了
  • over adv. 从… 到…
    • → He’s seen mel He’s coming over!
    • 听力题
      • M: Can you come over for dinner tonight?
      • W: Im up to my ears in work, so lhave to take a rain check.
      • Q: What does the woman mean?
      • Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
    • 听力- 走遍美国
      • “Hello. This is Richard Stewart. My wife, Marilyn Stewart, is a member of your program. I’d like to come to the ten o’clock advanced class this morning.”
      • “Oh, fine, fine. Be here a few minutes early. You need to complete some forms before the class.”
      • “Thanks. I’m on my way over. Goodbye. Bye-bye.”
  • be to do (fml.）的四种用法
    1. 打算
       • → I’m to see her tomorrow.
    2. 命令
       • → You’re to be back by 10 o’clock
       • → No one is to leave the building.
    3. 能够
       • → How am I to pay such a debt?
       • → We Chinese people are not to be bullied.
    4. 应该
       • → Such men are to be pitied rather than despised.
       • → Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. — Francis Bacon

• → He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.

  • add v. 补充说
    • → (NCE3-11 P54-L18) Then l added with a smile, “It’s a strange mixture 1 make myself’
    • threatened 威胁说
      • → (NCE3-40 P182-L14) When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force.
    • point out 提醒说
      • → (NCE3-40 P182-L19) At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.
    • claim 声称说
      • → (NCE3-1 P14-L6) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
    • confirm 证实说
      • → (NCE3-1 P14-L9)1t immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
    • complain 抱怨说
      • → (NCE3-1 P14-L13) Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
    • put it 措辞说
      • → (NCE3-12 P58-L15) ..,as one of them put it ‘ate like kings’.
      • → I don’t know how to put it.
    • state 声明说
      • → (NCE3-19 P86-L9) The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands …
    • explain 解释说
      • → (NCE3-19 P86-L17) She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
    • mumble 喃喃自语说
      • → (NCE3-29 P138-121) He was stil mumbling (mumble) something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
    • nag 唠叨说
      • → (NCE3-46 P212-129) When my wife nagged me to do something about it, ltold her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass grow.
  • play a joke / trick on sb.
    • → (NCE3-22 P110-L10) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
  • all sorts / kinds / types of sth. 各种各样的
    • → She has to deal with all kinds of complaints.

• advance adj. 提前的

• be thankful / grateful / obliged / indebted to sb. for sth. 因为某事感激某人

  • → I**’m thankful to** you for your help.
  • → I**’m** much grateful to you for your advice.
  • → I**’m** deeply obliged to you for your encouragement.
  • → I’m most indebted to you for this piece of advance information.
  • → I appreciate your help / it. 感谢您的帮助
  • → I owe you (one). 我欠你一次(用在熟人之间)

## text 3

• → The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on.
  • hide hid hid
  • archway 有拱顶的长廊
    • arch 拱形
    • arcade 有拱顶的商业街
    • 17-Arch Bridge 十七拱桥
    • Arch of Triumph 凯旋门
    • an archway nearby (true)
    • a nearby archway (true)
    • a near archway (X)
    • The archway is very near. (True)
      • near 做前置定语 只能表示 时间 和 关系上的近, 不能表示地点上的近
        • in the near future (True)
        • a near relative (True) 近亲
  • 这里 where 引导的定语从句 相当于并列句, 不过比并列句更简洁
    • 造句：我的暑假是在乡下度过的， 在那儿我可以更不受打扰地生活。
      • → (NCE3-8 P42-L14) The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy.
      • → I spent my summer vacation in the country where I had more privacy.
• sure enough 果然
  • → (NCE3-19 P86-L19) Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening.
• on the scene / spot 在现场，到现场
  • → (NCE2-74 P346-L9) Meanwhile, two other actors, Rockwall Slinger and Merlin Greeves, had carried two large food baskets to a shady spot under some trees.
  • on the spot 当场….，立即…
    • → (NCE3-52 P236-L13) He would invent fanciful names on the spot.
• receive+ n. 受到了..……; 得到了……; 遭到了.…
  • → (NCE3-8 P42-L16) These young people, who love the peace of mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard’s monastery.
  • → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
  • → (NCE3-31 P146-L20) This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie.
  • → (NCE4-28 P166-L4) The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, …
  • receive support 得到了支持
  • receive good education 受到了良好的教育
  • receive a heavy blow 遭到了重重的一击
  • receive a serious injury 遭受重伤
• threaten to do 1. 威胁说… .；2.有 …的危险
  • 人做主语的话, 表示第一个意思; 事物做主语的话, 表示第二个意思
  • → (NCE3-47 P216-L4) We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.
• → The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.
  • please v. 高兴, 乐意
    • → Come whenever you please. 高兴什么时候来就什么时候来
    • told him to do as he pleased 告诉他想做什么做什么
• attempte to 抢夺某事
• struggle 挣扎
• fiercely adv. 猛烈地
• lose one’s temper 忍不住发脾气 , 发火了
  • keep one’s temper 忍住不发火
• → At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.
  • at this
    • 在英语中，this 和that 均可前指，但一般只有this 可以后指。
      • 只有 this 才可以指后文出现的内容
    • → He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that …
    • → (NCE3-22 P110-L18) Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: ‘The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.’ With this, he hurried off the stage.
    • → To be, or not to be: that is the question. — Shakespeare
    • → Good friends. good books and a sleepy conscience: this is the ideal life. — Mark Twain
      • ideal n. 理想; 典范 adj. 理想的, 完美的
    • → Of all men’s miseries the bitterest is this: to know so much and to have control over nothing. —Herodotus
      • bitterest 最痛苦的
  • point out 指出，提醒说
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L13) Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war
  • be under arrest 被捕
    • be under + n. 处于某状态
      • → The car is under repair. 车正在修
      • → The castle is under attack. 城堡正在受进攻
      • → The subject is under discussion. 这个题目正在讨论之中
      • → The matter is under consideration. 这个事正在考虑之中
      • → The patient is under observation. 病人正在观察之中
      • → The case is under investigation. 案件正在调查之中
      • → The bridge is under construction. 大桥正在建造之中
      • → The building is under renovation. 这个建筑正在翻新之中
• → Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.
  • 动名词的时态和语态
    • 一般时 (万用)
      • 主动: doing
      • 被动: being done
    • 完成时 (强调比 谓语动词发生的早)
      • 主动: having done
      • 被动: having been done
• pay phone/ pay station 投币式公共电话
• give / grant (sb.) permission 给予某人许可
• refuse / deny (sb.) permission 拒绝了某人的许可
  • The police granted him permission and a policeman … (主动)
  • **Permission was granted ** (被动) (简洁)
  • 造句：他问老师他是否能打个电话。老师不允许他这么做，于是他只好等到下课。
    • → He asked the teacher if he might make a telephone call. Permission was denied and he had to wait until the class was over.
• → Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
  • only+ 时间状语, 表示直到…才…, 不能表示只有…才…
  • 复习“only＋ 状语” 位于句首，用部分倒装
    • → Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
    • → Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
    • → Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
      • seal n. 海豹
    • → Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
  • victim 受害者

L41 Illusions of pastoral peace ⭐️

## words

• illusion /ɪˈluːʒn/ n. 错觉
  • delusion n. 错觉, 幻想
  • be / live under the illusion / delusion that …
    • → He is / lives under the illusion / delusion that he is always right.
  • be under the impression that … 某人还以为…. (错觉)
    • → (NCE3-32 P150-L10) Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the chest proved them wrong.
• breed /briːd/ v. 养育, 培育
  • breed bred bred
  • a well-bred child 一个有教养的孩子
  • an ill-bred chile 一个没教养的孩子
    • ill adj. 有病的, 不好的 adv. 坏地, 恶劣地 n. 伤害; 邪恶; 困难; 不幸
  • born and bred 在某地出生和长大
    • → I was born and bred in China.
    • → I was China born and bred.
    • → I was city born and bred.
    • → I was couritry born and bred.
  • bring up sb. 养育, 抚养 sb.
  • raise sb. 抚养; 饲养
• rapture /‘ræptʃɚ/ n. 极度的高兴，狂喜
  • rapture > delight > joy / happiness
    • delight 极其高兴
    • joy / happiness 高兴, 愉悦
  • be in raptures / go into raptures about / over / at sth.
    • → She was in / went into raptures about her new house.
• extol /ɪkˈstoʊl/ v. 高度赞扬，盛赞
  • extol the virtues / benefits of sth. 盛赞…的优点; 盛赞…的好处
    • → He extolled the virtues of Internet technology.
  • 同义替换
    • exalt v. 高度赞扬，盛赞
    • eulogize v. 高度赞扬，盛赞
  • 表扬
    • praise v. 表扬
    • acclaim v. 表扬(多数用在被动)
      • a much acclaimed novel 一个饱受赞誉的小说
  • 恭维
    • compliment v. 恭维
      • compliment sb. on sth. 夸奖某人的某个东西特别好
        • → Everyone at the party complimented Mary on her new dress.
• superior /suːˈpɪriər/ adj. 优越的，优秀的，高级的 (本身就有比较级的含义, 没有原级, 并且后面不能用 than, 需要用 to)
  • → He is a superior actor.
  • be superior to …
    • → Your computer is far superior to mine.
  • 同样后面不能加 than 的, 没有原级的词 (来自拉丁语)
    • inferior adj. 更低级的, 劣等的
      • be inferior to ..
    • senior adj. 年纪比较大的, 资历比较深的, 级别高的
      • be senior to ..
    • junior adj. 年纪更小的, 资历比较浅的, 级别低的
      • be junior to …
    • prior adj. 时间上较早的
      • be prior to …
    • posterior adj. 时间上较晚的
      • be posterior to …
• cockcrow n. 鸡啼, 公鸡打鸣
  • cockroach / roach n. 蟑螂
  • crow vi. 公鸡打鸣
  • cackle vi. 母鸡叫
  • quack vi. 鸭子叫
  • meow vi. 猫叫
  • bark vi. 狗叫
  • bleat vi. 羊叫
  • bellow vi. 牛叫
  • grunt vi. 猪叫
  • neigh vi. 马叫
  • roar vi. 狮虎叫
  • chirp vi. 蛐蛐叫
  • twitter vi. 鸟叫, 叽叽喳喳的叫
  • warble vi. 婉转的鸟叫
• glint /ɡlɪnt/ nv. 闪烁 (很多碎碎的亮点)
  • → The dewdrops glint in the sunshine.
    • dewdrop n. 露珠
  • 同义词
    • sparkle v. 闪烁 (很多碎碎的亮点)
    • glitter v. 闪烁 (很多碎碎的亮点)
      • → All that glitters is not gold.
  • 近义词辨析
    • flicker n. 灯火在要摇曳的闪烁, 蜡烛在风中摇曳, 树影摇窗
    • flash n. 突然发出一道强光, 转瞬就熄灭了
    • twinkle n. 发出微弱的闪烁, 尤指星星在闪烁
      • → Twinkle, twinkle, little star, like a diamond in the sky.
    • glow n. 燃烧过的物体发出暗红色的温暖的光 (木炭/烟头/烧红的铁)
      • → The heated iron bar glowed.
• descend /dɪˈsend/ v. 下降, 降临
  • → We descended the stairs. 我们从楼梯上下来
  • → The plane started to descend.
  • 完美反义词
    • ascend v. 上升, 升起; 遗传
      • → We ascend the stairs.
      • → The plane started to ascend.
  • be descended from .. 是某人的后代
  • descendant n. 后代, 后裔, 子孙后代
    • → He is descended from Confucius.
    • → He is a descendant of Confucius.
      • Confucius n. 孔子
  • descend on / upon … 如果是人做主语表示大批的来到某地; 如果是事物做主句表示某个抽象的东西突然降临
    • → Millions of tourists descend on Beijing every year. 每年数以百万的游客来到北京
    • → Total silence descended on the room. 房间突然陷入一片死寂
    • → A double blessing has descended upon the house.
      • blessing 可以表示 喜事
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L27) Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country.
• obstinately /ˈ ɑbstənɪtlɪ/ adv. 顽固地，固执地 (在错的事情上)
  • → The old man is as obstinate as a mule. 那个老男人固执的像骡子一样
    • mule n. 骡子
  • as stupid as a donkey 蠢的像驴一样
  • as busy as a bee 像小蜜蜂一样繁忙
  • as cunning as a fox 狡猾的像狐狸一样
    • cunning adj. 狡猾的；可爱的；巧妙的
  • as brave as a lion 勇猛的像狮子一样
    • brave adj. 勇敢的, 大胆的
  • as proud as a peacock 骄傲的像孔雀
  • as poor as a church mouse 穷得像教堂里的老鼠
  • as graceful as a swan 优美的像天鹅
  • 近义词
    • stubborn adj. 固执地 (在错的事情上)
    • headstrong adj. 固执地 (在错的事情上), 刚愎自用的
  • 感情色彩上的反义词
    • determined adj. 坚决的
    • resolute adj. 坚决的

## text 1

• appeal to sb. 吸引某人, 令某人产生兴趣

  • → (NCE3-23 P114-L13) The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
  • appeal n. 吸引力
    • → (NCE3-29 P138-L7) In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.
  • attract v. 吸引, 引起…的注意
    • → The quiet life of the country has never attracted me.
  • intrigue v. 激起某人的好奇心
    • → The quiet life of the country has never intrigued me.
  • be not my cup of tea 不是我所喜欢的
    • → The quiet life of the country is not my cup of tea.

• → City born and city bred, I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasionally visit during the weekend.

  • regard …. as …. 把前者看作后者

    • 同义搭配
      • → …., I have always thought of the country as something …
      • → …., rhave always considered the country something …

  • City born and city bred 城里生, 城里长

    • 文中这句话等于一个 原因状语从句
      • → Because / Since I was born and bred in the city, …
      • → Because / Since I was city born and bred, …

  • 造句：因为是土生士长的中国人，我总是认为美国就是在好莱坞电影里看到的样子，或者偶尔在假期里看到的样子。

    • → China born and China bred, I have always regarded America as something you watch in Hollywood movies, or something you occasionally visit during holidays.

• → Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.

  • go into raptures 欣喜若狂

    • go into ecstasies 欣喜若狂 (美)

  • at the … of … 一…. 就…. (后面的 of 之后的内容可以省略)

    • → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat, ..
    • → (NCE4-3 P17-L4) It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, ….

  • 造向：我的朋友们多数住在中国 ，然而他们总是仅仅一提到美国就欣喜若狂。

    • → Most of my friends live in China, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of America.

• → Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months.

  • extol the virtues / benefits of sth. 盛赞某事 的好处

  • → ….only one of them has ever gone to live in the country…

    • → … only one of them has personal experience of living in the country.

  • 造句：尽管他们盛赞美国生活的种种好 ，但只有一个人曾经去那里住过，并且仅仅(a mere） 不到两年就回中国了。

    • → Though they extol the virtues of life in America, only one of them has ever gone to live there and he was back in China within a mere two years.

• → Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.

  • be / live under the illusion / delusion that . . 对某事有某种错觉

    • → Even he is still under the illusion that… (副词的位置在句中非常灵活)
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L15) The worst thing about the do-it-yourself game is that sometimes even men live under the delusion that they can do anything, even when they have been repeatedly proved wrong.

  • country life is somehow superior to town life

    • 同义表达
      • → … town life is somehow inferior to country life. 城市生活好像比农村生活更差劲似的
      • → … country life somehow beats town life. 农村生活好像比城市生活强
      • → ..country life somehow has an advantage over town life. 农村生活好像比城市生活有优势
        • have an advantage over 优于, 比…有优势…
        • somehow 好像

  • 造句：甚至连他都依然有一种错觉 ：好像美国生活比中国生活优越。

    • → Even he still lives under the illusion that American life is somehow superior to Chinese life.

• 令人烦的老是做某事

  • be forever doing sth.

  • be always doing sth.

    • → (NCE3-2 P18-L1) Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

  • be constantly / continually doing sth.

  • keep (on) doing sth.

  • do sth. all the time

• atmosphere n. 大气层; 空气

• 造句：他总是不停地谈论友好的人民， 干净的空气，蔚蓝的 (azure)天空和廉价的商品。

  • → He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the azure sky and the cheap commodities.

• compare A with / to B

  • → I hate the way you always compare me with your ex-boyfriend.

  • nothing can be compared with…. 某个东西是无与伦比的

  • 造句：泰山日出的美景是无以伦比的。

    • → Nothing can be compared with the sight of the rising sun glinting on Mount Tai.

  • compared to / with ….

    • → Compared to our small flat, Bil’s house seemed like a palace.

  • in / by contrast to / with 比较

    • → In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold.

  • in / by comparison to / with …

    • → People who do manual work often receive far more money in comparison with people who work in offices.

• at dawn 破晓, 黎明

  • at the break / crack of dawn 破晓, 黎明

    • crack v. 开裂, 破裂

  • at sunrise 日出时分

  • at daybreak 黎明, 破晓

  • at duck 黄昏, 日落

    • dusk 黄昏, 薄暮,

  • at sunset 黄昏, 日落

  • from dawn to dusk 从早到晚 (压首韵)

• 当“part of"之前没有形容词修饰时，通常不加不定冠词"a”

  • → This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
  • → (NCE3-35 P162-L3) Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law.
  • → Memory loss is a normal part of the aging process.

• → My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV — virtually the only form of entertainment.

  • 造句：这个房地产经纪人 (real estate agent) 根本就没提在崎岖的 (rough) 乡间道路上又闷又挤的 (stuffy and packed)小公共汽车 (minibus),，而这几乎是唯一的交通方式。
    • → The real estate agent failed to mention the stuffy and packed minibuses on rough country roads- -virtually the only form of transportation.

• → He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work.

  • everyday adj.
    • everyday life
    • everyday necessities
    • every day 做定语

• → Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.

  • for the privilege of …

    • → (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

  • be beyond sb. 是某人无法理解的

    • be a mystery to sb. 对某人来说是个迷 (是某人无法理解的)

      • → (NCE3-41 P192-L29) It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

    • beat sb. 某人无法理解 (它把我击败, 我实在看不明白了)

      • → It is beyond me why …
      • → It is a mystery to me why ….
      • → It beats me why ….
      • → I cannot understand why ….

  • → He says nothing about …..

    • → Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour iourney each dav for the dubious privilege of living in the country ….
    • → They could be saved …
    • 前后各是一个头轻脚重的句子, 中间是一个头重脚轻的句子, 这样句子形状就有所变化, 避免单调
    • 句首是构建句子多样性的关键位置

  • 造句：我无法理解为什么人们愿意 (be prepared to do）放弃更高的薪水而为了可疑的(dubious） 成为白领工人的所谓特权。

    • → Why people are prepared to sacrifice higher pay for the dubious privilege of becoming white-collar workers is beyond me.

  • 造句：我无法理解为什么人们愿意忍受语言和文化的障碍 (barrier)，难以排遣的 (haunting） 寂寞和强烈的 (acute) 思乡之情(homesickness)，为了换取可疑的住在美国的好处。

    • → Why people are prepared to tolerate language and cultural barriers, haunting loneliness and acute homesickness for the dubious privilege of living in America is beyond me.

• → They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they riahtly belong.

  • save sb. sth. / doing sth. 帮某人剩下某物; 省得某人做某事

    • → If you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
    • → If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.

  • rightly adv. for a good reason 本来应该地

    • → It was a vicious foul, and the referee rightly removed him from the game.
      • vicious adj. 恶意的
      • foul n. 犯规

  • where they rightly belong

    • = … which they rightly belong to.

  • → 造句：他们可以省去诸多痛苦、不便和无尽的怀旧之情 (nostalgia)，如果他们选择住在他们本应属于的国度 (land)。

    • 怀旧之情 n. nostalgia
    • → They could be saved so much misery, inconvenience and endless nostalgia if they chose to live in the land where they rightly belong.

## text 2

• → If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer.

  • 如果先行词表示最…的, 有最高级的含义, 一般关系代词用 that 来引导 (文法)

  • do without sth. 不用某个东西也可以

    • → If you need my car, I can do without it today.
    • → She can’t do without candy. 她没有糖果不行
    • 同义替换搭配
      • go without sth.
      • manage without sth.

  • provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物

    • provide sth. for sb.

• be available/free for sth./to do sth.

  • 如果用物做主语表示 可以得到的, 可以找到的, 可以买到的
  • 如果用人做主语的话, 表示有空做某事
  • → My professor is always available for a conversation / to talk with his students.
  • 表示没时间

    • be busy

    • be not available

    • be tied up

      • tie v. 绑, 捆

    • have a previous / prior engagement

      • engagement n. 约定的会议; 参与度
      • → I appreciate your kind invitation, but I have a previous / prior engagement.

• acquaintances n. 熟人

• go/come up to the city

  • go/come down to the country

  • up 表示从 次重要的地方 去 重要的地方, down 表示从 重要的地方 去 次重要的地方

  • They walked up north.

  • They walked down south.

    • 这里表示北上, 和南下

  • → They sailed up the river.

  • → They sailed down the river.

    • 表示向上游走或者向下游走

• treat n. 难得的乐事; 款待

  • be a real / great treat 真是一件难得的乐事

    • → When we were kids, a trip to the beach was a real treat.
    • → Her son’s visits are a great treat for her.

  • as a special treat

    • → We took the kids to the zoo as a special treat.

• major: important; significant adj. 重大的, 重要的

  • 完美反义词
    • minor adj. 微不足道的
    • unimportant adj. 微不足道的
    • trivial adj. 微不足道的
    • insignificant adj. 微不足道的

• operation: work; activity; action

  • → The salvage operation had been a complete failure. 打捞行动是一个完全的失败

    • salvage v. 打捞

  • rescue operation 救援行动

  • relief operation 救济工作

    • relief n. 痛苦的缓解

  • cleanup operation 大扫除

• → For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning.

  • = ..and it involves considerable planning.

    • involve v. 包含, 牵涉

  • 造句：出国留学是一个重大的行动，需要精心的计划。

    • → Studying abroad is a major operation which involves considerable planning.

• draw to a close / an end / a conclusion 临近结束

  • conclusion n. 终结, 结束
  • come to a close / an end / a conclusion

• dweller n. 居民

  • city dweller 城市居民
    • dwell vt. 居住, 住

• … of this/that sort/kind 前面的可数名词要用复数形式

  • → I can’t approve of things of this sort.
  • this/that sort/kind of … 后面的名词可以当不可数名词用
    • → I can’t approve of this sort of thing.

• be only a short bus ride away 坐公共汽车很短的一段车程

  • be only a stone’s throw away
  • be within walking distance
  • be within driving distance
  • be within commuting distance

• variety n. 品种, 种类

• make do with … 用 sth. 来凑合, 临时凑合一下

  • → John did not have a hammer, so he had to make do with a rock.

• second best 二等品, 二流货

  • be second only to … 仅次于…

    • → The euro has a circulation second only to that of the dollar.

  • be second to none 无出其右 (最好的)

    • → When it comes to singing, John is second to none.

• → Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the exotic items as they can carry.

  • run 在这里是系动词, 表示 变得, go 也行

    • people run wild 主系表 结构
    • run/go wild with delight 欣喜若狂
      • run/go crazy with delight 欣喜若狂
      • go into raptures / ecstasies(美) 欣喜若狂

  • stagger n./v. 蹒跚,

  • be load with 背东西

  • exotic adj. 异国风情的, 新奇有趣的

• → Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. 城市里也不是没有良辰美景

  • 造句: 有志者事尽成
    • → Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
  • → No one has nothing to offer to society. 每个人都能对社会做贡献(没有人是没有东西能提供给社会的)
  • 造句：男人也不是没有脆弱(frailty)的时候。
    • → Nor are men without their moments of frailty.

• → There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights.

  • shed bitter tears 留下了痛苦的泪水
    • shed n. 棚, 库 vt. 流出, 流下
    • shed blood 流出了鲜血
    • shed light on sth. 揭示了…..
      • → These discoveries may shed light on the origins of the universe.
  • on a Monday night
    • on a sunny afternoon

• → Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands (that travel to work every day) are tucked away in their homes in the country.

  • 比较级表达最高级的含义
    • Few students could be more diligent than she (is).
  • tuck v. 塞进, 掖进
    • tuck your trousers into your boots 把裤子塞到皮靴里
    • be tucked away: be hidden
      • → A group of tiny brick houses is tucked away behind the factory.

• → It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

  • → It has always been beyond me why … 我无法理解的
  • → It beats me why …
  • → … they would prefer to live in the country rather than live in the city.
  • They are hypocritical.
    • hypocritical adj. 虚伪的, 伪善的

L42 Modem cavemen ⭐️

## words

• solitude /ˈsɑːlətuːd/ n. 单独, 独自 (状态)
  • → I love tranquil solitude. 一 P. B. Shelley
    • tranquil adj. 安静的,
  • in solitude 独自地, 单独地
    • → I spent the morning in solitude.
    • → I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity. – Albert Einstein
  • solitary adj. 单独的, 独自的, 唯一的
    • = single
    • → (NCE4-3 P17-16) They had a single aim, a solitary goal – the top!
    • all (alone / on one’s own / by oneself) 单独的, 独自的
• lure /lʊr/ v. 引诱，诱惑(略有贬义味道, 通常指引诱做错事或者傻事)
  • lure sb. to / into some place 引诱某人去某地
    • → He lured the victim into a deserted house.
    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L2) Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
  • lure sb. into doing 诱惑某人做某事
    • 同义表达
      • tempt sb. to do / into doing
      • entice sb. to do / into doing
• foresight /ˈfɔːrsaɪt/ n. 远见, 先见之明
  • sight n. 看
  • → They had the foresight to invest in new technology.
  • → (NCE3-42 P196-L8)Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
  • forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
    • → With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided. 如果有一些提前的考虑的话, 很多事故就可以避免了
  • forecast n. 预测，预报
    • cast v./n. 投掷
    • weather forecast
  • foresee vt. (foresaw, foreseen) 预见…
    • → (NCE3-51 P232-L19) Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand,
    • → (NCE3-51 P232-L23) Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet,
    • unforeseen adj. 未曾预见到的
      • → NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
  • foretell/predict v. 预言…
    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L10) Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
    • → (NCE3-51 P232-L16) Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
    • → Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 瑞雪昭丰年
  • mark the prelude to sth. v. 预示….
    • prelude 序幕
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L7) The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
• insistent /ɪnˈsɪstənt/ adj.声音持续不断的；坚持要求的
  • 1.声音持续不断的
    • → the insistent ringing of the phone
  • 2.坚持要求的
    • be insistent on sth.
    • 建议/要求/命令 从句中要用should do 型的虚拟语气
      • be insistent that + S. + (should) do
    • insist on sth.
      • insist v. 坚持, 强调
    • insist that + S. + (should) do
      • → (NCE3-22 P110-L8) Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
  • persist in … / with … 坚持不懈
    • persistent adj. 坚持不懈的
  • consist of … 由…..组成
    • → (NCE3-13 P62-L6) Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.
    • be consistent with … 与…..符合 ，前后一致
  • resist v. 抵制, 抵抗
    • be resistant to sth. 抗….., 反对……
  • What you say now is not with what you said last week.
    • (A) consistent (B) persistent (C)resistant (D) insistent
• glisten /ˈɡlɪsn/ v. 闪光, 闪烁
  • flash v.& n. 突然发出的强光, 转瞬熄灭
    • a flash of lightning
    • → (NCE3-18 P82-L15) Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
  • flicker v.& n. 摇曳的光
    • → The candle flickered in the wind.
    • → (NCE3-18 P82-L14) These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
  • glow v. &n. 燃烧过的物体发出暗红色的光
    • → The heated iron bar glowed.
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L26) There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights.
  • twinkle v.& n. 星星一样发出微弱的闪烁的光
    • → Twinkle, twinkle, little star, like a diamond in the sky. — Jane Tavlor
  • sparkle / glitter / glint v. &n. 碎点发出耀眼的强光
    • → The diamond sparkled in the sunlight.
    • All that glitters is not gold. —- Shakespeare
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L9) Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures.
  • glisten v. 潮湿的物体的反光
    • → His face glistened with sweat.
    • → Her eyes glistened with tears.

## text 1

• → Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.

  • come to do 表示开始…., 逐渐开始 … , 意外的…..

    • → (NCE 3-38 P174-L1) Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.
    • → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
    • → A body came to be found under the bridge.

  • relatively adv. 相对地,

  • or 引出同位语, 然后跟 as 引出 正如 …. 那样…

    • → Football, or soccer, as it is sometimes called. is very popular in the world.
      • soccer n. 足球 (美)
    • as 跟定语从句, 作非限定型定语从句, 修饰整个句子
      • → (NCE3-33 P154-412) Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.
      • → (NCE2-91 P414-L12) As the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing!
      • → Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as (it) has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. (美式语法)
        • → The problem, as I see it, is no big deal.
        • → The author was brought up in a small village, as it is recounted in some of his stories.

  • 造句：H1N1流感，或称猪流感 (swine flu)，正如人们逐渐了解的那样，是一种高度传染性 (highly contagious) 但可防可控可治 (preventable, controllable and curable)的疾病。

    • → H1N1 flu, or swine fiu, as it has come to be known, is a highly contagious but preventable, controllable and curable disease.

• → Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.

  • desire for … 渴望…

    • 同样表示渴望的 搭配 或 词

      • appetite for .. (食)欲求 …

      • lust for … (性)欲求 …

      • longing for … 渴求 …

        • long vi. 渴望

      • yearning for … 渴求 …

      • craving for … 渴求 …

      • hunger / thirst for … 渴求 …(如饥似渴)

  • depths of …. …. 的深处

    • the depths of the earth 地球的深处
    • the depths of the ocean 海洋的深处
    • the depths of the space 宇宙的深处
    • the depths of the forest 森林的深处
    • the depths of despair 绝望的深渊

  • it is …. that …. 强调句

  • 造句：正是对知识的渴望诱使他走进了科学的世界。

    • → It is the desire for knowledge that lures him to the scientific world.

• 对 …. 作出解释 ….. (谁也无法理解…)

  • give a satisfactory / convincing / logical / … explanation for sth.

  • defy explanation

    • defy …. 使某件事不可能….

  • owe sb. an explanation 欠某人一个解释…

  • it is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for …

  • it has never been explained why …

  • 造句：谁也无法解释为何玛雅文明从地球上突然消失。

    • → It has never been explained why Maya civilization vanished from the earth.
    • → It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for the disappearance of Maya civilization.

• have a / an peculiar / extraordinary/ untailing fascination for …. 有着特殊的魅力

  • → (NCE4-35 P207-L17) Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.

  • → Cats have an unfailing fascination for most people.

  • → For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.

  • 造句：书对他有一种独特的吸引力，就像化妆品(cosmetics）对他老婆的吸引力一样。

    • → For him, books have the same peculiar fascination which cosmetics have for his wife.

  • exert a … fascination on sb.

    • → (NCE3-34 P158-L1) Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.
    • = have a … fascination for sb.

  • 造句：我很喜欢集邮 (stamp collecting)。

    • → Stamp collecting exerts a peculiar fascination on me.
    • → Stamp collecting has a peculiar fascination for me.

  • 可以用来说某人喜欢某物

• dim / dimly 昏暗的/地，朦胧的/地

  • → (NCE3-22 P110-L16) Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ‘The light is dim. Read the letter to me’.
  • sth. can only be dimly understood 某事 只能被模糊的理解 …
    • = it is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for sth.
    • 这是更高级的替换, 替换并不是只能换词
    • 造句：他的行为很难理解。
      • → His behavior can only be dimly understood.
      • → It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for his behavior.

## text 2

• 同样意思的三句话, 同时注意主谓一致

  • → Horses are useful animals.
  • → The horse is a useful animal.
  • → A horse is a useful animal.
    • 马 是一种有用的动物

• ….is not a task for sb. … 不是某人所能胜任的

  • 造句：出国留学不是懒汉 (lazy-bones) 所能胜任的。

    • → Studying abroad is not a task for the lazy-bones.

  • 造句：做个好老公不是花花公子能胜任的。

    • → Being a good husband is not a task for the playboy.

• require the precise planning and foresight of … 需要精确的规划 和 … 的远见

  • 造句：炒股 (speculation in stocks) 需要一个职业投资人的精密计划和远见。

    • speculation n. 投机
    • → Speculation in stocks requires the precise planning and foresight of a professional investor.

  • → (NCE3-41 P192-L21) For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning.

  • 造句：出国留学是一个重大行动，需要大量精心的计划。

    • → Studying abroad is a major operation which involves considerable planning.

• → It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.

  • rig up 草草搭起

  • take v. 需要

    • → The wound will take a long time to heal.

      • wound n. 创伤, 伤口
      • heal v. 痊愈

    • → It takes two people to make a quarrel.

      • quarrel n./vi. 争吵

    • → You’re an idiot! 你是一个大傻X

      • → It takes one to know one ! 你也是 (需要一个大傻X 才能知道另一个)

    • → Anyone can be passionate, but it takes real lovers to be silly. — Rose Franken

      • passionate adj. 多情的, 激情的, 热切的
      • silly adj. 蠢的, 傻的

    • it takes … to do sth. 做某事需要….

      • 造句：做一名长跑运动员需要耐力 (stamina).

        • → It takes stamina to be a long-distance runner.

      • 造句：反抗 (stand up to …）老板需要很大的勇气。

        • → It takes a lot of courage to stand up to the boss.

      • 造句：照顾一名残疾儿童需要很大的耐心。

        • → It takes a lot of patience to take care of a disabled child.

  • rig up: to make sth. quickly out of whatever you can find 草草做成，草草搭起

    • → They rigged up a shelter using a sheet and some branches.
      • sheet n. 床单, 指平整很薄的一张或一片

  • make a descent = descend

    • = …. before pot-holers can descend into a very deep cave.

• → Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.

  • for 后面跟原因状语从句, 有时候会有类似 并列句的功能

  • precaution n. 预防措施 (习惯用复数)

    • fire / safety / security / sanitary precautions

    • take precautions 采取预防措施

      • → The government took precautions to pprevent the spread of the disease.

    • take measures 采取措施

      • take effective / drastic measures 采取有效的措施/ 采取极端的措施

    • Precautions of this sort are necessary, …

      • This sort of precaution is necessary, .
      • this sort of + 单数
      • 复数 + of this sort
      • 但对于 Precaution 这个词, 最好复合它本身的使用习惯用 复数

  • foretell v. 语言

  • nature n. 本性, 性质

  • confront v. 摆在某人面前

    • confront / face sb. (问题做主语)
    • be confronted / faced with … (人做主语)

  • exact adj. 精确的 vt. 强求

• known adj. 已知的

  • 经常构成复合形容词的搭配
    • little-known adj. 鲜为人知的
    • unknown adj. 不为人知的
    • well-known adj. 著名的(被很好的知道的)

• extend to a depth of … 深达…

  • → (NCE3-17 P78-L11) The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.

  • rise to a height of … 高达..

    • → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

  • be / stand … high / tall 有多高

  • be … deep / in depth 有多深

  • be … long / in length 有多长

  • be … wide / across / in width 有多宽

• → This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunneled a course through a flaw in the rocks.

  • immense adj. 巨大的, 硕大的
  • chasm n. 峡谷, 深渊
  • course n. 航线, 航道
  • tunnel n. 隧道 v. 挖隧道
  • flaw n. 裂缝; 缺点, 下次

• The entrance to the cave 山洞的入口

  • … 的入口用 to

• plateau n. 高原

  • the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 青藏高原

  • plain n. 平原

    • the North China Plain

  • basin n. 盆地; 水盆

    • the Tarim Basin 塔里木盆地

  • 草原

    • savannah n. 热带或亚热带的大草原
    • prairie n. 北美的大草原(托福)
    • grassland n. 草原(泛)
      • the Inner Mongolian Grassland 内蒙古大草原
        • Mongolian 蒙古的

• → The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.

  • distinguished adj. 杰出的
  • → The cave might never have been discovered if the entrance had not been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
    • 这是与过去事实相反的虚拟
    • 虚拟语句

      • 与现在相反的虚拟

        • If +S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do

      • 与过去事实相反

        • If + S.+ had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done

      • 与未来相反

        • If +S. + should do, S. + would / should / could / might + do
        • If + S. + did / were to do, S. + would / should / could / might + do

      • 虚拟语气倒装

        • 出现如下三个字就可以倒装, 把 下面三个字提前,然后省略 if (只用在书面语)

          • were / had /should

            • → If I were you, I would go abroad at once.

              • → Were I you, I would go abroad at once.

            • → If you had come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.

              • → Had you come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.

            • → If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.

              • → Should it rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.

            • → If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.

              • → Were the sun to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.

          • → The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, __ all practical value by the time they finished.

            • (A) could lose (B)would have lost (C) might lose (D) ought to have lost
              • involved adj. 卷入的, 有关的; 复杂的 v. 涉及

• since 自从; 因为

  • since 表因为的时候一定是连词, 引导原因状语从句
  • 表示自从的时候, 既是连词, 也是介词,

• a sort / kind of … 好像是

  • → (NCE3-12 P58-L2) We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun alwavs shines. 我们常把一个阳光照耀的荒芜的小岛想象成天堂,
  • → (NCE3-14 P66-L14) In spite of this, the ltalians regarded him as a sort of hero. 英雄般的人物
  • 同义表达

    • as it were 好像是 (插入语)

      • → (NCE3-38 P174-L6) They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
      • → Since its discovery, it has become, as it were, the pot-holer’s Everest.

    • so to speak 可以说 (‘好像是’ 的替换)(插入语)

      • → Since its discovery, it has become, so to speak, the pot-holer’s Everest.

• remain to be done 有待…..

  • → Several problems remain to be settled. 有若干问题等待解决

    • settle v. 解决, 安排 n. 有靠背的长椅

  • → It remains to be seen how many senior citizens will actually benefit from this new plan.

## text 3

• narrow adj. 狭窄的, n. 狭窄部分 v. 变窄

• → They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools.

  • wade v. 蹚水, 涉水
  • edge one’s way 侧着身子走
    • … one’s way 的搭配

      • squeeze one’s way 侧身走, 挤过去

      • squeeze through / in / past / by ..

        • → (NCE3-42 P196-L26) Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall.

      • make one’s way 向某个方向走去

        • → (NCE3-36 P166-L19) The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot.

      • find one’s way 人做主语 表示找到了去某地的道路, 物做主语, 表示某物到达了某地

        • → (NCE3-15P70-L8) Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins Ihave given him have found their way there.
        • → (NCE3-49 P224-L31) They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar!

      • trace / weave / wind one’s wav 蜿蜒的前行

        • → (NCE3-48 P220-L13) We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees.

      • force / elbow one’s way 人群中推开众人前行

      • feel one’s way 摸索着前进

      • tunnel one’s way 开凿着隧道前进

• → They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, (they) let the current carry them to the other side.

  • plunge into 纵身跃下

    • → (NCE3-10 P50-L15) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.

  • gear 一套的装备设备

  • inflatable adj. 可充气的

  • rubber dinghy 橡皮救生艇

  • current n. 水流, 电流, 气流

  • rubber n. 橡皮

• rubble n. 碎石, 碎砖头

• → In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout (shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave).

  • 嵌入式定语从句
    • 既修饰先行词, 又做嵌入的主谓结构的宾语.
    • 造句：她有一个养子，这个养子据她讲是个孤儿。
      • → She has an adopted son who she says is an orphan.
        • 这里的 is an orphan 既是 she says 的宾语, 又修饰 adopted son
    • 造句：Aleko突然得到了一只新的羊羔， 这只羊羔他声称是买来的。
      • → Aleko suddenly acquired a new lamb which he claimed was bought.
    • → He’s just published an article which I don’t think is interesting at all.
    • → I met a man whom I thoucht was a lunatic.
  • gap n. 缺口, v. 裂开

• → After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites**— some of them over forty feet high—rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof.**

  • arc n. 弧

  • stalagmites n. 石笋 (从下往上长)

  • stalactites n. 钟乳石 (从上往下长)

  • suspend v. 挂在…

  • 独立主格结构做插入语

    • — some of them being over forty feet high 一 (being) 可以去掉
    • 造句：在打开灯之后，我看到在一个小黑盒子里面装着闪闪发光的 (sparkling) 钻石，其中有些有玻璃球 (marbles)那么大。
      • → After switching on the light, I saw sparkling diamonds-some of them as big as marbles-contained in a small black box.

  • switch on $\Leftrightarrow$ sth 打开…

    • switch off $\Leftrightarrow$ sth 关闭

• → In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.

  • eerie adj. (因阴森怪诞而) 毛骨悚然的, 可怕的
  • dome n. 圆屋顶, 穹顶
  • drip v. 滴下
  • 造句：在这栋房子可怕的寂静中，唯一能听到的声音就是从一扇打碎的窗子不断吹进 (blow) 的风声。
    • → In the eerie silence of the house, the only sound that could be heard was made by wind which blew continuously from a broken window.

L43 Fully insured

## words

• insure v. 投保, 为.. 上保险
  • insure … against … 上了…保险
    • → I have insured my house against fire /burglary. 给 房子上了 火灾险 和 盗窃险
    • → I have insured myself against illness. 我给我自己上了疾病险
  • insure … for … 上了多少钱的保险
    • → They’ve insured the painting for a million pounds.
  • insure (US) / ensure (UK) = make sure / certain 确保, 保证
    • insure / ensure passenger safety
    • → One more goal will insure / ensure victory.
    • → The role of the police is to insure / ensure (that) the law is obeyed.
      • role n. 角色; 作用
• recover v.重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿; 康复，恢复正常
  • → Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered.
    • gallery n. 画廊
  • → We recovered lost time by setting out early. 我们通过早点出发, 弥补了失去的时间
  • → (NCE3-43 P200-L8) But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique. (补偿)
  • → After a few days of fever, she began to recover. (康复)
  • recover from … 从… 中 恢复过来
    • → He’s in hospital, recovering from a heart attack.
  • 同义词
    • restore
    • regain
      • 后可接
        • one’s health 恢复了健康
        • one’s sight 恢复了视力
        • one’s consciousness 恢复了意识
        • one’s balance 恢复了平衡
        • one’s composure 恢复了镇定
• admittedly /əd’mɪtɪdli/ adv. 诚然, 的确, 确实
  • (先让步, 后转折)
  • admittedly adv. used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, when you are accepting that sth is true
  • → Admittedly, he didn’t know that at the time.
  • Admittedly, .., but…..
    • 同义搭配
      • Granted…, but …
      • lt is true that … , but …
    • → Admittedly, it was difficult, but it wasn’t impossible.
    • → Granted, he doesn’t look too bad for his age, but I don’t fancy him.
    • → (NCE3-16 P74-L12) It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
  • It is true that / Admittedly, / Granted, …., 后面接如下好句子,
    • but that is not to say that …
    • but it does not follow that …
    • but it does not necessarily mean that …
    • but there is no guarantee that …
  • 造句：确实很多大学生选择继续读研究生 (pursue their graduate studies)，但这并不意味着他们都想做学者。
    • → Admittedly, many college students choose to pursue their graduate studies, but it does not necessarily mean that they want to be scholars.
• annual /ˈænjuəl/ adj. 每年的, 年度的
  • annual income / meeting / ring 年收入 / 年会 / 年轮
  • annually adv. 每年地, 一年一次地
    • → The jazz festival is held annually in July.
  • yearly adj. & adv. 每年的; 每年地
    • yearly income / interest / budget 年收入/ 年息/ 年预算
      • → The magazine is issued twice yearly.
  • daily adj. & adv.
    • daily (=everyday) life
      • everyday adj.
    • The zoo is open daily (=every day).
      • every day adv.
  • weekly adj. & adv.
  • monthly adj. & adv.
  • biannual 一年两次的
    • bi- 表示’两个’ 的字头
  • biennial 两年一次的
  • triennial 三年一次的
  • centennial 百年一次的
  • millennial 千年一次的
    • decade 十年
    • century 百年
    • millenium 千年
• teenager n. 13~19岁的青少年
  • 因为 13~19 的单词里都有 一个 teen
  • = teen n. 13~19岁的青少年
  • → a magazine aimed at teenagers / teens
  • in one’s teens 在某人 13~19 岁期间
    • → She was in her teens when she met him.
  • teenage adj. 十几岁的
    • a teenage boy
    • my teenage daughter
  • youth n. 小年轻(略带贬义)
    • a gang of youths 一帮小年轻
  • youngster n. 年轻人(一般中老年人这么称呼年轻人)
    • → You youngsters have got your whole life ahead of you.
  • minor n. 未成年人
    • → It is illegal to sell alcohol to a minor.
  • adolescent n. 青春期的孩子 adj. 青春期的
    • → An adolescent between the ages of 13 and 19 is called a teenager.
    • an adolescent boy
• agonizing /‘ægə’naɪzɪŋ/ adj.令人痛苦的，令人伤脑筋的
  • an agonizing injury 令人痛苦的伤
  • an agonizing choice / decision / dilemma
    • dilemma 两难抉择
  • agonized adj. 感到痛苦的
    • an agonized expression / scream 痛苦的表情/ 痛苦的尖叫
  • agonize about / over … 为某事痛苦… 头疼
    • agonize v. 痛苦
      • → For days I agonized about whether to accept his advice.
  • agony n. 痛苦(极大)
    • → He groaned in agony.

## text 1

• insurance n. 保险
  • insurance company 保险公司
  • insurance agent/broker 保险经纪人, 保险中介
  • insurance policy 保单
  • insurance premium 保险费(交的费用)
  • medical care insurance 医疗保险
  • endowment insurance 养老保险
  • unemployment insurance 失业保险
  • housing fund 住房公积金
• normally adv. 1. usually 通常
  • → The journey normally takes about two hours.
  • normally adv. 2. in a normal way 正常地
    • → Her heart is beating normally.
• possessions / property n. 财产 (动产不动产都行)
  • property / real estate n. 特指 房地产
  • belongings / things n. 特指 动产
• practice n.习俗，惯例，习惯性的做法
  • → (NCE3-23 P114-L5) On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
• → If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to insure yourself in the event of bad weather.
  • open-air = outdoor adj.
    • An open-air concert / swimming pool
      • concert n. 音乐会 v. 协调,
    • in the open air = outdoors = out of doors adv.
      • The wedding was held ~
    • indoor adj.
    • indoors adv.
  • fete n. (BrE) an outdoor event where there are competitions and things to eat and drink, usually organized to get money 游园会，义卖会
  • in the event of … 万一某个不好的事情发生
    • 完美同义词
      • in case of …
    • → The party will be held indoors in the event of / in case of rain.
    • in any event = in any case = come what may 在任何情况下, 无论如何
      • → ~ I shall go before Tuesday.
• → Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay.
  • needless to say
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L16) Needless to say, the man’s name was Hans Bussman and he reallv was Franz’s long-lost brother.
  • 前面是从句 , 后面是主句, 越… 就越….
    • → The more he gets, the more he wants.
    • → The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
    • 如果主句主语太长, 那么可以考虑倒装
      • → The more socialism spreads, the stronger become the forces of peace.
    • 如果主句或者从句的谓语是 be 动词, 那么可以被省略
      • → The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep.
        • → The younger the child is, the more is / will be the child’’s need of sleep.
      • → The higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of paper used.
        • → The higher the standard of living is, the greater is / will be the amount of paper used.
    • → Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes is. the higher will be the premium you will have to pay.
• → It is not uncommon to hear that a shipping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship.
  • sunken adj. 沉没的
  • it is not uncommon (for sb.) to do 对于某人来说, 做某事并不新鲜
    • → It is not uncommon for students to have bank loans.
    • → It is not uncommon for Chinese to be given names of popular slogans.
  • claim n. 索赔要求
    • → (NCE3-7 P38-L6) Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.
    • make / file a claim for … 提出…索赔要求
    • drop / waive a claim for … 放弃 … 索赔要求
    • allow / uphold a claim for … 支持 … 索赔要求
    • dismiss / reiect a claim for … 驳回 … 索赔要求
• → But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvacing a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
  • authority n. 政府当局; 权威
    • → (NCE3-30 P142-L18) Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well.
    • → (NCE3-37 P170-L6) It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong.

## text 2

• → It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair.
  • purchase = buy
  • fair n. 展览会, 集会 adj. 公平的 adv. 公平地
    • fair n. a large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from tables which have been specially arranged for the event, and where there is often entertainment 大型集市，庙会
  • so that …
    • so (that)作连词一般来说有两种用法：
      1. 引导结果状语从句，译为“所以”， 从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
      2. 引导目的状语从句，译为“以便”= in order that …，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can, could, may, might, should,would 等.
    • 例子
      • → We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented . (所以)
        • → We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented. (以便于)
      • → (NCE3-43 P200-L11) The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
      • → (NCE3-57 P256-L7) In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve.
      • → It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair.
      • → (NCE3-43 P200-L23) This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the chains.
  • bake v. to cook food in an oven without extra fat or liaquid 焙烤
    • → (NCE3-26 P126-L12) During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory.
• decide 不一定译为“央定〞，而常常译为“（在考虑之后）确定，断定， 认为〞，尤其是其后加 that 引导的宾语从句时。
  • → (NCE3-52 P236-L30) From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
  • → (NCE3-57 P256-L22) I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
• shortly before / after.. 不久之前, 不久之后
  • → The accident happened shortly before midday.
  • → I saw him shortly before he died.
  • → Police arrived at the scene shortly after midnight.
  • → Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
    • launch v. 船下水了; 发射
      • launch v. to put a boat or ship into the water 使船下水
        • → The lifeboat was launched immediately to rescue the four men.
  • = Shortly afterwards
    • → (NCE3-40 P182-L16) Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.
  • long before / after, 很久之后, 很久之前
    • → (NCE3-31 P146-L8) He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
    • → (NCE3-49 P224-L5) She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
• inn n. a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside（乡下的 ）酒馆，客栈
• be more than … can / could…. 是…所不能…
  • → (NCE2-78 P362-L10) When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.
  • → The pain is more than I can bear.
  • → The story is more than I can believe.
  • → The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.
  • → The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
• capsize 沉没
  • 同义词
    • sink
    • go down
    • go under
    • go to the bottom
      • → (NCE3-10 P50-L2) The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.

## text 3

• a recovery vehicle / truck

  • one for taking broken-down cars, etc. to a garage 维修拖车（把毀坏的汽车等拉回修理厂的车）

• → Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish.

  • dive n./v. 跳水, 潜水
  • shiver/tremble v. 颤抖
    • shiver 只能表示人打哆嗦, tremble 还能表示物体在震动
      • → She shivered at the thought of going into the dark house alone.
      • → We were trembling with excitement.
      • → The bridge trembled as the train sped across it.
      • → (NCE3-10 P50-L12) Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
      • → (NCE3-58 P260-L14) By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
  • look on vi. 旁观 vt. 把前者看作是后者
    • → (NCE3-22 P110-L14) The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellowactor had at last learnt his lines.
    • onlooker 旁观看热闹的人
    • Look on 如果是及物的话, 通常和 as 搭配, look on … as …. 把前者看作是后者
      • → We look on her as a daughter.
  • locate v. 确定…的位置
    • → (NCE3-35 P162-L16) They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man’s cries.

• have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难

  • have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难,

  • have a hard time doing sth. 做某事有困难

    • → She had a hard time writing the dear John letter.
      • the dear John letter 绝交信(女孩写给男孩)
      • the dear Jane letter 绝交信(男孩写给女孩)

  • have a good time doing sth.

• → The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it.

  • hawser n. (船上的) 粗缆绳
  • rim n. 边缘
  • fix sth. to / on sth. 把某物固定到某物上
    • → The shelves should be fixed to the wall with screws.
      • shelve n. 架子
      • screw n. 螺丝钉

• winch n. 绞车, 卷扬机

• put / bring sth. into operation

  • to make sth start working 开动， 实施，使生效
  • → It’s time to put our plan into operation.
  • → New legislation will be brought into operation in January.

• gently adv. carefully, without a lot of force or sudden change in movement 小心翼翼地

  • → (NCE3-34 P158-L18) Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the bottom of the packing case.

• moment n. 1. a particular point in time

  • → Just at that moment there was a knock on the door. (和 at 搭配)
  • moment n. 2. a very short period of time
    • → I’ll come back to that point in a moment.
    • → It was quiet for a moment, then Rae spoke.
    • → ‘I don’t understand,’ said Lucy after a moment.

• perch v. 鸟降在某个地方(树枝, 高压线, 窗台)

  • be perched on …
    • → (NCE3-48 P220-L18) The path led to a tiny village (which was) perched on the steep sides of a mountain.

• precarious adj. 不稳定的, 悬的

  • a precarious future 前途未卜
  • → He is in precarious health. 他的健康状况很不稳定
  • precariously adv. 不稳定地
    • → They lived precariously on the income from a few small investments.

• overbalance v. 失去平衡

• be / feel obliged to do sth. 不得不做某事 (由于责任/义务等内在因素)

  • → (NCE3-1 P14-45) However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate ….
  • → (NCE3-30 P142-L15) He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War.

• clamp(cramp) n. device for holding things tightly together, usu by means of a screw 夹具，夹钳

• rest (sth.) on / against sth. 搭在….上

  • → (NCE3-3 P22-L15) She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

• start (sth. $\Leftrightarrow$ )up

  • if an engine, Car etc. starts up, or you start it up, it begins working
  • → The driver got back into the car and started up.
  • → Rory started up the engine and got the vehicle moving.

• → Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal.

  • torrent n. 洪流
    • in torrent adv. 汹涌地
      • → The rain came down in torrents.
    • current n. 水流, 电流, 气流
    • stream n. 水流 v. 水在流淌
    • trickle n. 溪流, 细细的水流
      • → (NCE4-22 P127-L10) The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.
  • such … that … 如此以至于
    • → (NCE3-31 P146-L12) He wanted to buy a £300 watch for his wife, but he was in such a bedracoled condition that an assistant refused to serve him.
  • set up 造成, 导致
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L4) lt is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.

• → There was a danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunoing into the water again.

  • there is / was a danger that …
    • → (NCE3-25 P122-L15) This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well.
    • there is always hope that … 总是会有这么个希望…
    • there is no denying that … 不可否认的是..
    • there is no doubt / question that … 毫无疑问的是…
    • there is every likelihood that … 很可能..
    • there is little likelihood that … 不大可能…
    • there is no shortage of … 有得是….
    • there is an element of truth in .. 有点道理…
    • there is a good deal of truth in … 很有道理….
  • **rebound from / off … ** 从……反弹回来
    • → The ball rebounded from / off the goalpost and Owen headed it in .
      • goalpost n. 球门柱
  • send …. doing 使…突然移动
    • → A fire in the casino sent people fleeing for safety.
      • casino n. 赌场
      • flee v. 逃走, 逃跑
    • → A careless step sent rocks tumbling down on the climbers below.
      • tumble v. 坠落

• → By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the wave returned.

  • dry land n. land rather than wate 陆地
    • → (NCE3-25 P122-L2) She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year.

L44 Speed and comfort

## words

• monotonous /məˈnɑːtənəs/ adj. 无聊的, 单调的
  • → (NCE3-44 P204-L5) Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep.
  • → (NCE3-50 P228-L2) The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.
    • with monotonous regularity 以单调的规律性 (老是做某事)
      • → The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity.
        • wet the bed 尿床
  • dull adj. 无聊的, 无趣的
    • → (NCE3-31 P146-L3) This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.
  • “mon(o)” = single
    • monologue v. 独白, 自言自语,
    • monogamy n. 一夫一妻制
    • monoplane n. 单翼飞机
    • a monolingual dictionary 单语字典
    • monarch n. 君主 / monarchy n. 君主制, 君主政体
• click /klɪk/ v. 发出喀哒声(拟声词)
  • dlick one’s fingers 响指
  • The door clicked shut. 门喀哒一声关上了
  • The soldier clicked his heels. 士兵立正了
  • → He slammed / banged the door. 他很大声的关上了门
  • → The door slammed /banged shut.
  • → (NCE3-13 P62-L15) When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
  • → (NCE3-15 P70-L4) If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months iinside money boxes.
    • rattle n. 硬物撞击发出的咣当声
  • → (NCE3-31 P146-L16) As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter.
    • dump n. 硬物坠落时发出的声音 (噔)
  • → (NCE3-10 P50-L16) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
    • plunge v. 噗通一声跳下水
  • → (NCE3-42 P196-121) They plunged into the lake, …
  • → We all clapped our hands.
    • clap v. 鼓掌
  • → Don’t clatter the dishes—youll wake the baby up.
    • clatter n. 硬物撞击发出的清脆响亮的声音
  • → I’ll smack your bottom if you don’t behave yourself.
    • smack n. 打屁股/搧耳光 发出的 啪的一声
• inspection /ɪnˈspekʃn/ n. 检查
  • ‘spect’=look
    • inspect v. 检查
    • inspector n. 检查员
    • inspection n. 检查
    • expect v. 期望, 预期
      • expectation n. 期望
    • suspect v. 怀疑 n. 嫌疑犯
      • suspicion n. 怀疑
      • suspicious adj. 怀疑的; 可疑的
      • su/sub 表示下面, under
    • spectacle n. 景象, 情景
      • spectacular adj. 壮观的
    • circumspect adj. 小心谨慎的
      • circumspection n. 小心谨慎
    • prospect n. 前途, 展望
      • pro 有往前, 向前的意思
      • → The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright. 道路是曲折的, 前途是光明的
        • tortuous adj. 曲折的
    • retrospect n. 回忆
      • ‘retro’ = ‘back’
      • → In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
• intimidate /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/ v. 恐吓，威胁
  • timid adj. 胆小的
  • intimidate v. 恐吓，威胁
  • intimidating adj. 威胁性的, 令人害怕的
  • intimidation n. 恐吓, 威胁
  • → Hatred is the coward’s revenge for being intimidated. — George Bernard Shaw
    • 憎恨是胆小鬼被恐吓的报复
  • intimidate sb. into … 恐吓某人让其 …
  • cow sb. into ..
    • cow n. 奶牛 v. 恐吓, 威胁,
  • bully sb. into ..
    • bully v. 恐吓, 威胁
      • school bully n. 校园恶霸

## text 1

• → People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air.
  • frequently adv. 频繁地, = often
  • decide v. 决定
• → Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours.
  • hardly anyone = almost no one 几乎没有人
    • hardly anything = almost nothing 几乎没有
    • hardly ever = almost never 几乎不
    • → Hardly anyone writes to me these days.
    • → Dad ate hardly anything.
    • → (NCE3-31 P146-L10) Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot.
  • positively adv. used to emphasize the truth of a statement, esp. when this is surprising（加强语气）真， 真的很，真的是
    • → Some diets may be positively dangerous.
    • → Tonight’s performance is positively the last time the band will appear together.
    • band n. 乐队
  • for more than a few hours 几个小时以上
  • 造句：很少有人真喜欢几天以上吃同一种食物。
    • → Hardly anyone can positively enjoy eating the same food for more than a few days.
• compartment 小隔间(尤指软卧); 轮船的密封舱
  • → (NCE3-10 P50-L6)…, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
• cramped adj. 狭窄的; (钳子夹扁的)
  • a cramped room / office / cabin
    • cabin n. 船舱
  • 造句：走廊(corridor) 如此狭小我只好侧着身子 (edge my way)走过去。
    • → The corridor was so cramped that I had to edge my way through it.
  • 反义词
    • spacious adj. 宽敞的 (来自 space n. 空间)
      • → You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, …
• stuffy adj. 闷的, 不通风的
  • → The room is too stuffy . Please open the window to allow the air to circulate.
  • circulate v. 循环流通
  • stuffed adj. 装满东西的
• take one’s mind off sth. 转移注意力, 不再想某个不愉快的事情
  • → It is almost impossible to take my mind off my dog’s death.
  • → The good thing about running is that it takes my mind off any problems I’ve got.
  • be haunted by …. 不愉快的情绪总缠着某人
    • → I am haunted by homesickness.
      • homesickness 想家
    • → After 30 years he is still haunted by the experience of fighting in Vietnam.
      • Vietnam n. 越南
• → Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep.
  • for 补充说明原因
  • partial adj. 局部的; 不公平的
    • a partial solution / success 一个部分的方案, 一个部分的成功
    • a partial solar / lunar eclipse 日偏食/月偏食
      • a total solar / lunar eclipse 日全食/月全食
  • 造句：吃药只能解决部分问题，最重要的是 你必须要过有规律的生活。
    • → (NCE3-34 P158-48) A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it
      • 更重要的是
    • → (NCE3-19 P86-L4) Rastus leads an orderly life. Rastus 过着有规律的生活
    • → Taking medicine is only a partial solution, and above all, you have to lead an orderly life.
  • rhythm 节奏
    • beat 节拍
    • melody 旋律
      • → Let’s dance to the beat.
  • lull v. 平息, 减弱, 停止 n. 暂停, 暂时平静
    • lull sb. to sleep 使某人沉沉睡去
      • lull a baby to sleep 哄小孩睡觉
      • lullaby 摇篮曲
      • 造句：这梦幻般的音乐使我沉沉睡去。
        • The dream-like music lulls me to sleep.
  • During the day, sleep comes in snatches. 在白天, 忽睡忽醒
    • in snatches 断断续续
  • toss and turn 辗转反侧
    • 听力题
      • Last night I tossed and turned in bed, too exhausted to sleep.
        • Answer: (D) I was overtired and couldn’t sleep.
• rarely = almost never
• → If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling, or fumbling to find your ticket for inspection.
  • stare v. 凝视, 瞪眼凝视
  • fumble v./n. 翻找, 摸索; 笨拙的处理
  • sleeper n. 1. 卧铺车；卧铺车厢；卧铺床位
    • sleeper n. 2.睡觉的人
      • a light / heavy sleeper
  • 名词前, 形容词的修饰顺序
    • 大形年新颜国材用＋中心名词
    • 不属于这八类的丢到最开头随便排
    • → (NCE3-16 P74-L2) a little white lamb
    • → (NCE3-18 P82-115) small black boxes
  • → (NCE3-28 P134-L12) As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass.
    • → He hit me on the nose.
    • → He hit me in the face.
    • 注意精确的使用 in 或 on 描述

## text 2

• Inevitably adv. 不可避免地, 必然地
  • → (NCE3-46 P212-L22) Inevitably the repair job was not quite so simple.
  • imevitable adj.必然的，不可避免的
  • → Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable. – John F. Kennedy
  • sth. can’t be helped 某事难免会发生 ()口语
    • help 有避免的意思
    • 听力题
      • M: I don’t know how I managed to break that platter. I’ll be more than happy to buy you a new one.
        • platter 浅碟子
        • dish 稍微深一点的碟子
      • W: Forget about it. Some things just can’t be helped.
      • Answer: (D) She doesn’t want the man to replace the platter.
• 形容词做主语补足语 (修饰主语)
  • → (NCE3-44 P204-L29) .., you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
    • uncrumple 没有垮掉的
  • → When I got home, I was tired and sleepy. (复合句)
    • → l got home tired and sleepy. (改成简单句)
• impossible 的主语不能是人
  • → …. , for you are quite impossible to read. X
• → On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic.
  • motorway n. 高速公路 (英式)
    • expressway n. 高速公路 (美式)
    • freeway n. 高速公路 (美式)
  • petrol/service station n. 加油站 (英式)
    • gas station n. 加油站(美式)
  • often 构成的时间状语短语
    • more often than not = as often as not 通常
      • → More often than not, the arguments could have been avoided.
        • arguments n. 争吵; 论据
    • all too often 经常 (不愉快的事情经常发生) (贬义)
      • → All too often, parents leave their children home alone.
    • every so often = sometimes 有时候
      • → She still calls me every so often.
  • traffic 是不可数名词
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-119) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
  • 造句：我的几个住在乡下的熟人每年进城一两次来看戏，对他们来说这是一种特殊的享受了，但是通常旅程中大部分时间花在了路上，在路上加油站很少， 车辆却很多。
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L19) Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat.
    • → Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic.
• by / in comparison 相比之下, 相对而言
  • pale in / by comparison v. 相形见绌 (用在坏事之间对比)
    • → I thought I was badly treated but my experiences pale in comparison with yours.
  • by / in contrast 相比之下
    • → (NCE4-37 P218-L21) A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch**, by contrast,** becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending.
  • compared with/to … 与… 相比
    • in / by comparison with / to … 与… 相比
    • in /by contrast with / to .. 与… 相比
• comforts n. 使人感觉舒适的事物
  • → hotels with all the modern comforts
    • 拥有那些全部当代舒适设备的宾馆
  • → After the trip, it was nice getting back to a few home comforts.
    • 旅行结束后，回到舒适的家感觉真好。
• stretch one’s legs 坐得太久, 出去走走 (舒活舒活筋骨), 散步
  • take a walk / stroll 散步
  • have a walk / stroll 散步
  • go for a walk / stroll 散步
  • → (NCE3-19 P86-L4) He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o’clock.
  • → (NCE3-23 P114-413) The idea never appealed to me very much, but one dlay, after heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when | noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
• meet v. 结识, 结交, 做朋友
  • → (NCE3-59 P264-424) One wants to meet like-minded collectors, …
• assuming (that)… 1.以为; 2. 假定, 假如
  • → (NCE3-36 P166-L22) Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
  • 造句：你将用半小时到那里—当然假定路上车不多的话。
    • → You’ll get there in half an hour - assuming, of course, that the traffic is not heavy.
• → If it is not (calm), and you are likely to get seasick, no form of transport could be worse.
  • seasick adj. 晕船的
  • transport(英) / transportation(美) n. 交通工具
    • public transport / transportation n. 公交 (不可数)
    • → (NCE3-47 P216-L24) A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport.
  • 否定词＋比较级=最高级
    • → (NCE2-54 P252-L6) Nothing could have been more annoying.
    • → (NCE3-23 P114-L9) No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
    • → (NCE4-28 P166-L8) There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for.
    • Nothing can be compared … with …. 没有什么 能与某些事相比
      • → (NCE3-41 P192-49) Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures.
    • nothing can match 没有东西能与其相匹敌….
      • → (NCE3-44 P204-L19) But nothing can match them for speed and comfort.
    • Nobody equals/matches
      • → Nobody equals / matches him in sstrength.
    • has no equal
      • → In English she has no equal in her class.
    • 听力题
      • →In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.
• ideal adj. 理想的; 完美的 n. 理想, 典范 (本身就是最高级)
• relatively adv. 相对地
  • relatively few / easy / new / minor ..
    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L1) Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
      • 比较新的
• be prepared to do = be willing / ready to do 愿意做某事, 乐意做某事
  • → (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
• sacrifice … for … 牺牲前者, 为了后者
  • → (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
  • → 造句：没有多少人愿意为了钱而牺牲掉自己作为人的尊严。
    • → Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice their human dignity for money.

## text 3

• have the reputation of being …. 有…的名声
  • reputation n. 名声 (中性词)
  • → She has the reputation of being a good doctor.
  • → Peter has the reputation of being the worst boy in the class.
• hardened adj. someone who is hardened has had a lot of difficult or unpleasant experiences and is no longer much affected by such things 老练的，老资格的; 见怪不怪的，麻木不仁的
  • → (NCE3-11 P54-L4) The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
• have the disadvantage of … 有… 的缺点…
  • → He has the disadvantage of being unable to drive a car.
  • have the advantage of … 有…的优点…
    • → Though she has the twin advantages of wealth and beauty, she doesn’t live a happy life.
• nothing can match 无可与之匹敌
• → Travelling at a height of 30.000 feet, far’above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience.
  • exhilarating adj. 令人极其兴奋和高兴的
    • → There is nothing more exhilarating than to be shot at without result. —Sir Winston Churchill
• devise v. 设计出, 想出, 构思出
  • → (NCE3-26 P126-L10) They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.
• settle v. 舒适地坐到
  • settle back in a deep armchair
    • settle back 舒服的仰坐
  • → We settled in front of the television for the evening.
  • settle v. 驻扎
    • → (NCE3-14 P66-L9) Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in ltaly with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.
  • settle v. 定居, 安顿下来
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L22) Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
    • → (NCE2-38 P174-L2) He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
  • settle v. 解决问题, 解决纠纷, 解决争执
    • → (NCE3-21 P106-L14) The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight.
• escapist n. 遁世道遥者，逃避现实生活一心享受的人
• sip v. 抿, 啜 n. 抿
• champagne n. 香槟
  • champion n. 冠军
• service n. BrE a regular journey made by a bus, train, boat, plane etc to a particular place at a particular time 汽车，火车，轮船， 飞机等的班次
• refinement n. 改进，改良
  • → With several refinements your essay would be excellent.
• occupy vt. 占据（时间，空间等）
  • → (NCE3-26 P126-L15) A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car.
  • occupied adj.忙的，有事做的
    • keep sb. occupied 让某人别闲着
      • → We need something to keep the children occupied.
• breathtakingly adj. 令人惊叹的(吸一口气)
  • → The West Lake is breathtakingly beautiful!
  • take a … breath 吸一口气
    • → He took a deep breath to compose himself.
      • 他深呼吸一口使自己平静下来
        • compose sb. 使某人平静下来
• shape n. 样子, 面貌; 形状
• → If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky.
  • landscape n. 风景
  • hidden from view 被遮挡
  • extraordinary adj. 非凡的
• prevent sb. from doing 妨碍某人做某事,
  • prevent v. 妨碍, 阻止
  • nothing prevent sb. from doing 某人一定能做某事(没有东西能妨碍)
  • 造句：在新社会，每个孩子都能接受良好的教育。
    • → In the new society, there is nothing to prevent a child from receiving good education.
  • 造句：她既有天赋又这么勤奋，一定能实现自己的梦想。
    • → (NCE3-17 P78-L16) Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer’s dream to create ‘an enormous obiect drawn as faintly as possible’.
    • → She is so talented and diligent that there is nothing to prevent her from fulfilling her dream.
• → However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
  • certain adj. 肯定的
  • fresh adj. 精神焕发的, 神清气爽的
  • uncrumpled adj. 没有垮掉的
  • one thing 后面的内容是做 one thing 的同位语
    • 造句：无论在前进的道路上 (on our road ahead)遇到 (encounter)什么样的困难，有一件事是肯定的：只要 (so long as) 我们坚持 (persist) 就一定能克服它 (manage to overcome it)。
      • → Whatever difficulty we may encounter on our road ahead, one thing is certain: we will manage to overcome it so long as we persist.
• recover from… 从..…中恢复
  • recover sth. 1. 恢复了。
    • 恢复同义词
      • restore
      • regain
        • One’s health
        • one’s sight
        • one’s consciousness
        • one’s balance
        • one’s composure
  • recover sth. 2. 重新获得，找回，赚回 ，补偿
    • → (NCE3-43 P200-L8) But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
• arduous adj. 艰苦的，费力的
  • → (NCE3-35 P162-L3) Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it.

L45 The power of the press

## words

• democratic /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/ adj. 民主的
  • → a democratic country / government / society
  • 字根
    • dem(o)=people
    • crat=ruler 统治者
    • cracy=rule
      • democratic adj. 民主的
      • democrat 民主党人, 民主派人士
      • democracy 民主制度, 民主政体
    • demography (graphy=write) 人口统计
      • biography n. 传记
        • bio = life
    • epidemic (epi=among) n./adj. 传染病, 传染病的
  • auto=(self)
    • autocrat n. 独裁统治者
    • autocratic adj. 独裁的, 专制的
    • autocracy n. 独裁体制, 独裁政体
  • bureau= 政府
    • bureaucrat n. 官僚
    • bureaucratic adj. 官僚作风的 , 官僚的, 官僚体制的 (贬义)
    • bureaucracy n. 官僚体制, 官僚作风
• restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ v. 限制, 局限
  • → The long skirt restricted her movements.
    • 这条长裙限制了她的移动
  • → The government passed a law to restrict the sale of guns.
  • restrict … to … 把…限制在…之内
    • → I restrict myself to a glass of wine per day.
    • 同义替换
      • limit … to … 局限, 限制
        • → The air strikes are limited to military targets.
          • strike n./v. 罢工, 打击
          • military n. 军队 adj. 军事的
      • confine … to … 局限, 限制…
        • → (NCE3-59 P264-427) ….,for collectors are not confined to any one country.
• perpetual /pərˈpetʃuəl/ adj. 永恒的，长久的；没完没了的
  • → A perpetual mist hung over the valley.
    • mist 雾
  • → He soon grew tired of her perpetual demands for money.
    • demands n./v. 要求
  • 完美同义词
    • eternal adj. 永恒的，长久的；没完没了的
      • eternal love / life / optimist
        • optimist n. 乐天派; 乐观主义者
      • → the eternal arguments between mother and son
        • argument v. 争吵
    • everlasting adj. 永恒的，长久的；没完没了的
      • everlasting fame / glory / life 永久的名声/永久的荣誉/永久的生命
      • → I’m tired of his everlasting complaints.
  • 近义词
    • immortal adj. 不朽的, 流芳百世的
      • → Plato believed that the soul is immortal.
      • → the immortal Shakespeare
      • mortal adj. 不能永生的, 终将死亡的, 至死方休的; 致命的 n. 人, 凡人, 普通人
        • → All human beings are mortal.
        • a mortal wound 致命伤
          • wound n. 伤口
    • permanent adj. 长期的, 固定的
      • a permanent job 一份固定工作
      • my permanent address
      • temporary adj. 临时的
        • a temporary job 一份临时的工作
        • a temporary measure 一个临时措施
• obscurity /əbˈskjʊrəti/ n. 默默无闻
• obscure adj. 默默无闻的, 不起眼的
  • → (NCE3-36 P166-L4) Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero’s mother.
• live in obscurity 过着默默无闻的生活
• live in confort 过着舒适的生活
• live in peace 过着平静的生活
• live in fear 生活在恐惧之中
• live in poverty 过着贫穷的生活
  • poverty n. 贫困, 缺少, 低劣, 困难
• live in luxury 过着奢侈的生活
• live in happiness 过着快乐的生活
• live in misery 过着痛苦的生活
  • misery n. 痛苦
• commodity /kəˈmɑːdəti/ n. 商品
  • agricultural commodities 农产品
    • agricultural adj. 农业的
  • → Coal is becoming a rare commodity.
  • → Commodity prices fell sharply.
    • commodity price 物价
  • 其他表示商品的词
    • goods n. 商品 (只用于复数)
      • industrial / agricultural goods 工业产品, 农产品
    • wares n. 商品 (在集市上, 街头摊贩卖的商品)(可数)
      • → (NCE3-28 P134-41) Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour.
    • merchandise n. 商品 (不可数) (书面语)
      • → the merchandise on display in the shop window

## text 1

• the press / the Press 新闻界, 报界, 舆论界
  • → (NCE3-31 P146-L20) This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie.
  • (the) freedom of the press 新闻自由
    • (the) freedom of speech / expression / thought / choice 言论自由/表达自由/思想自由/选择自由
    • (the) press / academic / political / religious freedom 新闻自由/学术自由/政治自由/宗教自由
• rightly adv. for a good reason 应该
  • → (NCE3-41 P192-L15) They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the City where they rightly belong.
• condemn A for /as B 因为 B 谴责 A/ 将 A 谴责为 B
  • → The movie was condemned for its sexism. 这部电影因为 性别歧视 而被谴责
  • → The terrorist attack was condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice. 这次恐怖袭击被谴责为 一次 野蛮和懦弱的行径
• 造句：在文明社会，任何歧视妇女的行径(act) 都应该受谴责。
  • → In civilized society any act of discrimination against women is rightly condemned.
• abuse v. 辱骂, 虐待, 滥用
• 受到关注
  • attract / receive attention
    • → (NCE 3-31 P146-L20) This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, ….
    • public / media / press attention 公众的关注/媒体的关注/新闻界的关注
      • → Her case attracted a great deal of media attention. 她的案件吸引了大量媒体的关注
        • attract v. 吸引
• 比较级加强语气
  • far more
    • → (NCE3-4 P26-L1) These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices.
  • much more
  • even more
  • still more
  • yet more
  • …
• 比较级减弱语气
  • slightly more
  • a little more
    • → (NCE3-29 P138-L19) To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him.
  • a bit more
  • …
• → Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves.
  • doubtful adj. 可疑的; 难以预测的
  • extremely adv. 极其地; 极端地; 非常地
  • it is doubtful if/ whether / (that) …. 是否这样……这是可疑的 …
    • → It is doubtful if he will survive. 他是否能够幸存下来, 这是可疑的
    • → lt’s doubtful whether the car will last another year. 这车能不能再用上一年是可疑的
    • → It is doubtful that the missing airmen will ever be found.这些空军是否能够被找到, 是难以预测的
  • 省略了 if 从句, 但是是 虚拟语气, 要注意辨析
    • = .., it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enioy reading about ourselves if we read about ourselves.
    • → To ignore this would be a mistake. 如果忽略不理睬这个的话, 将会是一个错误
    • → A picnic would not be any fun without you. 这个野餐如果没有你的话, 那就没意思了
      • picnic v./n. 野餐
    • → Your wife would not be pleased to hear you say that. 如果你夫人听到这个话, 肯定不会开心的
    • → It would be a shame to stay indoors on such a beautiful day. 这么好的天气如果待在家里, 将会是非常可惜的
      • shame adj. 遗憾的; 丢人的
  • 造句：尽管我们可能喜欢对别人恶作剧 (play jokes on ….)，但是我们是否喜欢别人对我们恶作剧是极其可疑的。
    • → Though we may enjoy playing jokes on others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy others playing jokes on ourselves.
• → Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, repdrters can cause untold suffering to individuals by publishing details about their private lives.
  • act on 依照…来行事(固定搭配)
    • act on … take action in accordance with or as a result of sth 依照……行事
      • → She is acting on the advice of her lawyers.
        • advice n. 建议
      • → (NCE3-23 P114-L15) Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert.
        • impulse v. 冲动
  • contention n. (fml.) 观点, 论点
  • cause vt. 引起, 导致 n. 原因
  • untold adj. 无法估量的, 无法衡量的, 罄竹难书的 (后面都跟着倒楣事);未说过的, 未透露的
    • = immeasurable adj. 无法计量的,无限的
    • untold suffering / misery / damage etc. 无法估量的痛苦/ 无法估量的苦难/无法估量的损失
  • sufferingn. 身心上的苦难, 身心上的痛苦
  • private live 私生活
  • 造句：父母亲依照子女应该顺从 (be obedient to…）长辈 (one’s elders) 这一观点干涉 (interfere in .）成年子女的婚姻，可能给他们的成年子女 (adult offspring)造成不尽的痛苦。
    • → Acting on the contention that children should be obedient to their elders, parents can cause untold suffering to their adult offspring by interfering in their marriages.
• → Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.
  • exert … on … 施加…影响在…上
    • → (NCE3-26 P126-L.3) …, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
    • → My wife exerts a lot of pressure on me to make more money.
  • The influence of newspapers is so great that …. (不佳)
    • …exert such tremendous influence that …
  • overthrow v. 推翻
  • tremendous adj. 极大的, 绝大的
  • ordinary adj. 普通的, n. 普通

## text 2

• → The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press.
  • acquired v. 取得, 捕获 adj. 后天的; 已获得的
  • fame n. 名声, 名望 vt. 使闻名
  • fortune n. 运气; 大笔的财富; 命运 vt. 给予财富 vi. 偶然发生
  • dramatically adv. 戏剧性地; 引人注目地
  • 迅速成名 的表达
    • acquire fame and fortune overnight 一夜成名
      • → with the success of their first record, they acquired fame and fortune overnight.
    • rise to fame swiftly 迅速成名
      • → (NCE3-21 P106-L11) Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.
      • → (NCE3-45 P208-L18) The rise to fame was swift.
    • make a name for oneself 成名了
      • → (NCE3-14 P66-L10) He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the ltalians as Giovanni Acuto.
    • make (the) headlines / hit the headlines 成为头条
      • → The 9/11 terrorist attack made (the) heaaimes around the world.
      • → The 9/11 terrorist attack hit the headlines around the world.
    • be/become a household name/word 成了家喻户晓的名字(出名)
      • household adj. 家庭的, 家用的 n. 一家人,
      • → Coca Cola is a household name/word around the world.
      • → Cindy married one of her publishers and became a household name/word .
  • illustrate vt. 给…加插图, 说明, 阐明
    • illustrate v. to make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.（用例子、图表等） 说明，阐明
    • amply / clearly / dramatically / graphically / vividly illustrate … 充分的说明/明确的说明/戏剧性说明了/生动的说明了
      • → One example may amply illustrate this point. 一个例子可以充分的阐明这个观点
      • → The example of the United States graphically illustrates this point. 美国的这个例子生动的阐明了这个观点
  • 造句：一个原本默默无闻的 (obscure) 洗发水 (shampoo) 迅速变得家喻户晓的例子戏剧化地说明了广告宣传的力量。
    • → The example of an obscure shampoo that became a household name overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of advertising.
• 表示一个地区有多少人, 通常用 of 引出
  • a town of 11,000 inhabitants
    • inhabitant n. 居民, 住户
  • a city of six million inhabitants
• struggle v. 挣扎, 搏斗 n. 努力, 奋斗
• poverty n. 贫困
• → As the parents had five children, they perpetually struggled against poverty. (不佳)
  • → life was a perpetual struggle against poverty.
  • 造句：炒股 (speculation in stocks) 就是永远和恐惧与贪婪的博斗。
    • → Speculation in stocks is a perpetual struggle against fear and greed.
• be expecting (a baby) 怀孕 (委婉)
  • be pregnant 怀孕(直白)
  • conceive (a baby) 怀孕 (医学用语)
  • be in a family way 怀孕
  • be knitting a tiny garment 怀孕 (更委婉的说法)
    • garment n. 成衣
    • knit v. 编制
  • → When is your baby due? 孩子还有多久出生
  • → She gave birth to twins. 她生了对双胞胎
  • → She aborted after 2 months. 她在两个月之后流产了
  • → She is on maternity leave. 休产假
• be faced with …. 面临着…
  • be confronted with … 面临着…
  • sth. confront sb. sth. 摆在某人面前
  • → (NCE3-38 P174-411) …, for then man was faced with a real need to inderstand something about the seasons.
  • → (NCE3-42 P196-111) .., for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the potholer.
  • → (NCE4-33 P195-L24)…,and no father is confronted with his inability to ‘buy’ an education for his child
• pressing adj. urgent 紧急的
  • pressing problem / matter / need etc.
  • a pressing need for housing
  • → Poverty is a more pressing problem than pollution. 贫困和污染相比是个更加紧迫的问题
• → If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
  • unnoticed 形容词当主语补足语, 修饰 the fact
    • unnoticed adj. without being noticed 无人注意的
    • → I tried to slip up the stairs unnoticed. 我尝试无人注意的溜到楼上去
    • go / pass unnoticed 不为人知的过去
      • → The event went unnoticed.
      • → Her death passed unnoticed.
      • → (NCE3-53 P240-L30) The Ombudsman’s prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
  • 与过去事实相反的虚拟
    • if + S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done
  • 造句：我不能让这种暴行 (brutality) 不了了之。
    • → I cannot let this brutality go / pass unnoticed.
  • 造句：要不是 (but for) 这封感谢信 (letter of thanks)，这件善举可能就不为人知地过去了。
    • → But for the letter of thanks, the act of kindness might have gone / passed unnoticed.
• odds n. difficulties 困难 ; 可能性
  • struggle / fight / battle against the odds 与困难作斗争
    • → The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
  • beat / overcome the odds 打败了困难
    • overcome v. 克服
    • → The South Africans overcame the odds to beat Australia.
  • against (all) the odds 克服了重重困难
    • → Against all the odds she achieved her dream of becoming a ballerina.
      • ballerina n. 芭蕾舞演员
• → But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a bay, an event which radically changed their lives.
  • radically change / alter…. 彻底改变了
    • radically adv. 根本地, 彻底地, 完全地
    • → Computers have radically changed our lives.
    • radical changes in education
  • an event 用来避免歧义, 指明是表示前面的事是这里 which 从句的主语
  • 造句：他突然间中了- —千万美元的大奖 (win the lottery of . …)，几乎是他年收入的100倍 (100 times the amount of his annual income)，这件事彻底政变了他的生活。
    • → He suddenly won the lottery of ten million dollars, nearly 100 times the amount of his annual income, an event which radically changed his life.
• → The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing 60 reporters and photographers.
  • photographer n. 摄影师
  • → (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  • → (NCE3-29 P138-L13) A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas.

## text 3

• carry v. to publish or broadcast a mnews story 刊登，播出（新闻报道等）

  • → All the papers carried the story the next day.
  • 造句：当北京赢得了2008年奥林匹克运动会主办权的时候，电视摄像机和报纸把这一消息传遍了全世界。
    • → When Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games, Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the world.

• huge sums 巨款

• exclusive rights 独家权利

  • exclusive adj. available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared 独家的，独亨的
    • → They have exclusive rights to market the drug in Africa.
    • → The road is for the exclusive use of residents. 独家的使用

• → Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products.

  • pour v. 倒水; 瓢泼; 涌入
    • pour in 各种东西源源不断涌入
      • → Letters of complaints poured in.
      • → Donations poured in for the earthquake victims in China.
    • pour into 涌入
      • → Crowds poured into the stadium.
    • pour out of 涌出
      • → Crowds poured out of the stadium.
  • manufacturers n. 生产厂家, 制造商
  • advertise v. 宣传
    • advertise a product 宣传产品
    • promote a product 推销产品
      • promote v. 提拔某人
    • develop a product 开发产品
    • launch a product 推出新产品
    • advertisement n. 广告

• → Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for the family at press conferences.

  • press (sb.) for sth. 敦促, 催促, 迫切要求, 一再敦促
    • → Reporters pressed (him) for an explanation.
      • explanation n. 解释
    • → I pressed (him) for his consent to our marriage.
  • act as(物作主语) / serve as / function as / be used as.. 当做…. 来使用
    • → The box acts as a seat. 箱子当作作为来用
    • act as …. 临时担任某种工作 (人作主语)
      • → My brother speaks French — he can act as interpreter.
        • interpreter n. 口译员
      • act as 后面通常不加冠词
      • → (NCE4-9 P53-L1) Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.
  • press conference 记者招待会

• → While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame.

  • oxygen tent n. a clear covering put over the head and upper body of an il person to provide oxygen to help them breathe 氧气帐，氧幕
  • nursery n. a room in a hospital where babies that have just been born are looked after 医院的婴儿室
  • pay the price for sth. 为某事支付了代价
    • → Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous.
    • → (NCE3-47 P216-L1) Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet.
    • be a small price to pay for … 对于某事来说根本算不了什么
      • be a high price to pay far .. 对于某事来说不值得 (代价太高)
      • → Giving up his job was a small price to pay for his children’s happiness.
      • → Loneliness is a high price to pay for independence in your old age.

• lead / live a .. . life 过着…的生活

  • → (NCE3-9 P46-L1) They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well.

• be / become the victim of .. 成了…的受害者

  • → (NCE3-40 P182-22) Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
  • → They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value.
    • commercialization n. 商业化
      • commercial adj. 商业的
      • commercialize / commercialise vt. [usually passive] to be more concerned with making money from sth. than about its quality, used to show disapproval 使商业化
        • → Christmas has become so commercialized.

• market value n. the value of a product, building etc. based on the price that people are wiling to pay for it, rather than the cost of producing it or building it 市场价值

• instead of .. …本该… 却…

  • instead adv. 代替, 顶替
  • → (NCE3-24 P118-L13) Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.

L46 Do it yourself

## words

• plead /pliːd/ v. 以某事为借口; 恳求请求

  • plead pleaded pleaded
  • plead pled pled
  • plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity
    • 以不知道为借口 / 以得病为借口 / 以头疼为借口 / 以疲劳为借口 / 以精神病为借口
  • → Ellie pleaded tiredness and went to bed very early.
  • 真题
    • → He could not ___ ignorance as his excuse; he should have known what was happening in his department.
      • (A) plead (B) resort v. 求助于, 诉诸于 (C) petition v. 申请 D) reproach v. 批评,责备
  • plead for sth. 为某事恳求
    • → He knelt in front of the king, pleading for mercy. 他跪在国王面前, 请求宽恕
      • kneel v. 跪
  • plead with sb. to do sth. 恳求某人做某事
    • → I pleaded with him to stay, but he turned his back on me.

• ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/ n. 无知, 不知道(贬义)

  • Ignorance is bliss. 无知是无上的幸福
    • bliss n. 极乐, v. 狂喜
  • be ignorant of … 不知道某事 (暗示应该知道)
    • ignorant adj. 无知的, 愚昧的
    • → Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”
  • ignore v. 漠视, 不理睬(看到了但装作没看见)
    • neglect v. 忽视(因为注意力在别的东西而没注意到)
      • → When I saw Jane, I stopped and smiled, but she ___ me and walked on.
        • (A) refused (B) ignored (C) denied v. 否认 (D) missed
      • The joys of travel, having long ___ the disabled, are opening up to virtually anyone who has the means.
        • (A) omitted v. 省略, 删除 (B) missed (C) neglected (D) discarded v. 抛弃

• newlyweds /’njʊlɪ,wɛd/ n. 新婚夫妇 adj. 新婚的

  • fiance 未婚夫
  • fiancee 未婚妻
  • husband-to-be 未婚夫
  • bride-to-be 未婚妻
  • groom / bridegroom 新郎
    • groom n. 马夫, 男仆 v. 推荐, 喂马
  • bride 新娘
  • groomsman 男傧相 (通常有四个)
    • best man 伴郎(傧相中地位最高的)
  • bridesmaid 女傧相 (通常有四个)
    • maid of honor 闺密(傧相中地位最高的)

• novice /ˈnɑːvɪs/ n. 新手

  • beginner / learner 新手
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L13) The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner.
      • happened to 碰巧
  • ‘nov’=new
    • novel adj. 新颖的 n. 小说
      • a novel idea
      • novelty n. 新奇的事物
        • → The car was a novelty in 1900.
      • innovate v. 创新
        • ate 动词字根
        • innovation n. 创新
        • innovate in technique 技术方面的创新
      • renovate v. 整修, 翻新
        • renovation n. 整修, 翻新
        • → The lmperial Palace is under renovation.
          • 故宫正在整修翻新

• consumer /kənˈsuːmər/ n. 消费者

  • consume v. 消费
  • consumption n. 消费
  • 消费者辨析
    • customer n. 消费者 (通常是买东西)
    • client n. 客户/主顾 (通常是买服务)
    • consumer n. 消费者 (掏钱了就是)
    • patron / regular n. 老顾客
    • subscriber n. 订购者, 订阅者
    • bargain hunter n. 淘便宜货的人

• creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/ adj. 创造性的，有创造力的

  • creativity n. 创造力
  • inventive n. 发明创造能力, 创造性 adj. 有发明创造力的
  • imaginative adj. 富于想像力的
    • imaginary adj. 虚构的, 幻想的
    • She is a very ___ student. She’s always talking about travelling to outer space.
      • (A) imaginary (B) imaginative (C) imaginable (D)imagining
    • original adj. 有创意的; 新颖的; 原创的
    • inspired adj. 富于灵感的, 有灵感的
    • resourceful adj. 足智多谋的
    • full of ideas adj. 足智多谋的

• delusion /dɪˈluːʒn/ n. 错觉

  • be / live under the illusion / delusion that .. 有某种错觉
    • → (NCE3-41 P192-L7) Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L15) The worst thing about the do-it-yourself game is that sometimes even men live under the delusion that they can do anything, even when they have repeatedly been proved wrong.
  • allusion n. 对于某人的影射, 对于某个事情的暗指
    • → He resents any allusion to his baldness.
      • resent vt. 对…感到愤怒;
  • metaphor n. 隐喻

• adjustment /əˈdʒʌstmənt/ n. 调节, 调整 (比较小的调整)

  • make adjustments to …
    • → The room was full of dancers, all making last-minute adjustments to their costumes.
      • costume n. 道具服, 戏服
  • adjust (A) to B 调整 (A) 以适合 B
    • → You can adjust the belt to the size you want.
      • belt n. 腰带
    • → Some animals adjust (themselves) to their environment by instinct.
  • adapt (A) to B 调整 (A) 以适合 B
    • adapt v. 调整(比较大的调整); 改编
    • → Novels are often adapted to the stage.
    • → She couldn’t adapt (herself) to eating fish every day.
  • adaptation n. 适应; 改编的版本
  • amend v. 修订(文字上的调整)
    • amend a bill / rule / law / document
  • amendment n. 修订案

## text 1

• → So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.

  • So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that … 这个倒装句的原句是
    • → Our passion for doing things for ourselves is so great that …
  • passion n. 热情
    • 表示感情的词一般都是 加 for
    • his passion for table tennis 他对乒乓球的热情
    • his passion for the girl 他对这个女孩的热情
    • passionate adj. 热情的
    • 表示热情的同义名词 以及形容词形式
      • enthusiasm for … n.
        • enthusiastic adj.
      • zest for … n.
        • zestful adj.
      • zeal for .. n.
        • zealous adj.
      • ardor for … n.
        • ardent adj.
  • do sth. for oneself 亲自做某事
    • → (NCE3-29 P138-L12) The following example of ‘sick humor’ will enable you to judge for yourself.
    • oneself 当adv. 用来表示亲自做
      • → I made these curtains myself.
    • in person 当 状语(adv.)来用
      • → You have to sign for it in person. 这个东西您必须亲自签收
        • sign for 签收
    • personally 亲自
      • → The President wrote to us personally to thank us for our hard work.
  • increasingly: more and more 越来越…
    • be becoming increasingly + adj. 正在变得越来越 …
      • → It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns.
      • 英译汉考题
        • → As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect
        • 因为所有这些因素, 政府正在变得越来越依赖生物学家和社会科学家, 来制定适当的方案, 并加以实施
      • 造句：有机食品正在变得越来越流行。
        • → Organic food is becoming increasingly popular.
      • 造句：人们正在变得越来越了解 (aware) 国家和国际间的问题。
        • → People are becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues.
  • be dependent on .. 依赖于…
    • be independent of … 不依赖于…
      • → We are becoming increasingly independent of specialized labor.
  • 造句：我母亲住得这么远以至于我们很少 (hardly ever) 见到她。
    • → So far away does my mother live that we hardly ever see her.
  • 造句：我们对因特网的热情是如此的高涨以至于我们对电视越来越没有兴趣了。
    • → So great is our passion for the Internet that we are becoming increasingly less interested in television.

• → To plead ignorance of a subject is no longer a legitimate / justifiable excuse.

  • legitimate adj. 合理的, 合法的
  • justifiable adj. 合情合理的

• countless / numerous adj. 数不胜数的, 不计其数的

  • → (NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.

• take-home pay 税后薪水

• a can’t-be-put-down book 一本令人爱不释手的书

• a wait-and-see policy 一个观望的政策

• a good-for-nothing man 一个一无是处的男人

• → Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes.

  • Armed with … 装备着…., 拿着…
    • → (NCE3-2 P18-L7) Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
  • reading / writing / building materials 阅读材料/写作素材/建筑材料
  • gaily: cheerfully / happily
    • gay / homosexual adj./n. 同性恋的 (多指 男同性恋)
      • → He is gay.
    • lesbian adj./n. 同性恋的 (多指 女同性恋)
    • heterosexual / straight adj. 异性恋的
  • embark on .. 上船上飞机; 启航
    • → We embarked on the ship for Shanghai.
    • start on sth. 开始…
    • set about sth.
    • disembark from … 下船下飞机
      • → Passengers began to disembark from the ferry.

• → Men, particularly, spend hours of their leisure time installing their own fireplaces, laying out their own gardens; building garages and making furniture.

  • particularly / especially / in particular 特别
  • lay out … 1. 摊开，铺开
    • → While they were laying it out on the decks.
    • → Lay out the map on the table and let’s have a look.
    • lay out … 2. = arrange 布置
      • → (NCE3-6 P34-L5) Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet.
      • → The gardens were laid out with lawns and flower beds.

• so … as to do 如此, 以至于会…

  • → I can only trust him so far.

    • far 表示程度

  • 影视片段

    • → ‘I got a surprise for you.’
    • → ‘Yeah? I got one for you too.’
    • → ‘I’ve watched you do business for years, but I thought there was a limit to how sick you could … How could you, Linus? How could you do what you did to me and to her? How could you go that far? What the hell makes you think you have the right?’
    • → ‘Habit.’
      • go that far 做的如此过分
      • the hell 到底(粗俗) (L2)
      • sick adj. 恶心的; 不舒服的

  • as / so far as I know 据我所知

    • as / so far as I can remember
    • as / so far as I can see

• build: assemble 组装

• → Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.

  • cater for v. 迎合; 满足

    • → Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children.
    • → It is a resort that clearly caters for the well-off.
      • well-off 富足的; 小康
      • resort n. 手段;度假胜地 v. 求助, 诉诸, 某种手段

  • craze: fad / mania 短期的热潮

  • run 开设,

    • → The college runs summer courses.

  • services for novices 押韵

    • 分为尾韵和头韵

    • the institute for the destitute 平民学院

    • Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达

      • haste n./v. 匆忙

    • Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人, 成事在天

    • Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. — Thomas Edison

• outlet n. means of releasing energy, strong feelings, etc. （精力、强烈情感等的）发泄的途径;

  • outlet for … 某种感情或者能力发泄的途径

    • → Children need an outlet for their energy.
    • outlet for water 排水孔
    • outlet for air 排气孔

  • outlets 奥特莱斯

• pent-up adj. pent-up feelings or energy have not been expressed or used for a long time(情感、精力等）被压抑起来的， 郁积起来的

  • pent adj. 被关闭的, 郁积的
  • → He needs an outlet for all that pent-up anger.

• not 与 all, every, everything. everyone, both 连用多表示部分否定

  • → All that glitters is not gold. 不是所有闪光的都是金子 (威尼斯商人 - 莎士比亚)

  • → Every machine here is not produced in our plant. 这里的全部机器不都是我们厂生产的

    • plant n. 工厂v. 种植, 栽培

  • → Both of the substances do not dissolve in water. 不是所有的物质都溶于水

    • dissolve v. 溶解

• handyman n. 能工巧匠

• → He was born an idiot. 他生下来就是一个傻瓜(他是一个天生的傻瓜)

  • → He was born idiotic.
  • → He died a beggar. 他死的时候是一个乞丐
  • → He died poor.

## text 2

• tend to do 往往, 常常, 倾向于

  • 有某种客观的倾向
  • tend vt. 照料, 照顾, 伺候 vi. 往, 朝向, 倾向, 易于…(客观的倾向)
  • intend v. 打算(主观的意愿)
  • → Women tend to live longer than men. 女人往往比男人长寿
  • have a tendency to do 倾向于, 往往, 常常
    • tendency n. 倾向, 趋势 (客观的倾向)
      • → Women have a tendency to live longer than men.

• infinitely adv. 无限量地, 无穷地; 极其

• → Even men who can hardly drive a nail in straight are supposed to be born electricians, carpenters, plumbers and mechanics.

  • drive v. 敲(钉子, 木桩); 驱动; 驱赶

    • drive the posts into the ground 把木桩锤进地里
      • post n. 柱, 桩, 杆

  • straight adv. 直接地, 马上

    • → (NCE3-13 P62-L10) She had told.him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table.

  • nail n. 钉子, 指甲 vt. 钉; 揭露; 使固定

  • born adj. 天生的

    • → He is a born leader / musician.

    • gifted / talented adj. 有天赋的,

      • → Picasso was one of the most gifted / talented artists.

    • have a gift / an aptitude for sth. 某方面有天赋

      • → have a gift / an aptitude for lanquages / painting / music / dancing etc.

• → When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or yacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.

  • fuse v. 停电(保险丝熔断)

  • rickety v. 摇摇晃晃

    • rickety: shaky

  • get 变得(系动词)

  • clog v. 黏糊的东西把管道堵塞

  • vacuum n. 真空

    • vacuum cleaner n. 吸尘器

  • assume v. 以为 (往往暗示没有依据的假设判断, 往往是错的)

  • somehow adv. 1. in some way, or by some means, although you do not know how 以某种方式

    • → Don’t worry, we’ll get the money back somehow.
    • somehow adv. 2. for a reason that you do not know or understand 不知怎么搞的，出于未知的原因
      • → Somehow, I don’t feel I can trust him.
      • → (NCE3-1 P14-L15)…, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.

  • put… right / in order 使.恢复正常

  • put … out of order 使… ..出故障

    • → (NCE3-56 P252-L20) As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.

• → The worst thing about the do-ityourself game is that sometimes even men live under the delusion that they can do anything, even when they have repeatedlv been proved wrong.

  • game n. 活动, 游戏, 比赛

• → It is a question of pride as much as anything else.

  • a question of …. 一个…的问题

    • → She is so diligent and talented that her success is only a question of time.
    • → There would definitely be some job losses; it was just a question of how many.

  • a matter of … …的事

    • a matter of time 这是一个时间事
    • a matter of life and / or death 这是一个生死攸关的事
    • a matter of personal taste 这是一个个人品味的事
    • → I can’t take the money . It is a matter of principle.我不能拿这些钱, 这是一个原则问题

  • pride n. 自尊心; 骄傲, 自豪

  • as…as anything (else) 加强语气

    • = very

    • → It’s as easy as anything (else)

      • = it’s very easy.

    • → He’s as fat as anything (else)

      • = He’s very fat.

## text 3

• call sb. $\Leftrightarrow$ in to ask sb. to come and help you with a difficult situation 叫某人来帮忙

  • → Your father is very sick. You’d better call in a doctor at once.
    • sick adj. 病的

• look at … = examine .. (动词版本)

  • examine vt. 仔细检查; 考试 ; 审问
  • have a look at … 检查(名词版本)
  • have a close look at … 仔细检查

• get round(英) / around(美) to sth. / doing 有时间（找到时间）做某事

  • → W: Im having trouble slicing the bread with this knife.
  • → M: Oh. Sorry about that. / haven’t gotten around to sharpening it yet.
  • → Q: What can be inferred about the knife?
  • → Answer: (B) It’s dull.
    • dull adj. 钝的; 呆滞的 v. 变迟钝; 缓和

• not hear of sth. 不同意某事

  • → I wanted to pay but she wouldn’t hear of it.
  • → I would not hear of the suggestion that I call in a man to look at our lawn mower.

• haul n. 用力拖/拉; 努力得到结果 v. 拖, 拉

  • … had a close look at it. = … and examined it.carefully

• → As far as I could see, it needed only a minor adjustment: a turn of a screw here, a little tightening up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new.

  • minor adj. 较小的

  • adjustment n. 调节

  • screw 螺丝钉

  • tighten 变紧

  • a drop of oil 一滴油

    • a drop 一滴

  • as far as l can see 据我来看

  • as good as .. : almost / nearly

    • 1-像…一样的好 2-跟..差不多 almost / nearly
    • → The injured man is as good as dead.
    • → Everything is as good as settled.
    • → (NCE3-2 P18-L17) Thirteen is not as good as one, but it’ s better than nothing.

• → The mower firmly refused to mow (文字游戏)

  • → The waiter refused to wait on us.

    • wait for 等我
    • wait on 伺候
    • 比 The waiter refused to serve us. 更好

  • → (NCE4-24 P138-L15) If we see the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, …

  • → We only help those who really need help.

    • 前面是动词的 help, 后面是名词的 help
    • 不是所有的地方都必须替换

• so I decided to dismantle it.

  • …, so I decided to take it apart. 拆开它

• litter 胡乱的堆满了

  • be littered / cluttered with … 胡乱的堆满了某物

    • → The floor was littered / cluttered with broken glass.
    • → (NCE3-39 P178-12) Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least perturbed.

  • litter / clutter

    • → Broken glass littered / cluttered the floor.
    • → (NCE3-34 P158-L5) There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.

• be pleased with .. 对某物既开心又满意..

  • → (NCE3-23 P114-L16) Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift .
  • → (NCE3-28 P134-420) I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain —until I got back to the ship.

• trace: track down 找到

  • → The president vowed to trace / track down those responsible for the bombing.
    • vow v. 发誓

• snap n. 绷断了; 响指

• be faced with … = be confronted with ..

  • China is faced / confronted with the problem of overpopulation.
    • overpopulation n. 人口过剩

• insurmountable adj. 难以克服的, 难以应对的

• jigsaw puzzle 拼图游戏

  • jigsaw n. 复杂难懂的事物 n. 锯子

• → I was not surprised to find that machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to tit anywhere.

  • reassemble v. 重新组装; 重新集合

    • assemble v. 组装, 集合

  • curiously adv. 奇怪的

  • shaped adj. 形状的;合适的;有计划的; 有目标的

    • → (NCE3-18 P82-L10) Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.

  • fit v. 进去

    • fit: go
      • → The key won’t fit / go in the lock. 钥匙插不进锁里

  • for the simple reason that .. . = simply because ..

    • → (NCE3-4 P26-L2) People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.

  • leave sb. with sth. 留给某人某物

  • in despair 绝望地

    • → He killed himself in despair.
    • → With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
    • despair of n. / doing 对某事绝望
      • → The teachers began to despair of him.
      • → Mike despaired of ever seeing her again.

• pass: go by / elapse

• weeks passed and the grass grew 平行结构, 并且读音对仗

  • An idle youth, a needy age. 一个闲散的青年时期, 一个困窘的老年时期

• As you can imagine, .. 正如你能想到的

• jungle n. 丛林

• → Buried somewhere in deep grass there is a rusting lawn mower which I have promised to repair one day.

  • bury v. 埋藏
  • rusting n. 生锈

L47 Too high a price?

## words

• overpopulated /ˌovɚ’pɑpjuletɪd/ adj. 人口过多的
  • over 表示过度的, 过量的, 经常用 over+动词的过去分词构成形容词, 表示过度的
  • overworked adj. 工作负担过重的
  • overdressed adj. 衣服穿的过分正式的
  • overestimated adj. 被高估的
  • overcrowded adj. 过分拥挤的
  • overcooked adj. 过度烹饪的,
  • over-industrialized adj. 过度工业化的
  • overpopulated adj. 人口过多的
  • overpopulation adj. 人口过剩的
    • → China is faced with the problem of overpopulation.
  • populate v. 人口分布于某地
    • densely / thickly populated regions 人口稠密的地区
    • sparsely / thinly populated regions 人口稀疏地区
• overwhelm /ˌoʊvərˈwelm/ v. 大水淹没某地
  • → The village was overwhelmed by floods.
  • be overwhelmed with / by grief / despair / excitement… 完全沉浸在某种情感中
    • grief n. 悲伤, 悲痛
    • excitement n. 兴奋, 激动
  • → In June the town is overwhelmed by tourists. 在六月, 这个城镇到处都是游客 (被游客淹没)
  • → I feel a little bit overwhelmed by work. 被工作淹没
  • → Her beauty completely overwhelmed him. 她的美貌令他为之倾倒 (她的美貌淹没了他)
  • overwhelming adj. 压倒性的, 势不可挡的
    • an overwhelming victory 一次压倒性的胜利
    • the overwhelming majority 压倒性的多数
      • majority n. 多数
• insidious /ɪnˈsɪdiəs/ adj. 潜在的，潜伏的，暗中为害的
  • an insidious disease 一种潜伏性的疾病
  • insidious jealousy 暗藏于心的妒忌
  • "sid/sed” 字根 = sit 表示坐
    • assiduous adj. 勤奋的, 勤勉的 (坐着伏案工作, 多指脑力工作者)
    • sedulous adj. 勤奋的, 勤勉的 (坐着伏案工作, 多指脑力工作者)
    • sedative n. 镇静剂
    • sediment n. 沉淀物
    • preside v. 主持; 掌管
    • president v. 主席, 总统
    • reside v. 居住于某地
      • re 的字首有多个意思: 重来/back
    • residence n. 住宅, 住处
    • subside v. 平息, 减弱
    • subsidiary adj. 附属的, 附带的 n. 附属事物, 附属机构, 子公司
      • → I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you til the fear in me subsides.
        • till prep./conj. 直到,
        • break down and cry 抑制不住感情哭出声来
• maximum /ˈmæksɪməm/ adj. 最大的
  • maximum amount / number 最大量
  • maximum temperature 最高温度(天气预报)
  • maximum voltage 最高电压
  • maximize v. 使最大化
    • -ize 使意的字根
    • to maximize profits 使利润最大化
    • to maximize windows 电脑窗口最大化
  • maximization n. …的最大化
    • the maximization of profits
  • minimum adj. 最小的, 最小化的
    • minimum wage 最低工资
    • minimize v. 使最小化的
      • to minimize the civilian casualties 尽量减少平民的伤亡
        • casualty n. 伤亡人数
    • minimization n. ….的最小化
• mobile 英/ˈməʊbaɪl/ 美/ˈmoʊbl/ adj. 可移动的
  • mobile home
  • mobile library 可移动式图书馆
  • mobile phone 可移动电话
    • cell/cellular phone
  • ile 英式发 /aɪl/ 美式发 /l/ 的例子
    • hostile
    • fertile
    • futile
    • juvenile adj. 青少年 (法律用语)
    • agile adj. 敏捷的
    • docile
    • fragile
    • infantile adj. 婴儿的, 幼稚的
    • missile n. 导弹
    • reptile n. 爬行动物
• snore /snɔr/ v.打呼噜，打鼾
  • sneeze v. 打喷嚏
  • sniff v. 嗅, 闻, 吸入鼻子
  • gasp v. 用嘴大口的吸气 (通常由于惊讶)
  • sigh v. 叹气
  • yawm v. 打哈欠
  • blow one’s nose v. 擤鼻涕
  • clear one’s throat v. 清嗓子
    • throat n. 嗓子
  • break wind v. 放屁
  • fart v. 放屁

## text 1

• → Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet.

  • price n. 代价
  • be the price sb. pay for … 是某人为了…付出的代价
    • 造句：沙尘暴(dust storm) 是我们为过度砍伐 (tree felling) 付出的代价。
      • → Dust storms are the price we pay for excessive tree felling.
    • 造句：这次事故是他为疏忽 (negligence) 付出的代价。
      • → The accident is the price he pays for his negligence.
  • be a small price to pay for sth. 对…来说算不了什么
    • 造句：损失点钱对于提高地位来说算不了什么。
      • → The loss of money is a small price to pay for the rise in status.
  • be a high price to pay for sth. 对…来说代价太高
    • 造句：为了成功牺牲健康不值得。
      • → The sacrifice of health is a high price to pay for success.

• → When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.

  • dump v. 倾倒

  • attempt n./v. 试图, 尝试

  • come to do 开始做某事

    • → (NCE3-38 P174-L1) Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.

  • 分类写作方法

    1. there are … ways / kinds / sorts / types / categories / classes …

       • → There are three categories of accommodation: economical, standard and deluxe.
         • accommodation 住宿
         • deluxe adj. 豪华的

    2. fall into … categories 有多少种类别 (掉到了多少种类里面去)

       • → Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice and histories such as Henry TV.

    3. be divided into.. classes

       • divide v. 分开, 分为

       • → (NCE4-46 P268-416) Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.

  • dispose of rubbish / garbage

    • dispose of 专门表示垃圾的处理
    • rubbish / garbace disposal

  • recycle it 回收利用

• → We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.

  • threatens to do
    • 如果人做主语, 表示威胁说要做某事
      • → They threatened to kill him if he didn’t obey.
    • 事物做主语, 表示有某种危险
      • → Mining operations threaten to destroy our environment.
    • 人和事物做主语, 意思完全不同的表达
      • found one’s way
        • 人做主语表示找到了去哪里的路
        • 物做主语表示到达某地
      • promise to do
        • 人做主语表示承诺答应要做某事
          • → He promised to call me every week.
        • 物做主语表示 有可能
          • → It promises to be warm today.
  • the sheer volume of sth. 大量的某物
    • volume n. 量, 体积, adj. 大量的
    • sheer adj. 完全的, 十足的; adv.
    • the sheer size of sth. 面积大的某物
      • → The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
        • communication n. 交通

## text 2

• 当"part of” 之前没有形容词修饰时， 通常不加不定冠词“a”
  • → (NCE3-35 P162-L3) Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law.
  • → (NCE3-41 P192-411) This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
  • → Memory loss js a normal part of the aging process.
• → The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.
  • ever-v. 的现在分词形式 表示不断…的 (adj.)
    • ever-increasing 不断增长的
    • the ever-changing world 不断变化的世界
    • the ever-growing knowledge 不断增长的知识
    • the ever-developing economy 不断发展的经济
    • the ever-expanding market 不断扩张的市场
    • the ever-deepening reform 不断深化的改革
    • the ever-dwindling resources 不断缩减的资源
      • dwindle vi. 逐渐变少或变小
  • 造句: 满足人们不断增长的物质和文化生活需求的需要
    • the’ need to satisfy people’s ever-increasing demands for material and cultural life
  • lead to 通往… ; 导致了
    • → (NCE3-5 P30-L6) Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace. (通往)
    • → (NCE3-33 P154-L19) This led to yet another angry argument. (导致)
• farming n. 不仅仅表示耕作, 也能表示 畜牧
  • pig farming 养猪
  • cattle farming 养牛
  • chicken farming 养鸡
  • poultry farming 家禽养殖
  • livestock farming 家畜养殖
    • livestock n. 家畜
  • farm v. 耕作; 养殖;
    • farmed fish 养殖鱼
    • farmed shrimp 养殖虾
• 用同字根的动词和名词
  • produce cheap meat products
  • assist burglars to burgle
  • live a … life
  • sing a song
  • breathe one’s last breath
  • die a glorious death
• 注意 动物肉 和 动物是同一个词的 可数的情况和不可数的情况 表示不同的意思
  • eat chicken n. 鸡/鸡肉
  • lamb n. 羔羊/ 羔羊肉
    • mutton n. 羊肉
  • turkey n. 火鸡/火鸡肉
  • duck n. 鸭子/鸭肉
  • lobster n. 龙虾/龙虾肉
• grain 谷物
• fruit n. 水果(不可数); 不同种类的水果(可数)
• pesticide n. 杀虫剂
• fertilizer n. 肥料, 化肥
• → The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle, salmonella in chicken and eggs, and listeria in dairy products.
  • the price sb. pay for …
    • → Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.
    • → The precious information came at a price. 付出了代价
    • → The precious information came at a heavy price. 付出了惨重的代价
    • → She is determined to have a child at any price. 她下定决心不惜一切代价要生一个孩子
      • determined adj. 坚定的, adv. 坚定地 n. 坚定
  • at the expense of … 以损害…为代价
    • → Military strength is often achieved at the expense of a country’s economic health.
    • 阅读题:
      • → The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation’s soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other Citizens.
        • nation n. 国家
        • national adj. 国家的
        • interest n. 利益
  • BSE
    • bovine spongiform encephalopathy
      • bovine adj. 牛的, 跟牛相关的
  • AIDS:
    • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病
  • cattle 牛(本身就是复数)
  • people 人(本身就是复数)
  • police 警察(本身就是复数)
    • a policeman
  • dairy 牛奶公司, 奶品店
    • dairy products 奶制品
    • dairy cattle 奶牛
    • diary 日记
      • keep a diary 记日记
    • 类似的搭配
      • angle/angel 角度/天使
      • altitude / latitude 海拔高度/维度
      • aboard / abroad 在船上/到国外
  • 造句：我们为人口过多付出的代价可能已经太高了：失业现象，各种各样的污染，以及越来越多的 (ever-increasing) 犯罪。
    • → The price we pay for overpopulation may be already too high: unemployment, pollution of all kinds, and the ever-increasing crime.
• → And if you think you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organicallygrown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you’re eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
  • vegetarian 素食主义者
  • steady adj. 稳定的
    • a steady job / income 一份稳定的工作, 一份稳定的收入
    • a steady relationship 一段稳定的关系
    • a steady boyfriend / girlfriend 关系已经稳定的男朋友/女朋友
    • a steady decline / increase 持续稳定的下降/持续稳定的上升
  • pesticide n. 农药; 杀虫剂
  • have the choice of A or B 在 A 和 B 里选一个
  • organically-grown vegetables 有机栽培的蔬菜
    • organically-grown produce 有机栽培的农产品
      • produce n. 农作物, 农产品
    • environment-friendly 环保的
      • environment-friendly products 环保产品
  • diet n. 日常饮食
  • every time (when)… 每当…
    • whenever … 每当…
    • no matter when … 每当…
  • innocent adj. harmless, innocuous 无害的, 无毒的
  • 造句：如果你想放弃开车，那么你可以两者选一：或者是慢得出奇 (extraordinarily slow) 的公共汽车，或者是过分拥挤 (over-crowded）的地铁。
    • → If you think you’ll abandon the car, you have the choice of the extraordinarily slow buses or the over-crowded subway.

## text 3

• → However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.

  • 造句：有一种更为隐蔽有害的侵略，它尤其影响人们的思维模式 (mode of thought) 并侵犯当地的传统，那就是文化侵略。
    • → There is an even more insidious kind of aggression that particularly affects people’’s mode of thought and invades local tradition, and that is cultural aggression.

• → Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle.

  • burglar alarm 防盗告警器
  • go off 发出巨大的声音
    • → The alarm clock went off.
    • → The bomb went off at midnight.
    • ring 清脆的铃声
      • → The phone / doorbell rang.
    • strike 钟表打点报时
      • → (NCE3-2 P18-L5) The clock was striking the hours.
      • → The clock began to strike twelve.
    • blare 车喇叭发出声音
      • → (NCE3-6 P34-L9) The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
        • roar 汽车驶过发出的声音(狮虎的叫声)
        • thunder 汽车驶过发出的声音
    • whine 机器运转时的轰鸣声 *
  • serve to do 有某种作用, 发挥着某种作用
    • → His death serves to remind us how dangerous using drugs can be.
    • serve as … 发挥着某物的作用
      • → (NCE3-25 P122-L3) She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.
  • passer n. 路人; 旅客
  • assist v. 帮助, 协助, 促进

• constantly 令人厌烦的总做某事

• profound = deep 深深地…

• a source of …. …的来源

  • → (NCE3-15 P70-L2) .., .. but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income.

• → A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from one to seven.

  • bark v. 狗叫
  • survey v./n. 民意调查
    • poll v./n. 民意调查
    • opinion poll v./n. 民意调查
    • census v./n. 调查(通常指数量方面, 尤指 人口普查)
      • the Fifth National Census 第五次人口普查
    • investigation 调查, 调研
      • the investigation of the case / market ..
  • rate 被评定为
    • → The essay rates a low grade.
  • scale 级别, 等级 (通常和 on 搭配)
    • → The earthquake measured 8.0 on the Richter scale.
    • → The students rates the teachers on a scale of 1 to 5.
  • 在 A 和 B 之间来回变化
    • range from A to B
    • range between A and B
      • → The team contained ten players whose ages ranged from 10 to 16 / ranged between 10 and 16.

• Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.

  • vehicle n. 交通工具, 车辆, 传播媒介, 手段
  • … of all kinds 各种各样的某物
  • container truck 集装箱卡车
  • helicopter n. 直升机
  • block n. 街区; 用来作某种用途的大楼
    • apartment block
    • office block

• object to + n. 反对

  • oppose + n. 反对
  • protest (against) +n. 示威, 抗议某事
  • boycott + n. 抵制
  • support/back(v.) + n. 支持
  • be behind + n. 支持
  • stand by. + n. 支持
  • advocate / endorse + n. 公开支持, 公开宣扬, 鼓吹

• public transport(英) / public transportation(美) = buses, trains etc. 公共交通工具

• on 表示使用某种 工具/乐器

  • → She is on the phone / computer .
  • → She is playing a piece of music on the piano.

• mid-thirties 三十五六岁左右

  • early thirties 三十出头
  • late thirties 快四十了

• 上升到 rise / increase /jiump / soar / rocket / spiral to …

  • 上升了 rise / increase /jiump / soar / rocket / spiral by …
  • 下降到 fall / drop / plunge / dive / plummet to …
  • 下降了 fall / drop / plunge / dive / plummet by …
    • plummet 急跌

• **against … ** 对比

  • compared to / with …
  • in / by comparison to / with …
  • in / by contrast to / with ..
  • A as against B is as C against D A和 B 相比, 就如同 C 和 D 相比一样
    • → The military power of the US, as against that of DPRK, is as the strength of an elephant against that of a mouse.

• whatever引导让出状语从句时，常省略 be 动词。

  • → Whatever the source of noise (is), One thing is certain : …..
  • → After all, whatever her faults (are), she is your mother.
  • → The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is).

• a golden memory 一个宝贵的回忆

  • a golden opportunity

L48 The silent village

## word

• inaccessible adj. 无法到达的

  • → The bathroom is situated at the top of a flight of stairs, making it inaccessible to the disabled.
    • a flight of stairs 一段楼梯
  • accessible adj. 可以到达的
    • → All parts of the museum are accessible to wheelchairs.
  • access n. 1.（接近或进入某地的）方法，通道
    • access to …
      • → The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.
    • access n. 2.(使用某物或接近某人的）机会或权利
      • have access to …
        • → Students must have access to a good library.
        • → Only high officials have access to the president.

• hospitable adj.好客的

  • be hospitable to / towards sb.
    • → The local people are very hospitable to strangers.
  • hospitality n. 好客
    • → Thank you for your kind hospitality.
    • → The Chinese are noted for their hospitality.
      • be note for = be famous for
  • 反义词: 冷冰冰的
    • inhospitable adj. 不好客的
    • unfriendly adj. 不友好的
    • unwelcoming adj. 不友好的, 冷冰冰的
    • forbidding adj. 不友好的, 冷冰冰的
    • a forbidding place / appearance
      • → (NCE3-34 P158-L2) The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place.

• vicinity /vəˈsɪnəti/ n. 附近地区

  • in the vicinity (of sth.)
    • → (NCE3-48 P220-L8) We had spent several days in a small town and visited a number of old churches in the vicinity.
    • → (NCE4-7 P41-L4) Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
  • in the neighborhood (of sth.)
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L21) Hans returned to his family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants.
  • a famous arcade
    • near Piccadilly
    • close to Piccadilly
    • around Piccadilly
    • off Piccadilly
    • in the vicinity of Piccadilly
    • in the neighborhood of Piccadilly
  • only a short bus ride away 一小段车程就到了
  • within walking distance 走就能到的距离
  • within driving distance 开车就能到
  • within commuting distance 通勤的距离
  • only a stone’s throw away 扔石头就能到的距离

• tramp /træmp/ v. 缓慢而步履沉重地行走

  • tramp v. to walk somewhere slowly and with heavy steps 缓慢而步履沉重地行走
    • → He tramped the streets looking for work.
  • tramp through / across / around …
    • → (NCE3-48 P220-L13) We tramped through the wood for over two hours until we arrived at a deep stream.
  • → go for a solitary tramp in the country
    • solitary adv. 独自地, 一个人地
  • → We had a long tramp home.
  • 2.流浪汉
    • → (NCE3-27 P130-L12) But real tramps are not beggars.

• dilapidated /dɪˈlæpɪdeɪtɪd/ adj. 破旧的，年久失修的(家具/建筑物)

  • dilapidated adj. (of furniture and buildings) old and in very bad condition 年久失修的
    • a dilapidated chair / bed
    • → We stayed in an old, dilapidated hotel with a leaky roof.
  • battered adj. old, used a lot, and in bad condition 破旧不堪的(不一定指家具/建筑物)
    • a battered old suitcase 一个破旧的老手提箱
    • a battered old car
    • → (NCE2-35.P162-L9) While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.
    • 形似词
      • bitter 苦的
      • butter 黄油
  • rickety adj. a rickety structure or piece of furniture is in very bad condition, and likely to break easily 摇摇晃晃快散架的
    • a rickety old wooden chair
    • → (NCE3-46 P212-L14) When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.

• rag n. 破布, 碎布片;乞丐服

  • in rags 穿着破旧的衣服
    • a tramp dressed in rags 穿着破衣服的流浪汉
    • Children in rags begged money from the tourists.
  • costume 化妆服, 道具服,
  • overalls/coveralls 工作服(蓝领工人), 工装裤
  • uniform 制服(统一的着装)
    • school / military uniform
  • sportswear n. 运动服(不可数) (wear 结尾的衣服都不可数)
  • leisure wear n. 休闲装(不可数)
  • underclothes 内衣(不可数)
  • underwear 内衣(不可数)
  • suit 西服, 套装
  • shroud 寿衣

• procession /prəˈseʃn/ n.（人或车或动物）队伍 (典礼)

  • procession n. a line of people or vehicles that move along slowly, especially as part of a ceremony (人或车）队伍
  • a funeral / wedding / carnival procession 一个送葬/婚礼/狂欢节 的队伍
  • march in procession 列队打仗
    • → Groups of unemployed people from all over the country marched in procession to the capital.
  • parade n.（节日或庆典）游行的队伍; 阅兵式; 列队展示或表演
    • a victory / carnival parade 一个胜利/狂欢节游行
    • a military parade
    • a fashion parade
    • a parade of players before a football match
  • column n. a long moving line of people or things（人事物的）队伍
    • a column of soldiers
    • a column of refugees
    • → (NCE3-54 P244-L15) Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?

• peer /pɪr/ v.（因看不清而）仔细看

  • → Mary peered at her watch.
  • → (NCE3-48 P220-L28) Old women in black shawls peered at us from doorways.
  • squint at… 迷起眼睛仔细看
    • squint one’s eyes
    • → Stop squinting at the screen — put your glasses on.
    • → (NCE3-22 P110-L16) Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ‘The light is dim. Read the letter to me.’
  • peep / peek at … 偷窥
  • leer at …. 色眯眯的看
    • → He was always leering at female members of staff.
  • glance at … 匆匆一眼扫过
  • glimpse … 无意中一眼看到
  • gaze at … 充满兴趣的在欣赏
  • stare at .. 瞪大眼睛在凝视
  • gape at … 张着嘴傻看
  • glare at … 对某人怒目而视

## text 1

• **much-**travelled 旅游频繁的(地方)
  • much- 表示很多人的广受…的, 经常 much 后面加过去分词
  • **much-**loved 倍受爱戴的
  • much-respected 广受尊敬的
  • **much-**admired 广受钦佩的
  • **much-**discussed 广为讨论的
  • **much-**criticized 倍受批评的
  • **much-**acclaimed 倍受赞誉的
• assume 臆想 (贬义)
  • → (NCE3-38 P174-410) Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
  • → (NCE3-46 P212-L14) When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
• remote 既能表示遥远, 也能表示偏僻
• → But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen can be hostile to travellers.
  • cut … off from … 与…相隔绝
    • to prevent sb./sth. from leaving or reaching a place or communicating with people outside a place 使… 与…. 隔绝
    • → Having a new baby can cut a young mother off from the adult world.
    • → (NCE4-3 P17-L8) Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.
• **be out of touch with …**与..…失去联系，不了解
  • be in of touch with …. 保持联络
  • keep of touch with … 保持联络
  • → We’ve been out of touch with Roger for years now. 已经多年和 Roger 这个人失去联系了
  • → Old people sometimes are out of touch with the modern world.
  • separate .. from… 把…与…隔离
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L18) After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit.
  • isolate … from… 把….与.…隔离
    • → A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
  • segregate … from …（因种族，性别 ，宗教等原因）把… 与…. 隔离
    • → a culture in which women are segregated from men.
    • → Blacks were segregated from whites in schools.
  • one’s (fellow) countryman 某人的同胞
    • a hero much loved by his countrymen
    • → Didn’t he feel guilty about betraying his fellow countrymen?
  • one’s fellow Chinese / Americans .. 单复数同行
    • → And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. — John F. Kennedy
• → Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable — as my wife and Idiscovered during a tour through the Balkans.
  • as引导的非限定性定语从句与which引导的非限定性定语从句的区别
    1. as作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。
    2. as引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前/中/后均可，而which引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于主句之前。
       • → As a poet points out, life is but a dream.
       • → Children, as is always the case, love their mother.
       • → She became angry, as many could see.
    3. as引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为 “正如…”, 而which引导的非限定性定语从句则末必有这个意思。
       • → The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow..
    4. 在”as + is/was + done”结构中可省路4s/was”，而在“which + is/was +done’可省略’which + is/was”, 不能只省略be动词。
       • → As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
       • → a puma (which was) at large
    5. 例句
       • → (NCE3-33 P154-L12) Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.
       • → (NCE2-91 P414-L12) As the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing!
       • → (NCE4-22 P127-L13) As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a twoedged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

## text 2

• → These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, but contained a large number of beautifully preserved frescoes as well.

  • fresco n. 壁画
  • architectural adj. 建筑的, 建筑学的
  • of+ 名词：描述人或事物的特征
    1. 做后置定语。
    2. 在系动词后做表语。
    3. 例句
       • → (NCE3-32 P150-L14) Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be of great interest.
         • = → Nothing valuable was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be very interesting.
       • → These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, …
         • = → These attracted many visitors, for they were not only architecturally interesting, …
  • contains 装了, 容纳
    • → The museum contains a number of original artworks.
    • → The room was small and contained far too much furniture.
  • preserve v. 保存
  • beautifully adv. 1. in a beautiful way 美丽地，漂亮地
    • → (NCE3-3 P22-L6) They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.
    • beautifully adv. 2. very well 很好地
      • → My leg has healed beautifully.
        • heal v. 痊愈
      • → The children behaved beautifully.
        • behave v. 表现
        • behaviour n. 行为, 举止
      • → (NCE3-7 P38-L12) Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
  • 造句：故宫 (the Imperial Palace) 吸引了很多游客，因为它不但在建筑方面很有趣，而且里面有大量的保存完好的文物 (historical relic)。
    • relic n. 遗物, 遗产, 遗迹
    • → The lmperial Palace attracts many visitors, for it is not only of great architectural interest, but contains a large number of beautifully preserved historical relics as well.

• → On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town.

  • on 可以省略
    • → (NCE3-45 P208-L16) (On) The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty reporters and photographers.
    • → We met on the following day.
      • = → We met the following day.
    • → We met in the spring of 1983. (in 也可以省略)
      • = → We met the spring of 1983.
  • load 表示一车人的例子
    • a truck load of wood 一车的木材
    • a ship load of cotton 一船的棉花
    • a car load of visitors 一车的访客
  • descende v. 下降
    • descend on / upon … 1. to visit sb./sth. in large numbers, esp. unexpectedly or inconveniently 大批突然来到.
      • 人做主语表示 大批的, 突然来到某地, 暗示造成不便
        • → Millions of tourists descend upon the area every year.
    • descend on / upon … 2. (of night, darkness, a mood, etc.) to arrive and begin to affect sb./sth., esp. suddenly 突然降临到.
      • 事物做主语的时候表示 突然降临
        • → (NCE3-41 P192-L27) Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted City streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country.

• be more than … can / could … 这是某人某物所不能….(这里主要是翻译的好点, 翻译成比某人所能xx 的更多其实也一个意思, 主要是对英译汉类的考试有帮助)

  • → (NCE3-43 P200-L14) Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water.
  • → The pain is more than I can bear.
  • → The story is more than I can believe.
  • → The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.
  • → Such a complicated situation is far more than we could anticipate and deal with.

• → Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood .

  • dense adj. 稠密的;浓厚的; 愚钝的
  • wood n. 木头; 树林
  • take v. use (a road, path, etc) as a route to go to a place 取道.
    • → I usually take the M6 when I go to Scotland.
      • M6: motorway sixth 六号高速公路
  • lead v. to go in a particular direction or to a particular place 通往
    • → The path led down to a small lake.
    • → This door leads into the garden.
    • → We followed a dirt track leading through the woods.
      • track 人走出来的小路

• trace / weave / wind one’s way 蜿蜒的前进

  • wind 缠绕, weave 织布
  • → Highway 99 winds its way along the coast.
  • → Lori spotted them as they weaved their way through the tables.

• have no idea / not have any idea (that) / how / what / why / which / where ….

  • → He had no idea (that) she was like that.
  • → She doesn’t have any idea where they’ve gone.

• moor v. 停泊

  • → We moored alongside the quay.
    • quay n. 码头
  • moor … to …
    • → We moored the boat to a large tree root.

• → In it there was a boatman who was fast asleep.

  • 定语从句的关系代词和后面的 be 动词通常可以省略
  • be fast / sound asleep 睡的很香, 睡的很沉
    • be sleeping deeply / soundly / tight 睡的很香, 睡的很沉

• gently adv. 轻轻地; 温柔地; 温和地

• ferry n. 渡船；渡口

  • ferry v. to carry people or goods between two or more places 运送 （人或货物）
  • ferry goods to the mainland
  • → Can you ferry us across?

• be reluctant / unwilling to do sth. 不愿意去做某事, 不乐意做某事

• persuade sb. to do / into doing sth. 说服某人做某事

## text 3

• → The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain .

  • be perched on … 位于高, 并且比较危险的地方
    • → (NCE3-43 P200-L21) For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water.
    • → a house perched on a cliff above the town.

• → The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses.

  • consist of 由…..组成

    • consist v. 组成, 构成

  • straggle v. grow or spread in an irregular or untidy manner 无规则地或散乱地生长或散布

    • → Unpainted wooden buildings straggle along the main road out of town.

    • vines straggling over the fences

      • fence n. 栅栏, 篱笆
      • vine n. 藤蔓

    • winding adj. 蜿蜒的

    • tortuous adj. 蜿蜒的

      • → The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright.
        • prospect n. 前景, 前途

  • line v. form a line along sth. 沿某物排成行

    • → Tall trees line the road on either side.
    • → The road is lined with / by tall trees on either side. (被动)

• → Even under a clear blue sky, the village looked forbidding, as all the houses were built of grey mud bricks.

  • mud n. 泥, 烂泥
  • brick n. 砖, 砖块 v. 用砖堆砌 adj. 用砖做的

• → The village seemed deserted, the only sian of life being an ugly-looking black goat on a short length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby.

  • a very modern-looking woman 一个看上去很摩登的女人
  • an interesting-looking carved dagger 一个看上去很有趣的雕花匕首
  • the sorry-looking, blackened figure 一个满脸羞愧, 黑色的身影
  • an ugly-looking black goat 一个看上去丑陋的黑山羊
  • on 表示栓着某个动物
    • → Please keep your dog on a leash.
      • leash n. 栓狗的皮带
  • length 一根, 一段
    • → (NCE3-17 P78-L13) Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
  • tied to 绑在…上
    • → (NCE3-16P74-L3) She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
  • nearby
    • → (NCE3-40 P182-L13) The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on.
  • 独立主格不是句子, 比句子低一个等级, 如果用句子改写:
    • → The village seemed deserted, and the only sign of life was an uglylooking black goat on a short length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby.
  • 独立主格造句
    • 造句：这本书很无聊(boring)，唯一有趣的部分是它的封皮。
      • → The book is boring, the only interesting part being its cover.
    • 造句：箱子(chest) 里的东西 (contents) 令人失望，唯一有价值的发现是一柄看起来有趣的雕花的匕首。
      • → The contents of the chest were disappointing, the only valuable find being an interesting-looking carved dagger.

• → Sitting down on a dilapidated wooden fence near the field, we opened a couple of tins of sardines and had a picnic lunch.

• 突然间 同义搭配

  • all at once
  • suddenly
  • all of a sudden

• alarm n. a feeling of fear or worry because sth. bad or dangerous might happen 惊慌，恐慌

  • → She looked up in alarm.
  • → Scientists have said there is no cause for alarm.

• be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion / admiration / remorse .. 充满了某种感情

  • → Their faces were suddenly filled with fear.
  • → l am filled with admiration for your bravery.
  • → (NCE3-54 P244-L8) Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch.

• → Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate.

• 给某人提供某物

  • offer sb. sth.
  • offer sth. to sb.

• motionless adj. 一动不动的

• remain v. 仍然是, 保持不变 n. 残余物, 剩余物, 遗迹, 遗体

• be shy of … 对…. .腼腆羞怯；害怕…

  • → Children are often shy of people they don’t know.(羞怯)
  • → I’m shy of buying shares, in case I lose money. (害怕)
  • → Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬, 十年怕井绳

• a silent procession of children.

  • procession n. 队伍, 行列, 列队行进
  • 通常如果名词有量词并且被修饰时, 修饰词放量词前,
  • a nice cup of tea
  • a beautiful stretch of field
  • a stagnant pool of water.
  • → (NCE3-15P70-L6) For most of them,50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
  • → (NCE3-39 P178-L20) Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across.
  • → When we later walked down the main street of the village, we were followed by a silent procession of children.

• come to life to become more interesting, exciting or full of activity 变活跃起来

  • → The match finally came to life in the second half. 这个比赛终于在下半场的时候变得活跃起来

• 表达需要更加具象

  • She smiled.
    • A smile appeared on her lips.
    • Her lips curved into a smile.
      • curve 弯曲
    • Her rosy lips curved into a gentle smile.
      • rosy 玫瑰花一样的
      • gentle 轻柔的

• in shirt sleeves / shirt-sleeves : dressed informally without wearing anything, such as a jacket, over a shirt 只穿衬衣的

• there is no doubt / question that … 毫无疑问

  • → (NCE3-25 P122-L21) There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
  • → There is no question that the government knew about the deal.

• → Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.

  • pace n. 步速
  • quicken one’s pace 加快了某人的脚步
    • → Thinking that she was being followed, she quickened her pace.
  • make one’s way 前往某地
    • → (NCE3-36 P166-L19) The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot.
  • 嵌入式定语从句(Embedded Attributive Clause)
    • 这种定语从句的特征是：既修饰先行词又同时做另一个主谓结构的宾语。
    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L24) In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
  • = Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream, and we hoped that the boatman was waiting there.

L49 The ideal servant

## words

• rambling /ˈræmblɪŋ/ adj.不规则的，布局凌乱的
  • rambling adj. (esp. of buildings, streets, towns; etc.) extending in various directions irregularly (尤指建销物、街道、城镇等）无规则地向各方延伸的，布局凌乱的
  • → (NCE3-49 P224-L4) She had a huge, rambling country house called’The Gables’.
  • ramble v.& n. 漫步，闲逛
    • → Ilike rambling in the country.
    • → I quite like the idea of going for a ramble on weekend.
  • rambler n. 漫步者
    • → (NCE3-42 P196-L8) Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.
• sentimentally /sentə’mentəli/ adv. 情感上
  • sentimental adj. relating to emotions instead of reason 情感的（非理智的）
    • for sentimental reasons
      • → He wasn’t the sort of person who kept things for sentimental reasons.
    • sentimental value 感情方面的价值
      • → The rings that were stolen were of great sentimental value.
    • have a sentimental attachment to … 有感情上的依恋
      • attachment n. 依恋, 连接
      • → He had a sentimental attachment to his birth-place.
  • be sentimentally attached to …
    • → The couple are sentimentally attached to each other.
    • → (NCE3-49 P224-L5) She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
• preside /prɪˈzaɪd/ v. 主持(会议等); 掌管，领导
  • preside at .. 主持…
    • → They asked if I would preside at the committee meeting. 他们询问我是否能主持委员会的会议
  • preside over… 掌管，领导
    • → The city council is presided over by the mayor.
    • → (NCE3-49 P224-411) Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished.
  • 字根 : sid / sed = sit
    • preside 领导 president 总统 presidency 总统/主席的职务
    • reside 定居 resident 居民 residence 住宅
    • consider 考虑 considerate adj. 体谅别人的, 为别人着想的 consideration n. 体贴, 关心
    • sedate 安静的, 镇静的; 庄重的 sedative n. 镇静剂 sediment n. 沉淀物
    • sedulous 勤奋的 assiduous 勤奋的 insidious adj. 潜伏的, 潜在的 adv. 潜伏地 n. 阴险, 潜伏
      • → (NCE3-47 P216-l 15) However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
      • → (NCE3-50 P228-L14) An all-night party on New Year’s Eve, provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.
    • subside 平息, 减弱 subsidy 津贴, 补助 subsidiary 附属的, 次要的
      • → I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me subsides.
• disillusion /ˌdɪsɪˈluːʒn/ v. 使幻想破灭
  • disillusion v. to make someone realize that something which they thought was true or good is not really true or good 使幻想破灭
    • → I hate to disillusion you, but not everyone is as honest as you.
  • be disillusioned with / by… 对某个事情大失所望
    • → Voters are disillusioned with / by the democratic process.
  • be disenchanted with … 对某个事情大失所望
    • → After three divorces he became disenchanted with married life.
  • be disappointed with / by / at… 对某个事情大失所望
  • feel let down 感到失望(口语)
    • let sb. down 使某人感到失望
      • → Hey, Jude! Don’t let me down. You have found her, now go and get her. Remember to let her into your heart. Then you can start to make it better.
• qualification /ˌkwɑːlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n.资格,能力;文凭,资质证书
  • qualification 1. n. an ability or quality that you need in order to do a particular job or position（某工作需要的）资格，能力
    • qualification for … 做某事的能力
      • → Previous teaching experience is a necessary qualification for this job.
    • qualification to do sth. 做某事的能力
      • → There have been questions about his qualifications to lead the company.
  • qualification n. 2. an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills,etc.文凭, 资质证书
    • academic / vocational qualifications 学术证书/ 职业资质证书
    • → You’ll never get a good job if you don’t have any qualifications.
  • quality v.（使）有资格或能力
    • qualify as 获得了某种资质
      • → He qualified as a doctor last year.
    • qualify sb. to do sth. 使某人有资格做某事
      • → The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
    • qualify sb. for sth.
      • → This training course will qualify you for a better job.

## text 1

• It is a good thing (that).. 幸亏..
  • → It is a good thing that we brought an umbrella.
• → If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants.
  • 虚拟语气,
    • 与现在事实相反的虚拟
      • If +S. +did / were …, S. + would / should / could / might + do …
  • air v. to express your opinions publicly 公开表达
    • air one’s views / opinions / grievances / complaints (on …)
      • grievances 委屈
      • complaint 抱怨
      • → In an interview, the singer aired his views on family life.
    • 造句：在会上每个人都将有机会 (get a chance) 当前的局势发表看法。
      • → At the meeting everyone will get a chance to air their views on the current situation.
  • a topic of conversation / discussion / debate 一个交谈的/讨论的/ 辩论的话题
    • debate v. 辩论(正式的)
  • a sensitive / controversial topic 一个敏感的/引人争议的话题
  • domestic servant 家仆
    • domestic adj. 国内的, 家庭内部的
    • servant n. 仆人
    • maidservant n. 女仆人, 女佣人,
      • → (NCE3-36 P166-L4) Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero’s mother:
    • public servant n. 公务员(公仆)
    • civil servant n. 政府的文职官员
      • → (NCE3-53P240-L6) The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
• leisurely adj. & adv. done without hurrying 悠闲的/地，从容的/地
  • a leisurely bath / meal / stroll 一次从容的 洗澡/做饭/闲逛 (adj.)
  • → Couples strolled leisurely along the beach.
    • couple n. 一对, 情侣, 夫妻 v. 联系, 连接
• 做家务
  • do (the) housework
  • do (the) household chores
    • chores 零活, 杂活
  • 洗衣服
    • do the laundry
      • laundry 脏衣服
    • do the washing
  • 洗碗
    • do / wash the dishes
    • do the washing-up
• → She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband’s death.
  • long after … 之后的很久时间里
    • long before 之前很久
    • shortly after … 不久之后
    • shortly before … 前不久, 不久之前
    • shortly afterwards 不久之后
  • attach sth. to sth. 连在一块, 系在一块
    • → (NCE3-43 P200-L19) The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it.
    • be attached to sb. / sth.
      • to like someone or something very much, because you have known them or had them for a long time 依恋
      • → I’ve never seen two people so attached to each other.
      • → I am sentimentally attached to my old guitar.
  • much / far too .. 实在是太…. (加强 too 的语气)
    • → Alice is far too young to get married.
    • slightly / a little / a bit / a little bit too … 有那么一点太….(减弱 too 的语气)
      • → I think you’re a bit too young to watch this.
  • persist in … 坚持，执意
    • → Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?
      • blame v. 责备, 归咎于
    • → She persisted in her search for the truth.
• be used to do 过去常常做某事
• entertain v. to invite people to eat or drink with you as your guests, especially in your home（在家中） 宴客
  • → I don’t entertain very often.
  • → Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night.
• lavish adj. very generous 慷慨的, 大方的
  • entertain lavishly 大宴宾客
  • → The Bradfords always entertained lavishly at Christmas.
    • Bradfords 表示 Bradford 夫妇
• immaculate = spotless adj. very clean and tidy 一尘不染的

## text 2

• parquet n. [U] small flat blocks of wood fitted together in a pattern that cover the floor of a room 镶木地板

  • a parquet floor

• shine shone shone 闪耀

• polish 抛光

• silver = silverware n. [U] spoons, forks, dishes etc that are made of silver 银器，银餐具

  • → It was my job to polish the silver.

• gleam v. shine softly 发出柔和的光

  • → He had polished the table-top until it gleamed.
    • table-top 桌面
  • gleaming windows
  • his gleaming white teeth 他的反射柔和的光的白色牙齿

• cabinet n. piece of furniture with drawers or shelves for storing or displaying things 储藏柜，展示柜

• miraculous adj. like a miracle; completely unexpected and very lucky 奇迹般的

  • → A teenage boy had a miraculous escape from death last night when he fell into an ice-cold river.
  • → They miraculously survived the plane crash.

• preside over…. 掌管…

  • → He presided over the company for 10 years.
  • → Some people believe the Fates preside over man’s destiny.

• army n. a large number of people who are doing the same thing or in the same situation

  • army of …
    • → Armies of rescue workers are sorting through the rubble.
    • → the army of the unemployed

• scrub v. clean sth. thoroughly by rubbing hard, esp. with a brush and soap and water 彻底擦洗某物

• → She always referred to them as ’the shifting population’, for they came and went with such frequency that l never even got a chance to leamn their names.

  • refer to A as B 把 A 称为 B
    • call A B
    • know A as B
    • address A as B
  • shifting adj. always changing or moving 不停变化或移动的
  • frequency n. 频度
    • .. so frequently that .. 如此频繁地…
    • … with such frequency that .. 如此频繁地… (名词做中心词)
    • 造句：电话铃如此频繁地响起以至于我甚至没机会睡觉。
      • → The telephone rang with such frequency that I didn’t even get a chance to sleep.
    • 造句：他如此轻松地通过了考试以至于老师怀疑 (suspect sb. of doing ） 他作了弊。
      • → He passed the exam with such ease that the teacher suspected him of cheating.
    • 造句：他上楼如此之艰难以至于我们还以为 (be under the impression that …）他腿受伤了。
      • → He walked up the stairs with such difficulty that we were under the impression that he had injured his leg.
  • learn (of / about) sth. to become aware of sth. by hearing about it from sb.else 获悉，得知
    • → I learnt of her arrival from a close friend.
    • → How did they react when they learned the news?

• → Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.

  • please v. 取悦
  • enlightened adj. someone with enlightened attitudes has sensible, modern views and treats people fairly and kindly 开明的
    • an enlightened policy / attitude …
    • domestic / medical / nursing / teaching / engineering / administrative staff

• 形容词后的 to do 结构要用主动, 不能用被动, 比方说不能用 to be please

• → While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadhy disillusioned by Bessie.

  • fickle adj. often changing 反复无常的，多变的
    • a fickle lover
    • the fickle finger of fate (固定用语, 并且压头韵) 命运的反复无常, 命运多舛(无常的命运手指)
    • fickleness n. 反复无常，多变
      • the fickleness of businessmen and politicians 商人和政客的反复无常
      • the fickleness of the English climate 英国气候的多变
  • carry on sth. to continue doing, pursuing, or operating 持续做某事，一直做某事
    • → We have carried on a correspondence for years.
    • → He carried on his baking business until he retired.
  • unrelenting adj. 非常坚决的，不屈不挠的
  • be disillusioned with / by .. 对某人失望
    • be very / extremely / completely / utterly / increasingly / sadly disillusioned with/ by ..
    • → I feel utterly disillusioned by his refusal to take any action.

## text 3

• → During that time she so gained my aunt’s confidence, that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.

  • gain n. 收获, 增加 v. 获得
  • **be in charge of …**管理…
    • be in the charge of … / in one’s charge 由…..管理
    • take charge of .. 接管….
    • put sb. in charge of …. 交给某人管理
      • → Peter is in charge of the company.
      • → The company is in the charge of Peter / in his charge.
      • → Peter will be taking charge of the company next Monday.
      • → They put Peter in charge of the company.
      • → Peter was put in charge of the company.

• ‘无法用语言描述’的表达

  • cannot find words to describe
    • → I cannot find words to describe the beauty of the West Lake.
  • be beyond words / description
    • → The beauty of the West Lake is beyond words / description.
  • defies description
    • → The beauty of the West Lake defies description. (dety v. 使…..不可能）
  • be more than words can describe
    • → The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.

• industrious adj. 勤劳的

  • the industrious ant
  • industrial adj. 工业的
    • the industrial revolution

• in addition to …. 除了…之外还…

  • 同义搭配
    • besides …
    • apart from … / aside from ..
      • → (NCE3-34 P158-L17) Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken.

• expert adj. showing special skill or Knowledge 熟练的，专家水平的

  • an expert gardener / driver
  • be expert in / at … 某方面特别的专业
    • → Bessie was expert in / at cooking.

• play / perform / act (the role / part of)…扮演……的角色

  • → He played / performed / acted (the role / part of) Othello.
  • play a … role / part in … 在.…方面发挥..…的作用
    • → (NCE3-56 P252-L1) The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.

• → (NCE3-2 P18-L6) Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped.

  • 这里的 before 需要翻译成 ‘才’

• weakness 1. 懦弱，软弱 [U]

  • → So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. – John F. Kennedy
  • 2.弱点,缺点 [C]
    • → (NCE3-26 P126-L4) In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
  • 反义：strength 优点，长处[C]
  • strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点
  • → For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and nonbelievers.

• → After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner.

  • be absent from… 不在….
  • party n.一群;一队;一组
  • → (NCE3-8 P42-L15) The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter aare parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.
  • prepare / cook / fix dinner
    • prepare 和 cook 表示精心准备饭菜
    • fix 表示做一份便饭

• → Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily.

  • steadily adv. 稳定地
  • not only … but ..
    • not only … but also ..
    • not only … but … as well / too
    • not only … … as well / too
    • not only …
      • → (NCE3-5 P30-L13) Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
  • well adv. a lot, or to a great degree 相当地,颇为, …得多 (加强语气)
    • well before / after / over / above / below / worth …
    • → I don’t know how old he is, but he looks well over forty.
    • → Pete left the party well before you got there.
    • → The castle is well worth a visit.
  • above / below (the) standard 高于/低于 标准
    • → Your work is above / below (the) standard

• bump / run into 1. 撞到….上

  • → The car bumped / ran into a big pine.
  • bump / run into 2. 偶遇
    • → I happened to bump / run into a friend of mine in the street.

• mumble v. to say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that people cannot hear what is said 小声咕哝，喃喃自语

  • → (NCE3-29 P138-421) He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.

• → When she came in with the last course — a huge pudding - she tripped on the carpet and the pudding went flying through the air, narrowly missed my aunt, and crashed on the dining table with considerable force.

  • pudding 布丁
  • trip / stumble over / on sth. 在..上绊倒
    • → He tripped / stumbled over / on a rock.
  • flying 飞一般的
    • → (NCE3-6 P34-L12) Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
  • 勉强躲过 narrowly missing
    • → (NCE3-10 P50-L11) The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense walk of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.

• mirth n. [U] (fml.) happiness and laughter 欢笑

  • → Her body began to shake with mirth.
  • → That caused considerable mirth among pupils.

• draw / come to / arrive at / reach a conclusion 得出结论

  • bring… to a conclusion 使…结束
  • → (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.

• → The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and, long before the tinal catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement.

  • catastrophe n. 特大灾难
  • have a difficult / hard time doing 做某事很困难

• → After her departure, aunt Harriet discovered that there were piles of empty wine bottles of all shapes and sizes neatly stacked in what had once been Bessie’s wardrobe.

  • departure n. 离开
  • wardrobe 衣橱
  • … of all shapes and sizes 各种形状和尺寸
    • → (NCE3-26 P126-L14) Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
    • … of all kinds 各种各样的
      • → (NCE3-47 P216-L21) .., vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, …

• find one’s way 到达….

  • 人做主语表示找到路
  • 物做主语表示到达
  • → (NCE3-15P70-L8) Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins Ihave given him have found their way there.